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Joshi CR, Stacy S, Sumien N, Ghorpade A, Borgmann K. Astrocyte HIV-1 Tat Differentially Modulates Behavior and Brain MMP/TIMP Balance During Short and Prolonged Induction in Transgenic Mice. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593188. [PMID: 33384653 PMCID: PMC7769877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to afflict approximately half of all people living with HIV (PLWH). As PLWH age, HIV-associated inflammation perturbs the balance between brain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), likely contributing to neuropathogenesis. The MMP/TIMP balance is associated with cognition, learning, and memory, with TIMPs eliciting neuroprotective effects. Dysregulation of the MMP/TIMP balance was evident in the brains of PLWH where levels of TIMP-1, the inducible family member, were significantly lower than non-infected controls, and MMPs were elevated. Here, we evaluated the MMP/TIMP levels in the doxycycline (DOX)-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter-driven HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) transgenic mouse model. The HIV-1 protein Tat is constitutively expressed by most infected cells, even during ART suppression of viral replication. Many studies have demonstrated indirect and direct mechanisms of short-term Tat-associated neurodegeneration, including gliosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, elevated inflammatory mediators and neurotoxicity. However, the effects of acute vs. prolonged exposure on Tat-induced dysregulation remain to be seen. This is especially relevant for TIMP-1 as expression was previously shown to be differentially regulated in human astrocytes during acute vs. chronic inflammation. In this context, acute Tat expression was induced with DOX intraperitoneal injections over 3 weeks, while DOX-containing diet was used to achieve long-term Tat expression over 6 months. First, a series of behavior tests evaluating arousal, ambulation, anxiety, and cognition was performed to examine impairments analogous to those observed in HAND. Next, gene expression of components of the MMP/TIMP axis and known HAND-relevant inflammatory mediators were assessed. Altered anxiety-like, motor and/or cognitive behaviors were observed in Tat-induced (iTat) mice. Gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs was altered depending on the duration of Tat expression, which was independent of the HIV-associated neuroinflammation typically implicated in MMP/TIMP regulation. Collectively, we infer that HIV-1 Tat-mediated dysregulation of MMP/TIMP axis and behavioral changes are dependent on duration of exposure. Further, prolonged Tat expression demonstrates a phenotype comparable to asymptomatic to mild HAND manifestation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya R Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Satomi Stacy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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3
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Xin P, Xu X, Deng C, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhou X, Ma H, Wei D, Sun S. The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106210. [PMID: 31972425 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an universally expressed intracellular signal transduction pathway and involved in many crucial biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune regulation. It provides a direct mechanism for extracellular factors-regulated gene expression. Current researches on this pathway have been focusing on the inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and related drug. The mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling is relatively simple. However, the biological consequences of the pathway are complicated due to its crosstalk with other signaling pathways. In addition, there is increasing evidence indicates that the persistent activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway is closely related to many immune and inflammatory diseases, yet the specific mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the detailed mechanisms of JAK/STAT signaling in disease formation to provide critical reference for clinical treatments of the diseases. In this review, we focus on the structure of JAKs and STATs, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its negative regulators, the associated diseases, and the JAK inhibitors for the clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chengjie Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Youzhi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuegang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongxing Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Najing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Najing 211200, China
| | - Donghua Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shiqin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China.
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Kobarfard F, Noroozi R, Beirami AD, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Dys-regulation of peripheral transcript levels of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:161-165. [PMID: 30909201 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD73, also entitled as ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), is an ecto-nucleotidase that contributes in the breakage of extracellular ATP to adenosine and the preservation of immune balance. In spite of acknowledged role for immune response imbalance in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), data regarding NT5E expression in MS patients are scarce. In the current study, we assessed expression of NT5E in peripheral blood of MS patients and healthy subjects to unravel its role in the pathogenesis of MS. Results of Multilevel Bayesian model showed no significant difference in NT5E expression between total MS patients and healthy subjects. However, its expression was significantly lower in male MS patients compared with male controls (P= 0.031, 95% credible intervals: [-6.93, -0.56]). No significant correlation was found between expression of NT5E and age in any study subgroups. Remarkably, NT5E transcript levels had 92.31% sensitivity and 80% specificity in diagnosis of MS disease. The diagnostic power of NT5E transcripts was 86.2% based on AUC values. Consequently, the current study indicates the role of NT5E in the pathogenesis of MS disease in male subjects. Moreover, expression level of this gene might be used as a putative marker especially in male MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hong M, Cheng H, Song L, Wang W, Wang Q, Xu D, Xing W. Wogonin Suppresses the Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Inhibits Migration and Invasion in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020384. [PMID: 29439451 PMCID: PMC6017513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major active ingredients in Radix Scutellariae, wogonin has been shown to be associated with various pharmacological activities on cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and cell invasion and migration. Here, we demonstrated that wogonin may harbor potential anti-metastatic activities in hepatocarcinoma (HCC). The anti-metastasis potential of wogonin and its underlying mechanisms were evaluated by ligand–protein docking approach, surface plasmon resonance assay, and in vitro gelatin zymography studies. Our results showed that wogonin (100 μM, 50 μM) suppressed MHCC97L and PLC/PRF/5 cells migration and invasion in vitro. The docking approach and surface plasmon resonance assay indicated that the potential binding affinity between wogonin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may lead to inhibition of MMP-9 activity and further leads to suppression of tumor metastasis. This conclusion was further verified by Western blot results and gelatin zymography analysis. Wogonin might be a potent treatment option for disrupting the tumor metastasis that favors HCC development. The potential active targets from computational screening integrated with biomedical study may help us to explore the molecular mechanism of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Honghui Cheng
- College of mechanical engineering, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Wencai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Donggang Xu
- Department of Genome Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road 27, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Weiwei Xing
- Department of Genome Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road 27, Beijing 100850, China.
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Mazdeh M, Rahimi M, Eftekharian MM, Omrani MD, Sayad A, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 5 (EVI5) expression analysis in multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Antibodies 2017; 26:113-119. [PMID: 29036808 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-related disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in which dysregulation of different classes of T cells are involved. Variants in Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 5 (EVI5) gene has been shown to be significantly associated with MS in different populations. OBJECTIVES However, there is no data regarding relative expression of this gene in peripheral blood of MS patients compared with healthy controls. METHODS In the present study we assessed expression of EVI5 in 50 Iranian MS patients compared with healthy subjects by means of quantitative real time RT-PCR. RESULTS Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in EVI5 relative expression neither between total MS patients and healthy controls nor between age- and sex-based subgroups of patients and controls except for a trend toward significance in patients aged between 30 and 40 years compared with healthy subjects in both sexes (P= 0.068 and 0.075 for males and females respectively). No significant correlation was found between the expression level of this gene and disease duration, age at onset or Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). CONCLUSION Future studies are needed to explore the role of EVI5 in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahnoosh Rahimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Mazdeh M, Noroozi R, Gharesouran J, Sayad A, Komaki A, Eftekharian MM, Habibi M, Toghi M, Taheri M. The Importance of VEGF-KDR Signaling Pathway Genes should Not Be Ignored When the Risk of Developing Multiple Sclerosis is Taken into Consideration. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:73-78. [PMID: 28401369 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) pathway trigger the process of angiogenesis as well as inflammation, which contributes to the development and progression of demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis. This work is a case-control study comprising of a total of 400 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 400 healthy controls. Participants were subjected to neurological examination and peripheral blood sampling for genotyping. Polymorphisms in the VEGF and KDR genes were assessed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) method. A significantly higher frequency of the T allele and TT genotype of the VEGF 936C > T (rs3025039) polymorphism was found in the multiple sclerosis group than in the healthy control group (P = 0.01 [OR = 1.41] and P = 0.01 [OR = 3.12], respectively). In addition, VEGF 936C > T showed an association with patients in a recessive model. However, the KDR -604T > C (rs2071559) polymorphism showed no significant difference in either allelic or genotype frequency between the two groups. Taken together, the results of the present study suggests that the T allele of the rs3025039 in VEGF gene could be considered a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Habibi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mehdi Toghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran. .,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, No 23, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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