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Fedorowicz M, Halas A, Macias M, Sledziewska-Gojska E, Woodgate R, McIntyre J. E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF2 protects polymerase ι from destabilization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119743. [PMID: 38705361 PMCID: PMC11382163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Human DNA polymerase ι (Polι) belongs to the Y-family of specialized DNA polymerases engaged in the DNA damage tolerance pathway of translesion DNA synthesis that is crucial to the maintenance of genome integrity. The extreme infidelity of Polι and the fact that both its up- and down-regulation correlate with various cancers indicate that Polι expression and access to the replication fork should be strictly controlled. Here, we identify RNF2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a new interacting partner of Polι that is responsible for Polι stabilization in vivo. Interestingly, while we report that RNF2 does not directly ubiquitinate Polι, inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of RNF2 affects the cellular level of Polι thereby protecting it from destabilization. Additionally, we indicate that this mechanism is more general, as DNA polymerase η, another Y-family polymerase and the closest paralogue of Polι, share similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Fedorowicz
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halas
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Macias
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sledziewska-Gojska
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roger Woodgate
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justyna McIntyre
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gao A, Zhang M, Zhu SQ, Zou S, Chen H, Li X, He C, Zhou L, Mei Y, Ding W, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Cao Y. DNA polymerase iota promotes EMT and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with USP7 to stabilize HIF-1α. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:171. [PMID: 38402183 PMCID: PMC10894303 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancer types, with a low 5-year survival rate of ~20%. Our prior research has suggested that DNA Polymerase iota (Pol ι), a member of Y-family DNA polymerase, plays a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of ESCC. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we utilized ChIP-PCR and luciferase reporter assays to investigate the binding of HIF-1α to the promoter of the Pol ι gene. Transwell, wound healing, and mouse models were employed to assess the impact of Pol ι and HIF-1α on the motility of ESCC cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot were carried out to explore the interaction between Pol ι and HIF-1α, while qRT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to confirm the regulation of Pol ι and HIF-1α on their downstream targets. Our results demonstrate that HIF-1α activates the transcription of the Pol ι gene in ESCC cells under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the knockdown of Pol ι impeded HIF-1α-induced invasion and metastasis. Additionally, we found that Pol ι regulates the expression of genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and initiates EMT through the stabilization of HIF-1α. Mechanistically, Pol ι maintains the protein stability of HIF-1α by recruiting USP7 to mediate the deubiquitination of HIF-1α, with the residues 446-578 of Pol being crucial for the interaction between Pol ι and USP7. Collectively, our findings unveil a novel feedforward molecular axis of HIF-1α- Pol ι -USP7 in ESCC that contributes to ESCC metastasis. Hence, our results present an attractive target for intervention in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Qi Zhu
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hengrui Chen
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liangsu Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Mei
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yuandong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Patients: A Balancing Act between Stemness, EMT Features and DNA Damage Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040997. [PMID: 35205744 PMCID: PMC8869884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) traverse vessels to travel from the primary tumor to distant organs where they adhere, transmigrate, and seed metastases. To cope with these challenges, CTCs have reached maximal flexibility to change their differentiation status, morphology, migratory capacity, and their responses to genotoxic stress caused by metabolic changes, hormones, the inflammatory environment, or cytostatic treatment. A significant percentage of breast cancer cells are defective in homologous recombination repair and other mechanisms that protect the integrity of the replication fork. To prevent cell death caused by broken forks, alternative, mutagenic repair, and bypass pathways are engaged but these increase genomic instability. CTCs, arising from such breast tumors, are endowed with an even larger toolbox of escape mechanisms that can be switched on and off at different stages during their journey according to the stress stimulus. Accumulating evidence suggests that DNA damage responses, DNA repair, and replication are integral parts of a regulatory network orchestrating the plasticity of stemness features and transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in CTCs. This review summarizes the published information on these regulatory circuits of relevance for the design of biomarkers reflecting CTC functions in real-time to monitor therapeutic responses and detect evolving chemoresistance mechanisms.
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Su Z, Gao A, Li X, Zou S, He C, Wu J, Ding WQ, Zhou J. DNA Polymerase Iota Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation Through Erk-OGT-Induced G6PD Overactivation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706337. [PMID: 34354953 PMCID: PMC8329663 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers with rapid progression and a high mortality rate. Our previous study demonstrated that DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is overexpressed in ESCC tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. However, its role in ESCC proliferation remains obscure. We report here that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation and progression through Erk- O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) regulated Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) overactivation. Cell clonogenic ability was assessed by colony formation assay. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU incorporation assay. Our transcriptome data was reanalyzed by GSEA and validated by analysis of cellular metabolism, G6PD activity, and cellular NADPH concentration. The level of Pol ι, OGT, G6PD and O-GlcNAcylation in ESCC cells and patient samples were analyzed. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 was applied to confirm OGT expression regulation by the Erk signaling. The G6PD inhibitor polydatin was used to examine the role of G6PD activation in Pol ι promoted proliferation. We found that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation. It shunted the glucose flux towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by activating G6PD through OGT-promoted O-GlcNAcylation. The expression of OGT was positively correlated with Pol ι expression and O-GlcNAcylation. Notably, elevated O-GlcNAcylation was correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Pol ι was shown to stimulate Erk signaling to enhance OGT expression, and the G6PD inhibitor polydatin attenuated Pol ι induced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Pol ι activates G6PD through Erk-OGT-induced O-GlcNAcylation to promote the proliferation and progression of ESCC, supporting the notion that Pol ι is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzi Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Khairullin RF, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Carcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:425-435. [PMID: 32569550 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of DNA lesions are formed in mammalian cells each day. DNA translesion synthesis is the main mechanism of cell defense against unrepaired DNA lesions. DNA polymerases iota (Pol ι), eta (Pol η), kappa (Pol κ), and zeta (Pol ζ) have active sites that are less stringent toward the DNA template structure and efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions. However, these polymerases display low accuracy of DNA synthesis and can introduce mutations in genomic DNA. Impaired functioning of these enzymes can lead to an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - R F Khairullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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McIntyre J. Polymerase iota - an odd sibling among Y family polymerases. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102753. [PMID: 31805501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the discovery of the most mutagenic human DNA polymerase, polymerase iota (Polι). Since then, the biochemical activity of this translesion synthesis (TLS) enzyme has been extensively explored, mostly through in vitro experiments, with some insight into its cellular activity. Polι is one of four members of the Y-family of polymerases, which are the best characterized DNA damage-tolerant polymerases involved in TLS. Polι shares some common Y-family features, including low catalytic efficiency and processivity, high infidelity, the ability to bypass some DNA lesions, and a deficiency in 3'→5' exonucleolytic proofreading. However, Polι exhibits numerous properties unique among the Y-family enzymes. Polι has an unusual catalytic pocket structure and prefers Hoogsteen over Watson-Crick pairing, and its replication fidelity strongly depends on the template; further, it prefers Mn2+ ions rather than Mg2+ as catalytic activators. In addition to its polymerase activity, Polι possesses also 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase activity, and its ability to participate in base excision repair has been shown. As a highly error-prone polymerase, its regulation is crucial and mostly involves posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions. The upregulation and downregulation of Polι are correlated with different types of cancer and suggestions regarding the possible function of this polymerase have emerged from studies of various cancer lines. Nonetheless, after twenty years of research, the biological function of Polι certainly remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna McIntyre
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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