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Al Zahabi K, Hassan L, Maldonado R, Boehm MW, Baier SK, Sharma V. Pinching dynamics, extensional rheology, and stringiness of saliva substitutes. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2547-2561. [PMID: 38407364 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01662e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Saliva substitutes are human-made formulations extensively used in medicine, food, and pharmaceutical research to emulate human saliva's biochemical, tribological, and rheological properties. Even though extensional flows involving saliva are commonly encountered in situations such as swallowing, coughing, sneezing, licking, drooling, gleeking, and blowing spit bubbles, rheological evaluations of saliva and its substitutes in most studies rely on measured values of shear viscosity. Natural saliva possesses stringiness or spinnbarkeit, governed by extensional rheology response, which cannot be evaluated or anticipated from the knowledge of shear rheology response. In this contribution, we comprehensively examine the rheology of twelve commercially available saliva substitutes using torsional rheometry for rate-dependent shear viscosity and dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) protocols for extensional rheology characterization. Even though most formulations are marketed as having suitable rheology, only three displayed measurable viscoelasticity and strain-hardening. Still, these too, failed to emulate the viscosity reduction with the shear rate observed for saliva or match perceived stringiness. Finally, we explore the challenges in creating saliva-like formulations for dysphagia patients and opportunities for using DoS rheometry for diagnostics and designing biomimetic fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Al Zahabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Lena Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Ramiro Maldonado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | | | - Stefan K Baier
- Motif FoodWorks Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Đoćoš M, Thiha A, Vejin M, Movrin D, Jamaluddin NF, Kojić S, Petrović B, Ibrahim F, Stojanović G. Analysis of Covarine Particle in Toothpaste Through Microfluidic Simulation, Experimental Validation, and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10539-10555. [PMID: 38463280 PMCID: PMC10918793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Covarine, copper phthalocyanine, a novel tooth whitening ingredient, has been incorporated into various toothpaste formulations using diverse technologies such as larger flakes, two-phase pastes, and microbeads. In this study, we investigated the behavior of covarine microbeads (200 μm) in Colgate advanced white toothpaste when mixed with artificial and real saliva. Our analysis utilized a custom-designed microfluidic mixer with 400 μm wide channels arranged in serpentine patterns, featuring a Y-shaped design for saliva and toothpaste flow. The mixer, fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing technology, incorporated a flexible transparent resin (Formlabs' Flexible 80A resin) and PMMA layers. COMSOL simulations were performed by utilizing parameters extracted from toothpaste and saliva datasheets, supplemented by laboratory measurements, to enhance simulation accuracy. Experimental assessments encompassing the behavior of covarine particles were conducted using an optical profilometer. Viscosity tests and electrical impedance spectroscopy employing recently developed all-carbon electrodes were employed to analyze different toothpaste dilutions. The integration of experimental data from microfluidic chips with computational simulations offers thorough insights into the interactions of covarine particles with saliva and the formation of microfilms on enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Đoćoš
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Aung Thiha
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marija Vejin
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Dejan Movrin
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Petrović
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Centre
for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Goran Stojanović
- Faculty
of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
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An R, Wu Z, Liu M, Zhao Y, Chen W. Oral health behavior and oral health service utilization among cancer patients in China: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1027835. [PMID: 37152038 PMCID: PMC10155684 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1027835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeOral health plays an important role in overall health. But there is scarce information available on oral health behavior and oral health service utilization among cancer patients. This study aimed to evaluate oral health behavior and oral health service utilization among different population groups of cancer patients in China.MethodsA multicenter cross-sectional study in three tertiary hospitals was conducted to explore the oral health behaviors and oral health service utilization of 162 cancer patients in China.ResultsWe investigated a total of 162 cancer patients, 81 from urban and rural areas, respectively. The participant’s ages ranged from 18 and 82 years, mean age was 44.62 years (SD = 15.72). Overall, cancer patients have poor oral health behaviors and limited oral health service utilization. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between urban and rural cancer patients in terms of oral health behaviors, including brushing methods, the use of fluoride toothpaste, the use of dental floss, dental caries, and bleeding gums while brushing teeth. As for oral health service utilization, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between urban and rural cancer patients on regular dental cleaning, the reasons for visiting a dental clinic, and whether they took the initiative to learn about oral health.ConclusionThe study findings suggest that cancer patients had poor oral health behaviors and limited oral health service utilization, and rural patients perform poorer than their urban counterparts. Oral health education should be provided to cancer patients to improve their oral health behaviors and oral health service utilization.
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Qureshi S, Milić L, Petrović B, Vejin M, Kojić S, Jarić S, Stojanović G. The Measurement of Contact Angle, pH, and Conductivity of Artificial Saliva and Mouthwashes on Enamel, Glass-Ionomer, and Composite Dental Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134533. [PMID: 35806658 PMCID: PMC9267139 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to tackle the topic of appropriate recommendations for artificial-saliva and mouthwash usage. The contact angle, pH, and conductivity of two artificial saliva solutions, four mouthwashes, and their mixtures on enamel, glass-ionomer, and composite dental materials were measured. The measurements were conducted with a MATLAB algorithm to minimize human error. The obtained values for the contact angle were in the range from 7.98° to 52.6°, and they showed completely nonlinear and nonuniform behavior for all investigated liquids and on all investigated substrates. Results reveal statistically significant differences among all tested liquids on all investigated substrates (p < 0.05). pH values ranged from 1.54 to 7.01. A wide range of conductivity values were observed, from 1205µS/cm in the saliva-stimulating solution to 6679 mS/cm in the artificial saliva. Spearman’s test showed a moderate positive correlation between the pH and conductivity of the tested fluids (R = 0.7108). A comparison of the data obtained using Image J software and the MATLAB algorithm showed consistency, not exceeding 5% error. When an experiment uses human material and bioactive materials THAT are used in biomedicine as substrates, an additional definition of protocols is highly recommended for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Qureshi
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Fruškogorska, 11, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.M.); (M.V.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (B.P.)
| | - Lazar Milić
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Fruškogorska, 11, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.M.); (M.V.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Bojan Petrović
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova, 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (B.P.)
| | - Marija Vejin
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Fruškogorska, 11, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.M.); (M.V.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Fruškogorska, 11, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.M.); (M.V.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Stefan Jarić
- Institute BioSense, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Đinđića, 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Goran Stojanović
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Fruškogorska, 11, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (L.M.); (M.V.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
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