1
|
Chen W, Kim SY, Lee A, Kim YJ, Chang C, Ton-That H, Kim R, Kim S, Park NH. hTERT Peptide Fragment GV1001 Prevents the Development of Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Periodontal Disease and Systemic Disorders in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6126. [PMID: 38892314 PMCID: PMC11172542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
GV1001, an anticancer vaccine, exhibits other biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. It also suppresses the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in mice. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a major human oral bacterium implicated in the development of periodontitis, is associated with various systemic disorders, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to explore the protective effects of GV1001 against Pg-induced periodontal disease, atherosclerosis, and AD-like conditions in Apolipoprotein (ApoE)-deficient mice. GV1001 effectively mitigated the development of Pg-induced periodontal disease, atherosclerosis, and AD-like conditions by counteracting Pg-induced local and systemic inflammation, partly by inhibiting the accumulation of Pg DNA aggregates, Pg lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and gingipains in the gingival tissue, arterial wall, and brain. GV1001 attenuated the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation, lipid deposition in the arterial wall, endothelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EndMT), the expression of Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) from arterial smooth muscle cells, and the formation of foam cells in mice with Pg-induced periodontal disease. GV1001 also suppressed the accumulation of AD biomarkers in the brains of mice with periodontal disease. Overall, these findings suggest that GV1001 holds promise as a preventive agent in the development of atherosclerosis and AD-like conditions associated with periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Sharon Y. Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Alicia Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Yun-Jeong Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (H.T.-T.)
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (H.T.-T.)
| | - Reuben Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Teloid Inc., 920 Westholme Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 714 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (W.C.); (S.Y.K.); (A.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (R.K.)
- Teloid Inc., 920 Westholme Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Q, Zheng Y, Chen X, Xing Y, Zhang J, Yan X, Zhang Q, Wu D, Chen Z. Bacteria Synergized with PD-1 Blockade Enhance Positive Feedback Loop of Cancer Cells-M1 Macrophages-T Cells in Glioma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308124. [PMID: 38520726 PMCID: PMC11132069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an attractive strategy because it stimulates immune cells to target malignant cells by regulating the intrinsic activity of the immune system. However, due to lacking many immunologic markers, it remains difficult to treat glioma, a representative "cold" tumor. Herein, to wake the "hot" tumor immunity of glioma, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is customized with a coating to create an immunogenic tumor microenvironment and further prove the effect in combination with the immune checkpoint agent anti-PD-1, exhibiting elevated therapeutic efficacy. This is accomplished not by enhancing the delivery of PD-1 blockade to enhance the effect of immunotherapy, but by introducing bacterial photothermal therapy to promote greater involvement of M1 cells in the immune response. After reaching glioma, the bacteria further target glioma cells and M2 phenotype macrophages selectively, enabling precise photothermal conversion for lysing tumor cells and M2 phenotype macrophages, which thereby enhances the positive feedback loop of cancer cells-M1 macrophages-T cells. Collectively, the bacteria synergized with PD-1 blockade strategy may be the key to overcoming the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment and improving the outcome of immunotherapy toward glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian350108China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Yuan Xing
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian350108China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Xinyi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cichońska D, Mazuś M, Kusiak A. Recent Aspects of Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2612. [PMID: 38473858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth. Periodontal conditions may increase the susceptibility of individuals to various systemic illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual onset and progressive deterioration, making it the primary cause of dementia, although the exact cause of the disease remains elusive. Both Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis share risk factors and clinical studies comparing the associations and occurrence of periodontitis among individuals with Alzheimer's disease have suggested a potential correlation between these conditions. Brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease have substantiated the existence of microorganisms related to periodontitis, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, which produces neurotoxic gingipains and may present the capability to breach the blood-brain barrier. Treponema denticola may induce tau hyperphosphorylation and lead to neuronal apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharides-components of bacterial cell membranes and mediators of inflammation-also have an impact on brain function. Further research could unveil therapeutic approaches targeting periodontal pathogens to potentially alleviate AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Cichońska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Mazuś
- Student Research Group of the Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Wang H, Yin Y. Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:99-120. [PMID: 37602685 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation could constitute a risk factor for AD. This review summarizes the research related to peripheral inflammation that appears to have a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. We find there are significant associations between AD and peripheral infection induced by various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii. Chronic inflammatory diseases are also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. The mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation affects the pathophysiology of AD are complex. Pathogen-derived neurotoxic molecule composition, disrupted BBB, and dysfunctional neurogenesis may all play a role in peripheral inflammation, promoting the development of AD. Anti-pathogenic medications and anti-inflammatory treatments are reported to decrease the risk of AD. Studies that could improve understanding the associations between AD and peripheral inflammation are needed. If our assumption is correct, early intervention against inflammation may be a potential method of preventing and treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Villodres JA, Escamilla A, Mercado-Sáenz S, Alba-Tercedor C, Rodriguez-Perez LM, Arranz-Salas I, Sanchez-Varo R, Bermúdez D. Microbiome Alterations and Alzheimer's Disease: Modeling Strategies with Transgenic Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1846. [PMID: 37509487 PMCID: PMC10377071 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been gaining momentum in the context of many neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes, respectively. Notably, a balanced gut microbiota contributes to the epithelial intestinal barrier maintenance, modulates the host immune system, and releases neurotransmitters and/or neuroprotective short-chain fatty acids. However, dysbiosis may provoke immune dysregulation, impacting neuroinflammation through peripheral-central immune communication. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide or detrimental microbial end-products can cross the blood-brain barrier and induce or at least potentiate the neuropathological progression of AD. Thus, after repeated failure to find a cure for this dementia, a necessary paradigmatic shift towards considering AD as a systemic disorder has occurred. Here, we present an overview of the use of germ-free and/or transgenic animal models as valid tools to unravel the connection between dysbiosis, metabolic diseases, and AD, and to investigate novel therapeutical targets. Given the high impact of dietary habits, not only on the microbiota but also on other well-established AD risk factors such as diabetes or obesity, consistent changes of lifestyle along with microbiome-based therapies should be considered as complementary approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio López-Villodres
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escamilla
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Silvia Mercado-Sáenz
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Alba-Tercedor
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Rodriguez-Perez
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Arranz-Salas
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Unidad de Anatomia Patologica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA-Plataforma Bionand, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Bermúdez
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duarte EDA, Santiago MB, Silva NB, Martins CH, Gatto CC. Crystal design, spectroscopic analyses and antibacterial study of new carbazate ligands and their Cu(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Jin R, Ning X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ye G. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis could contribute to cognitive impairment in Sprague–Dawley rats via the P38 MAPK signaling pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1141339. [PMID: 37056710 PMCID: PMC10086325 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1141339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPeriodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases and has been shown to be a risk factor for systemic diseases. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and cognitive impairment and to explore the role of the P38 MAPK signaling pathway in this process.MethodsWe established a periodontitis model by ligating the first molars of SD rats with silk thread and injecting Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or P. gingivalis plus the P38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at the same time for ten weeks. We assessed alveolar bone resorption and spatial learning and memory using microcomputed tomography and the Morris water maze test, respectively. We used transcriptome sequencing to explore the genetic differences between the groups. The gingival tissue, peripheral blood and hippocampal tissue were assessed for the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and C reactive protein (CRP) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). We observed the presence of P. gingivalis in the hippocampus of rats by paraffin-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We determined the activation of microglia by immunofluorescence. Finally, Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and P38MAPK pathway activation.ResultsWe demonstrated that silk ligature-induced periodontitis plus injection of P. gingivalis into subgingival tissue could lead to memory and cognitive impairment. Transcriptome sequencing results suggested that there were neurodegenerative diseases in the P. gingivalis group, and the MWM test showed that periodontitis reduced the spatial learning and memory ability of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) model rats. We found high levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and CRP in the gingiva, peripheral blood and hippocampus, and the expression of APP and BACE1 was upregulated, as was the P38 MAPK pathway activation. Activated microglia and the presence of P. gingivalis were also found in the hippocampus. P38 MAPK inhibitors mitigated all of these changes.ConclusionOur findings strongly suggest that topical application of P. gingivalis increases the inflammatory burden in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) and that neuroinflammation induced by activation of P38 MAPK leads to impaired learning and memory in SD rats. It can also modulate APP processing. Therefore, P38 MAPK may serve as a linking pathway between periodontitis and cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Ning
- The First People’s Hospital of Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyang Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Ye,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grobler C, van Tongeren M, Gettemans J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Alzheimer's Disease: A Systems View Provides a Unifying Explanation of Its Development. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:43-70. [PMID: 36442193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 50 million people globally. It is characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, respectively. Despite global research efforts, there is currently no cure available, due in part to an incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Numerous possible mechanisms, or hypotheses, explaining the origins of sporadic or late-onset AD have been proposed, including the amyloid-β, inflammatory, vascular, and infectious hypotheses. However, despite ample evidence, the failure of multiple trial drugs at the clinical stage illuminates the possible pitfalls of these hypotheses. Systems biology is a strategy which aims to elucidate the interactions between parts of a whole. Using this approach, the current paper shows how the four previously mentioned hypotheses of AD pathogenesis can be intricately connected. This approach allows for seemingly contradictory evidence to be unified in a system-focused explanation of sporadic AD development. Within this view, it is seen that infectious agents, such as P. gingivalis, may play a central role. The data presented here shows that when present, P. gingivalis or its virulence factors, such as gingipains, may induce or exacerbate pathologies underlying sporadic AD. This evidence supports the view that infectious agents, and specifically P. gingivalis, may be suitable treatment targets in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corlia Grobler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marvi van Tongeren
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Dashper SG, Zhao R. Association Between Oral Bacteria and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:129-150. [PMID: 36404545 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-clinical evidence implicates oral bacteria in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while clinical studies show diverse results. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively assess the association between oral bacteria and AD with clinical evidence. METHODS Studies investigating the association between oral bacteria and AD were identified through a systematic search of six databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Methodological quality ratings of the included studies were performed. A best evidence synthesis was employed to integrate the results. When applicable, a meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model. RESULTS Of the 16 studies included, ten investigated periodontal pathobionts and six were microbiome-wide association studies. Samples from the brain, serum, and oral cavity were tested. We found over a ten-fold and six-fold increased risk of AD when there were oral bacteria (OR = 10.68 95% CI: 4.48-25.43; p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (OR = 6.84 95% CI: 2.70-17.31; p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%) respectively in the brain. While AD patients exhibited lower alpha diversity of oral microbiota than healthy controls, the findings of bacterial communities were inconsistent among studies. The best evidence synthesis suggested a moderate level of evidence for an overall association between oral bacteria and AD and for oral bacteria being a risk factor for AD. CONCLUSION Current evidence moderately supports the association between oral bacteria and AD, while the association was strong when oral bacteria were detectable in the brain. Further evidence is needed to clarify the interrelationship between both individual species and bacterial communities and the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Liu
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno CM, Boeree E, Freitas CMT, Weber KS. Immunomodulatory role of oral microbiota in inflammatory diseases and allergic conditions. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1067483. [PMID: 36873050 PMCID: PMC9981797 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1067483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interplay between oral microbiota and systemic disease has gained attention as poor oral health is associated with several pathologies. The oral microbiota plays a role in the maintenance of overall health, and its dysbiosis influences chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of gum diseases. Periodontitis has also been associated with other diseases and health complications such as cancer, neurogenerative and autoimmune disorders, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic arthritis, respiratory health, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The host microbiota can influence immune cell development and immune responses, and recent evidence suggests that changes in oral microbiota composition may also contribute to sensitization and the development of allergic reactions, including asthma and peanut allergies. Conversely, there is also evidence that allergic reactions within the gut may contribute to alterations in oral microbiota composition. Here we review the current evidence of the role of the oral microbiota in inflammatory diseases and health complications, as well as its future relevance in improving health and ameliorating allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ellie Boeree
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Jongh CA, de Vries TJ, Bikker FJ, Gibbs S, Krom BP. Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis to translocate over the oral mucosa and other tissue barriers. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2205291. [PMID: 37124549 PMCID: PMC10134951 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2205291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is not only associated with periodontitis but also with systemic diseases elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms by which P. gingivalis travels from the oral cavity to other organs in the body are largely unknown. This review describes the four putative mechanisms supported by experimental evidence, which enable translocation of P. gingivalis over the oral mucosa, endothelial barriers and subsequent dissemination into the bloodstream. Mechanisms The first mechanism: proteolytic enzymes secreted by P. gingivalis degrade adhesion molecules between tissue cells, and the extracellular matrix. This weakens the structural integrity of the mucosa and allows P. gingivalis to penetrate the tissue. The second is transcytosis: bacteria actively enter tissue cells and transfer to the next layer or the extracellular space. By travelling from cell to cell, P. gingivalis reaches deeper structures. Thirdly, professional phagocytes take up P. gingivalis and travel to the bloodstream where P. gingivalis is released. Lastly, P. gingivalis can adhere to the hyphae forming Candida albicans. These hyphae can penetrate the mucosal tissue, which may allow P. gingivalis to reach deeper structures. Conclusion More research could elucidate targets to inhibit P. gingivalis dissemination and prevent the onset of various systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. de Jongh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CONTACT Bastiaan P. Krom Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
章 可, 孙 妍, 潘 乙. [Developments in Research on the Relationship Between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Non-Oral Diseases]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:20-26. [PMID: 36647638 PMCID: PMC10409047 DOI: 10.12182/20230160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis) is a common periodontal pathogen. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that P. gingivalis is not only a common pathogen in the oral cavity, but is also closely associated with non-oral diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, premature birth and non-alcoholic hepatitis, etc. Herein, we reviewed the developments in recent years in research on the relationship between P. gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, and non-oral diseases, which will help determine whether P. gingivalis could be used as an auxiliary diagnostic biomarker or a potential therapeutic target for these non-oral diseases, thus contributing to the development of treatment strategies for the relevant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 可可 章
- 温州医科大学口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (温州 325000)School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - 妍 孙
- 温州医科大学口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (温州 325000)School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - 乙怀 潘
- 温州医科大学口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (温州 325000)School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanagasingam S, von Ruhland C, Welbury R, Singhrao SK. Ex vivo Detection of Amyloid-β in Naturally Formed Oral Biofilm. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:757-773. [PMID: 36721488 PMCID: PMC9837734 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral infection has been implicated in the possible etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Objective To detect amyloid-β (Aβ) within microbial biofilms. Methods Freshly extracted teeth (N = 87) with periodontal disease were separated into Group A (N = 11), with primary root canal infection and Group B (N = 21) with failed endodontic treatment identified by the presence of, gutta percha root filling. Biofilm characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Demineralized paraffin wax embedded tooth sections and mineralized calculus biofilm were immunostained with the anti-Aβ antibody. The gutta perchas were processed either for on-section acrylic resin tissue immunocolloidal gold silver staining (IGSS) using the anti-Aβ antibody or in Araldite resin for ultrastructure. Results SEM demonstrated calculus and gutta percha in situ harboring a polymicrobial biofilm featuring extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and water channels. Immunohistochemistry on rehydrated paraffin wax tooth sections from Group A, demonstrated Aβ staining on external (calculus and plaque) and all intracanal infected regions. In Group B, the gutta percha biofilm IGSS gave an inconclusive result for Aβ. Transmission electron microscopy of selected teeth with infected intra-canals (Group A) and 20% of gutta percha biofilm (Group B) EPS contained electron dense fibrils of variable sizes, some of which were typical of human Aβ fibrils. Conclusion This study detected both soluble and insoluble Aβ fibrils within the EPS of periodontal and endodontic natural biofilm, strongly suggesting its role as an antimicrobial peptide in combatting local infection, with potential risk for cross-seeding into the brain for AD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kanagasingam
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher von Ruhland
- Electron and Light Microscopy Facility, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK,Correspondence to: Sim K. Singhrao, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inoue E, Minatozaki S, Katsuta Y, Nonaka S, Nakanishi H. Human β-Defensin 3 Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses of Microglia by Suppression of Cathepsins B and L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315099. [PMID: 36499428 PMCID: PMC9738813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the effects of antibacterial peptides are suggested to have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, systemic treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathological changes in middle-aged mice. Then, we examined whether human β-defensins (hBDs), antimicrobial peptides produced by the oral mucosa and salivary glands, can suppress Pg LPS-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses by microglia. hBD3 (1 μM) significantly suppressed Pg LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by MG6 cells, a mouse microglial cell line. hBD3 (1 μM) also significantly inhibited Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 by HMC3 cells, a human microglial cell line. In contrast, neither hBD1, hBD2 nor hBD4 failed to inhibit their productions. Furthermore, hBD3 suppressed Pg LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation through the IκBα degradation. Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 was significantly suppressed by E64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and CA-074Me, a known specific inhibitor for cathepsin B, but not by pepstatin A, an aspartic protease inhibitor. Interestingly, hBD3 significantly inhibited enzymatic activities of recombinant human cathepsins B and L, lysosomal cysteine proteases, and their intracellular activities in MG6 cells. Therefore, hBD3 suppressed oxidative and inflammatory responses of microglia through the inhibition of cathepsins B and L, which enzymatic activities are necessary for the NF-κB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Shiyo Minatozaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yui Katsuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Wang L, Wang X, Cao Z. Beneficial Effects of Melatonin on Periodontitis Management: Far More Than Oral Cavity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314541. [PMID: 36498871 PMCID: PMC9739298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis as a highly prevalent chronic infection/inflammatory disease can eventually lead to tooth loss and masticatory dysfunction. It also has a negative impact on general health and largely impairs quality of life. The tissue destruction during periodontitis is mainly caused by the excessive immune-inflammatory response; hence, how to modulate the host's reaction is of profound importance for effective periodontal treatment and tissue protection. Melatonin, as an endogenous hormone exhibiting multiple biological functions such as circadian rhythm regulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation, has been widely used in general healthcare. Notably, the past few years have witnessed increasing evidence for the application of melatonin as an adjunctive approach in the treatment of periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic comorbidities. The detailed underlying mechanisms and more verification from clinical practice are still lacking, however, and further investigations are highly required. Importantly, it is essential to establish standard guidelines in the near future for the clinical administration of melatonin for periodontal health and general wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sabbagh MN, Decourt B. COR388 (atuzaginstat): an investigational gingipain inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:987-993. [PMID: 36003033 PMCID: PMC10275298 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers have potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties created by fibrils that entrap pathogens and disrupt their membranes. Data suggest that Aβ may play a protective role in the innate immune response to microbial infections and that Aβ in the brain plays a damaging role when the inflammatory response is not well controlled. AREAS COVERED This paper describes the relationship between periodontal disease and Alzheimer disease (AD), the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its secreted gingipains in AD, and the potential of the gingipain inhibitor atuzaginstat (COR388) to modulate AD neuropathologies. EXPERT OPINION P. gingivalis is opsonized by Aβ42, is capable of entering the brain, and is an accelerant of neuropathologies in rodent models of AD. Thus, in our opinion, this bacteria is highly likely to be a pathogen capable of initiating or precipitating the progression of AD, which agrees with the pathogen hypothesis of clinical AD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix Arizona, USA
| | - Boris Decourt
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Implications of Microorganisms in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4584-4615. [PMID: 36286029 PMCID: PMC9600878 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a deadly brain degenerative disorder that leads to brain shrinkage and dementia. AD is manifested with hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide buildup in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain. The nervous tissue of AD patients also contains fungal proteins and DNA which are linked to bacterial infections, suggesting that polymicrobial infections also occur in the brains of those with AD. Both immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were employed to assess fungal and bacterial infections in the brain tissue of AD patients and non-AD controls, with the most prevalent fungus genera detected in AD patients being Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, and Malassezia. Interestingly, Fusarium was the most common genus detected in the control group. Both AD patients and controls were also detectable for Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides for bacterial infection. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae and Staphylococcaceae exhibited higher levels in the brains of those with AD than the brains of the control group. Accordingly, there is thought to be a viscous cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain, caused by agents such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Chlamydophilapneumonia, and Spirochetes, and the presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), which is associated with an increased proinflammatory response in the immune system. Systemic proinflammatory cytokines are produced by microorganisms such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and those related to periodontal infections. These can then cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to the onset of dementia. Here, we reviewed the relationship between the etiology of AD and microorganisms (such as bacterial pathogens, Herpesviridae viruses, and periodontal pathogens) according to the evidence available to understand the pathogenesis of AD. These findings might guide a targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to AD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kanagasingam S, von Ruhland C, Welbury R, Singhrao SK. Antimicrobial, Polarizing Light, and Paired Helical Filament Properties of Fragmented Tau Peptides of Selected Putative Gingipains. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1279-1291. [PMID: 36031895 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau is an established substrate for gingipains secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation is a defining lesion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) where NFT distribution is related to Braak stage and disease severity. OBJECTIVE To assess gingipains'-fragmented tau peptides for their antimicrobial properties and for the likelihood of paired helical/straight filament (PHF/SF) formation with implications for the NFT lesion. METHODS Seven non-phosphorylated (A-G) and three phosphorylated (A-C) tau peptides, were tested for antimicrobial properties against P. gingivalis. Polarizing light properties were determined using Congo Red staining. Secondary and tertiary structures of peptides B-F were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and circular dichroism (CD) was undertaken for the soluble peptides A in phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated states. RESULTS Phosphorylated tau peptide A displayed a significant effect against planktonic P. gingivalis. The CD results demonstrated that both peptides A, in phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated states, in aqueous solution, adopted mainly β-type structures. Non-phosphorylated peptides B-F and phosphorylated peptides B-C were insoluble and fibrillar under the TEM. The secondary and tertiary structures of the non-phosphorylated peptide B demonstrated fewer helical twists, whereas peptide C displayed significantly more helical twists along the whole fiber(s) length following its phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Phosphorylated peptide A reduced P. gingivalis viability. CD spectroscopy demonstrated the phosphorylated and the non-phosphorylated peptide A predominantly formed from β-sheet structures in aqueous solution with potential antimicrobial activity. Phosphorylation of tau peptides physically changed their tertiary structure into PHFs with potential for self-aggregation and binding to the NFT lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kanagasingam
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher von Ruhland
- Electron and Light Microscopy Facility, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Mechanistic Pathways of Periodontal Pathogens Entering the Brain: The Potential Role of Treponema denticola in Tracing Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159386. [PMID: 35954742 PMCID: PMC9368682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease and remains the most common form of dementia. The pathological features include amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neural and synaptic loss, microglial cell activation, and an increased blood–brain barrier permeability. One longstanding hypothesis suggests that a microbial etiology is key to AD initiation. Among the various periodontal microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been considered the keystone agent to potentially correlate with AD, due to its influence on systemic inflammation. P. gingivalis together with Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia belong to the red complex consortium of bacteria advocated to sustain periodontitis within a local dysbiosis and a host response alteration. Since the implication of P. gingivalis in the pathogenesis of AD, evidence has emerged of T. denticola clusters in some AD brain tissue sections. This narrative review explored the potential mode of spirochetes entry into the AD brain for tracing pathology. Spirochetes are slow-growing bacteria, which can hide within ganglia for many years. It is this feature in combination with the ability of these bacteria to evade the hosts’ immune responses that may account for a long lag phase between infection and plausible AD disease symptoms. As the locus coeruleus has direct connection between the trigeminal nuclei to periodontal free nerve endings and proprioceptors with the central nervous system, it is plausible that they could initiate AD pathology from this anatomical region.
Collapse
|
20
|
Khoury R, Gallop A, Roberts K, Grysman N, Lu J, Grossberg GT. Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: what’s new on the horizon? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1305-1323. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2097868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St. Georges Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- University of Balamand, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Amy Gallop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kelsey Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Noam Grysman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - George T. Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Memory decline in older individuals predicts an objective indicator of oral health: findings from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:93. [PMID: 35346157 PMCID: PMC8962025 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that there is an association between poor oral health and cognitive function in late adulthood. However, most studies to date have relied on cross-sectional research methods that do not permit inferences about the temporality of any association. Moreover, the few longitudinal studies that do exist have typically relied on small samples and quite limited cognitive or oral health assessments. The aim of the present study was therefore designed to provide the first direct evaluation of whether cognitive function is predictive of poor oral health in older adults. Methods This longitudinal research included data from 339 participants aged 70 years or older from The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS), a large cohort of healthy community-dwelling older adults. Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of tests at baseline (Wave 1) in 2005 and six years later (Wave 4) in 2011. In 2015 (Wave 6), participants were assessed for oral health using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT), number of functional occluding pairs of natural teeth and sublingual resting saliva pH (SRSpH). Ordinal least squares regression analysis was used to model the effect of cognitive function on total OHAT score, and binomial logistic regression used for SRSpH and occluding pairs of functional teeth. Results Two models were tested. In the partially adjusted model, age, gender and years of education were included. The fully adjusted model additionally included medical conditions, general health, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, functionality, and dental care utilization. The key finding to emerge was that a six-year change in memory (from Wave 1 to Wave 4) was associated with lower sublingual resting saliva pH at Wave 6 in partially (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.65) and fully adjusted model (OR = 0.63). Conclusions This longitudinal study provides further evidence that a relationship between cognitive function and oral health exists, and also points to this relationship potentially being bi-directional, as previous evidence suggests. The findings from the study also suggest that older adults who present with greater than normal memory decline at an earlier point in life were more likely to experience poor oral health when this was evaluated at a later time-point, four years later. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02128-y.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cirstea MS, Kliger D, MacLellan AD, Yu AC, Langlois J, Fan M, Boroomand S, Kharazyan F, Hsiung RGY, MacVicar BA, Chertkow H, Whitehead V, Finlay B, Appel-Cresswell S. The Oral and Fecal Microbiota in a Canadian Cohort of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:247-258. [PMID: 35275538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of research, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology remains incomplete. In recent years, appreciation has grown for potential roles for the microbiota in shaping neurological health. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine associations between the microbiota and AD in a human cross-sectional cohort. METHODS Forty-five AD patients and 54 matched controls were recruited in Vancouver, Canada. Fecal and oral samples underwent 16S microbiota sequencing. A wide array of demographic and clinical data were collected. Differences between participant groups were assessed, and associations between microbes and clinical variables were examined within the AD population. RESULTS The gut microbiota of AD patients displayed lower diversity relative to controls, although taxonomic differences were sparse. In contrast, the AD oral microbiota displayed higher diversity, with several taxonomic differences relative to controls, including a lower abundance of the families Streptococcaceae and Actinomycetaceae, and a higher abundance of Weeksellaceae, among others. The periodontitis-associated oral microbe Porphyromonas gingivalis was 5 times more prevalent among patients. No significant associations between gut or oral microbes and cognition were detected, but several correlations existed between microbes and mood disorders and BMI among patients, including a strong positive correlation between Alphaproteobacteria and depression score. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota of AD patients was not overtly different from controls, although it displayed lower diversity, an overall marker of microbiota health. The oral microbiota did display marked differences. Cognition was not associated with a microbial signature, but other relevant AD factors including mood and BMI did demonstrate an association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai S Cirstea
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Kliger
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abbey D MacLellan
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adam C Yu
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenna Langlois
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mannie Fan
- Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Seti Boroomand
- Borgland Family Brain Tissue and DNA Bank, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faezeh Kharazyan
- Borgland Family Brain Tissue and DNA Bank, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robyn G Y Hsiung
- Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Howard Chertkow
- Baycrest and Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victor Whitehead
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silke Appel-Cresswell
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Teles F, Collman RG, Mominkhan D, Wang Y. Viruses, periodontitis, and comorbidities. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:190-206. [PMID: 35244970 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seminal studies published in the 1990s and 2000s explored connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, revealing potential contributions of periodontal diseases in the initiation or worsening of systemic conditions. The resulting field of periodontal medicine led to the publication of studies indicating that periodontal diseases can influence the risk of systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as Alzheimer disease and cancers. In general, these studies hypothesized that the periodontal bacterial insult and/or the associated proinflammatory cascade could contribute to the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases. While investigations of the biological basis of the connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions generally emphasized the bacteriome, it is also biologically plausible, under an analogous hypothesis, that other types of organisms may have a similar role. Human viruses would be logical "suspects" in this role, given their ubiquity in the oral cavity, association with periodontal diseases, and ability to elicit strong inflammatory response, compromise immune responses, and synergize with bacteria in favor of a more pathogenic microbial consortium. In this review, the current knowledge of the role of viruses in connecting periodontal diseases and systemic conditions is examined. We will also delve into the mechanistic basis for such connections and highlight the importance of those relationships in the management and treatment of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Teles
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine & School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana Mominkhan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kurek-Górecka A, Walczyńska-Dragon K, Felitti R, Baron S, Olczyk P. Propolis and Diet Rich in Polyphenols as Cariostatic Agents Reducing Accumulation of Dental Plaque. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010271. [PMID: 35011503 PMCID: PMC8746943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conducted studies indicate the relationship between oral health and systemic diseases. Moreover, the latest research indicated that cariogenic bacteria may severely influence the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and increase risk of COVID-19 complications. This article aims to review various applications of propolis and pay attention to a healthy diet rich in polyphenols, which may allow the reduction of dental plaque accumulation. A literature review has been conducted from June until November 2021. It showed that propolis could be a useful agent in decreasing the accumulation of dental plaque. Moreover, a diet rich in polyphenols prevents cariogenic bacteria and reduces the accumulation of dental plaque. A reduction of a dental plaque may influence the risk of a severe course of COVID-19. Therefore, propolis and a diet rich in polyphenols may play an important role in prophylaxis of systemic diseases. Recently, it has been proven that oral infection may affect cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, nervous system, as well as may be a risk factor for diabetes mellitus. These aspects should stimulate clinicians to further research about polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kurek-Górecka
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 3 Kasztanowa St, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Walczyńska-Dragon
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 2 Traugutta Sq, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.W.-D.); (S.B.)
| | - Rafael Felitti
- Oral Rehabilitation and Prosthodontics, Private Practice, Felix Olmedo 3716, Montevideo 11700, Uruguay;
| | - Stefan Baron
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 2 Traugutta Sq, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.W.-D.); (S.B.)
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 3 Kasztanowa St, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim HS, Kim S, Shin SJ, Park YH, Nam Y, Kim CW, Lee KW, Kim SM, Jung ID, Yang HD, Park YM, Moon M. Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer's disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 34876226 PMCID: PMC8650380 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most serious age-related neurodegenerative disease and causes destructive and irreversible cognitive decline. Failures in the development of therapeutics targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, principal proteins inducing pathology in AD, suggest a paradigm shift towards the development of new therapeutic targets. The gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are attractive new targets for AD treatment. Surprisingly, an altered distribution of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS has been reported in AD patients. Moreover, gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have been shown to affect a variety of AD-related pathologies, such as Aβ homeostasis, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, therapeutic approaches targeting gram-negative bacteria or gram-negative bacterial molecules have significantly alleviated AD-related pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Despite multiple evidence showing that the gram-negative bacteria and their LPS play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis, the pathogenic mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS have not been clarified. Here, we summarize the roles and pathomechanisms of gram-negative bacteria and LPS in AD. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using gram-negative bacteria and gram-negative bacterial molecules as novel therapeutic targets and new pathological characteristics for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Duk Yang
- Harvard Neurology Clinic, 294 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin, 16943, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6th Floor of Real Company Building, 66, Achasan-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shinjyo N, Kita K. Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765217. [PMID: 34795562 PMCID: PMC8592913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Czapski GA, Strosznajder JB. Glutamate and GABA in Microglia-Neuron Cross-Talk in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111677. [PMID: 34769106 PMCID: PMC8584169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological balance between excitation and inhibition in the brain is significantly affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several neuroactive compounds and their signaling pathways through various types of receptors are crucial in brain homeostasis, among them glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Activation of microglial receptors regulates the immunological response of these cells, which in AD could be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. The novel research approaches revealed the complexity of microglial function, including the interplay with other cells during neuroinflammation and in the AD brain. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of several proteins and multiple receptors on microglia and neurons, and their involvement in a communication network between cells that could lead to different metabolic loops and cell death/survival. Our review is focused on the role of glutamatergic, GABAergic signaling in microglia–neuronal cross-talk in AD and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the significance of AD-related neurotoxic proteins in glutamate/GABA-mediated dialogue between microglia and neurons was analyzed in search of novel targets in neuroprotection, and advanced pharmacological approaches.
Collapse
|
28
|
Celik D, Kantarci A. Vascular Changes and Hypoxia in Periodontal Disease as a Link to Systemic Complications. Pathogens 2021; 10:1280. [PMID: 34684229 PMCID: PMC8541389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment caused by oral pathogens is the most important cause of the disruption of dynamic hemostasis between the oral microbiome and the immune system. Periodontal infection exacerbates the inflammatory response with increased hypoxia and causes vascular changes. The chronicity of inflammation becomes systemic as a link between oral and systemic diseases. The vascular network plays a central role in controlling infection and regulating the immune response. In this review, we focus on the local and systemic vascular network change mechanisms of periodontal inflammation and the pathological processes of inflammatory diseases. Understanding how the vascular network influences the pathology of periodontal diseases and the systemic complication associated with this pathology is essential for the discovery of both local and systemic proactive control mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Celik
- Immunology Division, Health Sciences Institute, Trakya University, Edirne 22100, Turkey;
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The N th Wave of COVID-19: Will It Be Alzheimer's? Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:761-763. [PMID: 34551846 PMCID: PMC9095851 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
30
|
Werber T, Bata Z, Vaszine ES, Berente DB, Kamondi A, Horvath AA. The Association of Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease: How to Hit Two Birds with One Stone. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1-21. [PMID: 34511500 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that preventive interventional trials could significantly reduce the risk for development of dementia. Periodontitis is the most common dental disease characterized by chronic inflammation and loss of alveolar bone and perialveolar attachment of teeth. Growing number of studies propose a potential link between periodontitis and neurodegeneration. In the first part of the paper, we overview case-control studies analyzing the prevalence of periodontitis among AD patients and healthy controls. Second, we survey observational libraries and cross-sectional studies investigating the risk of cognitive decline in patients with periodontitis. Next, we describe the current view on the mechanism of periodontitis linked neural damage, highlighting bacterial invasion of neural tissue from dental plaques, and periodontitis induced systemic inflammation resulting in a neuroinflammatory process. Later, we summarize reports connecting the four most common periodontal pathogens to AD pathology. Finally, we provide a practical guide for further prevalence and interventional studies on the management of cognitively high-risk patients with and without periodontitis. In this section, we highlight strategies for risk control, patient information, dental evaluation, reporting protocol and dental procedures in the clinical management of patients with a risk for periodontitis and with diagnosed periodontitis. In conclusion, our review summarizes the current view on the association between AD and periodontitis and provides a research and intervention strategy for harmonized interventional trials and for further case-control or cross-sectional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Werber
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Bata
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eniko Szabo Vaszine
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dalida Borbala Berente
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Neurocognitive Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Kamondi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Attila Horvath
- Neurocognitive Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang W, Zeng F, Gu Y, Jiang M, Zhang X, Yan X, Kadowaki T, Mizutani S, Kashiwazaki H, Ni J, Wu Z. Porphyromonas Gingivalis Infection Induces Synaptic Failure via Increased IL-1β Production in Leptomeningeal Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:665-681. [PMID: 34334391 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported that synaptic failure occurs before the Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset. The systemic Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection is involved in memory decline. We previously showed that leptomeningeal cells, covering the brain, activate glial cells by releasing IL-1β in response to systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we focused on the impact of leptomeningeal cells on neurons during systemic P. gingivalis infection. METHODS The responses of leptomeningeal cells and cortical neurons to systemic P. gingivalis infection were examined in 15-month-old mice. The mechanism of IL-1β production by P. gingivalis infected leptomeningeal cells was examined, and primary cortical neurons were treated with P. gingivalis infected leptomeningeal cells condition medium (Pg LCM). RESULTS Systemic P. gingivalis infection increased the expression of IL-1β in leptomeninges and reduced the synaptophysin (SYP) expression in leptomeninges proximity cortex in mice. Leptomeningeal cells phagocytosed P. gingivalis resulting in lysosomal rupture and Cathepsin B (CatB) leakage. Leaked CatB mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation inducing IL-1β secretion in leptomeningeal cells. Pg LCM decreased the expression of synaptic molecules, including SYP, which was inhibited by an IL-1 receptor antagonist pre-treatment. CONCLUSION These observations demonstrate that P. gingivalis infection is involved in synaptic failure by inducing CatB/NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in leptomeningeal cells. The periodontal bacteria-induced synaptic damage may accelerate the onset and cognitive decline of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Huang
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology>, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology>, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yebo Gu
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology>, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Division of Frontier Life Science, Department of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mizutani
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry and Perioperative Medicine in Dentistry, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kashiwazaki
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry and Perioperative Medicine in Dentistry, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology>, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rice AO. Alzheimer's Disease and Oral-Systemic Health: Bidirectional Care Integration Improving Outcomes. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:674329. [PMID: 35048018 PMCID: PMC8757752 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.674329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentistry is an effective healthcare field that can impact Alzheimer's disease through prevention and education. Every day dental providers use an arsenal of assessment protocols directly coinciding with modifiable Alzheimer's risk factors. An innovative way to help in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease is to utilize oral health professionals who reach the public in ways other health care providers may not. Bidirectional care integration is needed to stifle many systemic diseases and Alzheimer's disease is no different. Ultimately with collaborative care the patient reaps the benefits. Alzheimer's is associated with many etiologies and pathophysiological processes. These include cardiovascular health, smoking, sleep, inflammatory pathogens, and diabetes. In the United States, dental providers assess each of these factors daily and can be instrumental in educating patients on the influence of these factors for dementia prevention. Globally, by 2025, the number of people with Alzheimer's disease is expected to rise by at least 14%. Such increases will strain local and national health care systems, but for the US if Medicare were expanded to include dental services, many older adults could be spared needless suffering. The goal of this perspective article is to highlight existing practices being used in the field of dentistry that can easily be adapted to educate patients in preventive care and treat risk factors. It is the duty of healthcare professionals to explore all opportunities to stem the advance of this disease and by integrating oral and systemic health into transdisciplinary science, health care and policy may do just that.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne O. Rice
- Oral Systemic Seminars, Conroe, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee KW, Kim JG, Veerappan K, Chung H, Natarajan S, Kim KY, Park J. Utilizing Red Spotted Apollo Butterfly Transcriptome to Identify Antimicrobial Peptide Candidates against Porphyromonas gingivalis. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050466. [PMID: 34069966 PMCID: PMC8157869 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classical antibiotics are the foremost treatment strategy against microbial infections. Overuse of this has led to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural defense elements present across many species including humans, insects, bacteria, and plants. Insect AMPs are our area of interest, because of their stronger abilities in host defense. We have deciphered AMPs from an endangered species Parnassius bremeri, commonly known as the red spotted apollo butterfly. It belongs to the second largest insect order Lepidoptera, comprised of butterflies and moths, and lives in the high altitudes of Russia, China, and Korea. We aimed at identifying the AMPs from the larvae stages. The rationale of choosing this stage is that the P. bremeri larvae development occurs at extremely low temperature conditions, which might serve as external stimuli for AMP production. RNA was isolated from larvae (L1 to L5) instar stages and subjected to next generation sequencing. The transcriptomes obtained were curated in in-silico pipelines. The peptides obtained were screened for requisite AMP physicochemical properties and in vitro antimicrobial activity. With the sequential screening and validation, we obtained fifteen candidate AMPs. One peptide TPS-032 showed promising antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a primary causative organism of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Woon Lee
- Holoce Ecosystem Conservation Research Institute (HECRI), Hweongsung 25257, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Jae-Goo Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Karpagam Veerappan
- 3BIGS Co. Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (K.V.); (H.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Hoyong Chung
- 3BIGS Co. Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (K.V.); (H.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- 3BIGS Co. Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (K.V.); (H.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Junhyung Park
- 3BIGS Co. Ltd., 156, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16506, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (K.V.); (H.C.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.K.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Morgan DG, Mielke MM. Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer's disease immune biomarker research. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:2030-2042. [PMID: 33984178 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated implicating a role for immune mechanisms in moderating the pathology in Alzheimer's disease dementia. However, the appropriate therapeutic target, the appropriate direction of manipulation, and the stage of disease at which to begin treatment remain unanswered questions. Part of the challenge derives from the absence of any selective pressure to develop a coordinated beneficial immune response to severe neural injury in adults. Thus, immune responses to the prevailing stimuli are likely to contain both beneficial and detrimental components. Knowledge gaps include: (1) how a biomarker change relates to the underlying biology, (2) the degree to which pathological stage group differences reflect a response to pathology versus trait differences among individuals regulating risk of developing pathology, (3) the degree to which biomarker levels are predictive of subsequent changes in pathology and/or cognition, and (4) experimental manipulations in model systems to determine whether differences in immune biomarkers are causally related to pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Morgan
- Alzheimer's Alliance, Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Olsen I. Can Porphyromonas gingivalis Contribute to Alzheimer's Disease Already at the Stage of Gingivitis? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:237-241. [PMID: 34113781 PMCID: PMC8150255 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with periodontitis, which starts as gingivitis. Similar to periodontitis, gingivitis bacteria, bacterial products, and inflammatory mediators can travel to the brain via the blood stream and promote brain inflammation. Periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, both associated with AD, have been found in dental plaque of children already at the age of 3. It is suggested that these bacteria during long-term exposure may drive microglia (brain resident macrophage cells) into a pro-inflammatory M1 phase where they contribute to AD rather than protect against it. This notion comes from studies in mice showing that microglia actually can "remember" previous inflammatory challenge and become "trained" or "tolerant" to toxins like lipopolysaccharide. If gingivitis has an impact on AD, which should be verified, AD prophylaxis should start already at this pre-periodontitis stage with removal of supragingival plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|