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Moreira JV, Silva SCM, Cremasco MA. Evaluation of carbon:nitrogen ratio in semi-defined culture medium to tacrolimus biosynthesis by Streptomyces tsukubaensis and the effect on bacterial growth. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 26:e00440. [PMID: 32190550 PMCID: PMC7068638 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Genomic analysis of a Streptomyces tsukubaensis mutant with reduced FR900525 production isolated by selection for S-(2-aminoethyl) l-cysteine resistance. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:580-585. [PMID: 29871825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FK506 (tacrolimus), a macrolide compound with immunosuppressant activity, has been shown to be of clinical importance and has been manufactured industrially since 1993 using mutants with high FK506 production ability. These mutants have been developed from the wild strain Streptomyces tsukubaensis No. 9993. FR900525 is one of the by-products of FK506 production, and we previously established a mutant strain that produces reduced levels of FR900525 by selecting for S-(2-aminoethyl) l-cysteine (AEC) resistance. In this study, we conducted a genomic analysis of this strain to identify the changes associated with AEC resistance and to determine its metabolism. Three mutated genes were identified by comparing the genome sequences of the parental strain (A) and the AEC-resistant mutant (B). From the metabolite pathway, it was speculated that citric acid synthase was the most relevant to AEC resistance. To investigate the effect of the mutation in citric acid synthase, we added citric acid, an inhibitor of citric acid synthase, to strain A culture, which induced strain A to exhibit a strain B-like phenotype. We conclude that the mutation in citric acid synthase enhances the carbon flow into aspartic acid, increasing lysine synthesis and resulting in AEC resistance in strain B, as well as high production of FK506 and low production of FR900525.
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Reduction of FR900525 using an S-(2-aminoethyl) l-cysteine-resistant mutant. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:685-691. [PMID: 28185832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FK506 (tacrolimus), a macrolide compound with immunosuppressant activity, has been proven to have clinical importance and has been manufactured industrially since 1993 by using mutants with high FK506-production ability; these mutants have been developed from the wild strain Streptomyces tsukubaensis No. 9993. FR900525 is one of the by-products of FK506 production. However, there was no effective industrial method to separate FR900525 from FK506 due to the structural similarity between the two compounds. Therefore, reducing the level of FR900525 was a serious problem in the industrial strain A. In this study, we aimed to reduce the FR900525 production. We first determined that pipecolic acid level was a critical parameter for controlling FR900525 production in strain A. S-(2-Aminoethyl) l-cysteine (AEC)-resistant mutants has been reported to increase lysine productivity successfully in a variety of lysine-producing microorganisms. Therefore, next, we applied a selection of AEC-resistant mutants to enhance pipecolic acid biosynthesis. Finally, four AEC-resistant mutants were obtained from strain A using ultraviolet irradiation, and three of them showed less FR900525 productivity compared to the parental strain A. Our findings indicated that AEC resistance was effective phenotype marker for increasing pipecolic acid productivity and for reducing FR900525 production in S. tsukubaensis. Thus, our study provides an efficient method for reducing FR90025 level during FK506 biosynthesis.
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Ban YH, Park SR, Yoon YJ. The biosynthetic pathway of FK506 and its engineering: from past achievements to future prospects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:389-400. [PMID: 26342319 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FK506, a 23-membered macrolide produced by several Streptomyces species, is an immunosuppressant widely used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. In addition, FK506 and its analogs possess numerous promising therapeutic potentials including antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. Herein, we introduce the biological activities and mechanisms of action of FK506 and discuss recent progress made in understanding its biosynthetic pathway, improving production, and in the mutasynthesis of diverse analogs. Perspectives highlighting further strain improvement and structural diversification aimed at generating more analogs with improved pharmaceutical properties will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryeol Park
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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Trends in the biosynthesis and production of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:497-507. [PMID: 24272367 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current off-patent state of tacrolimus (FK506) has opened the hunting season for new generic pharmaceutical formulations of this immunosuppressant. This fact has boosted the scientific and industrial research on tacrolimus for the last 5 years in order to improve its production. The fast discovery of tacrolimus producer strains has generated a huge number of producers, which presents the biosynthetic cluster of FK506 as a high promiscuous genetic region. For the first time, the current state-of-the-art on the tacrolimus biosynthesis, production improvements and drug purification is reviewed. On one hand, all the genes involved in the tacrolimus biosynthesis, in addition to the traditional PKS/NRPS, as well as their regulation are analysed. On the other hand, tacrolimus direct and indirect precursors are reviewed as a straight manner to improve the final yield, which is a current trend in the field. Twenty years of industrial and scientific improvements on tacrolimus production are summarised, whereas future trends are also drafted.
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KB425796-A, a novel antifungal antibiotic produced by Paenibacillus sp. 530603. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:465-71. [PMID: 23778117 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The novel antifungal macrocyclic lipopeptidolactone, KB425796-A (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of bacterial strain 530603, which was identified as a new Paenibacillus species based on morphological and physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequences. KB425796-A (1) was isolated as white powder by solvent extraction, HP-20 and ODS-B column chromatography, and lyophilization, and was determined to have the molecular formula C79H115N19O18. KB425796-A (1) showed antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus and the micafungin-resistant infectious fungi Trichosporon asahii, Rhizopus oryzae, Pseudallescheria boydii and Cryptococcus neoformans.
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Muramatsu H, Nagai K. Streptomyces tsukubensis sp. nov., a producer of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:251-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taxonomy and chemically semi-defined media for the analysis of the tacrolimus producer ‘Streptomyces tsukubaensis’. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2139-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Muramatsu H, Murakami R, Ibrahim ZH, Murakami K, Shahab N, Nagai K. Phylogenetic diversity of acidophilic actinomycetes from Malaysia. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:621-4. [PMID: 21792208 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Muramatsu
- Fermentation Research Div., Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
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Martínez-Castro M, Barreiro C, Romero F, Fernández-Chimeno RI, Martín JF. Streptomyces tacrolimicus sp. nov., a low producer of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:1084-1088. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.024273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of tacrolimus (FK506)-producing isolates has increased remarkably because of the clinical importance of tacrolimus as an immunosuppressant. However, the taxonomy of several of these isolates has not been studied. The taxonomic status of strain ATCC 55098T, a tacrolimus-producing strain, was determined in this study. The genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties were consistent with the inclusion of strain ATCC 55098T in the genus Streptomyces. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ATCC 55098T was determined and used to generate phylogenetic trees with corresponding sequences of the most closely related type strains (≥98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) of species of the genus Streptomyces. Strain ATCC 55098T formed a distinct phylogenetic branch adjacent to a cluster comprising Streptomyces fulvissimus NBRC 13482T and Streptomyces flavofungini NBRC 13371T. However, morphological and physiological tests and DNA–DNA relatedness distinguished strain ATCC 55098T from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of these results, strain ATCC 55098T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces tacrolimicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ATCC 55098T ( = CECT 7664T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martínez-Castro
- Área de Microbiología, Dpto. de Biología Molecular, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Campus de Vegazana s/n, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real, no. 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Instituto Biomar, S.A., Parque Tecnológico de León, 24009 Armunia, León, Spain
| | | | - Juan F. Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avda. Real, no. 1, 24006 León, Spain
- Área de Microbiología, Dpto. de Biología Molecular, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Campus de Vegazana s/n, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Ham YB, Koo YM. Identification of an 18-Methyl Derivative of Tacrolimus API in Streptomyces clavuligerus CKD-1119. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mo S, Kim DH, Lee JH, Park JW, Basnet DB, Ban YH, Yoo YJ, Chen SW, Park SR, Choi EA, Kim E, Jin YY, Lee SK, Park JY, Liu Y, Lee MO, Lee KS, Kim SJ, Kim D, Park BC, Lee SG, Kwon HJ, Suh JW, Moore BS, Lim SK, Yoon YJ. Biosynthesis of the allylmalonyl-CoA extender unit for the FK506 polyketide synthase proceeds through a dedicated polyketide synthase and facilitates the mutasynthesis of analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:976-85. [PMID: 21175203 DOI: 10.1021/ja108399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The allyl moiety of the immunosuppressive agent FK506 is structurally unique among polyketides and critical for its potent biological activity. Here, we detail the biosynthetic pathway to allylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA), from which the FK506 allyl group is derived, based on a comprehensive chemical, biochemical, and genetic interrogation of three FK506 gene clusters. A discrete polyketide synthase (PKS) with noncanonical domain architecture presumably in coordination with the fatty acid synthase pathway of the host catalyzes a multistep enzymatic reaction to allylmalonyl-CoA via trans-2-pentenyl-acyl carrier protein. Characterization of this discrete pathway facilitated the engineered biosynthesis of novel allyl group-modified FK506 analogues, 36-fluoro-FK520 and 36-methyl-FK506, the latter of which exhibits improved neurite outgrowth activity. This unique feature of FK506 biosynthesis, in which a dedicated PKS provides an atypical extender unit for the main modular PKS, illuminates a new strategy for the combinatorial biosynthesis of designer macrolide scaffolds as well as FK506 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangJoon Mo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Park JW, Mo SJ, Park SR, Ban YH, Yoo YJ, Yoon YJ. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization of FK506 biosynthetic intermediates in Streptomyces clavuligerus KCTC 10561BP. Anal Biochem 2009; 393:1-7. [PMID: 19539594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of an efficient analytical method for the reliable detection and identification of the biosynthetic intermediates found in microbial cultures, which usually produce complex intermediates of the metabolites of interest, is essential for further biosynthetic investigations. This study developed a simple and highly selective method for detecting the biosynthetic intermediates involved in the FK506 pathway of Streptomyces clavuligerus KCTC 10561BP involving a cleanup procedure using a solid-phase extraction technique to provide reliable extraction of FK506-related compounds from a cell culture broth and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to separate and detect the FK506-related intermediates at concentrations as low as 0.2 microg/L in the broth. This method enabled the analytical profiling of the intermediates formed during the biosynthesis of FK506 in this S. clavuligerus strain, which produced FK506 as a main product. Eight FK506 intermediates--FK520, 37,38-dihydroFK506, prolylFK506, 9-decarbonyl-9-hydroxylFK506, 9-deoxoFK506, desmethylFK520, prolylFK520, and 9-deoxoFK520--were identified. This is the first report of the LC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of a wide range of FK506 analogs from a bacterial fermentation broth. The protocol employed in this study may be useful for estimating the structure of the metabolites without the need for a time-consuming isolation process and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Won Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Naphthalecin, a Novel Antibiotic Produced by the Anaerobic Bacterium, Sporotalea colonica sp. nov. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 61:207-12. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2008.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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