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Suzuki K, Okada T, Takayoshi H, Katz-Leurer M, Dvir Z. The dynamic control ratio and its equilibrium point: A preliminary study of isokinetic fatiguing internal-external rotational effort of the shoulder joint in healthy subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 70:102767. [PMID: 37028113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The shoulder joint-related dynamic control ratio (DCR) is derived by dividing the peak eccentric moment of the external rotators (ER) by the peak concentric moment of the internal rotators (IR). However, given the inherent limitation associated with a single value DCR, an alternative approach is to calculate it at fixed angular intervals. This preliminary study aimed at exploring the variation in the DCR at a resolution of 1° and under fatiguing external and internal rotation exertions. Eighteen young men, 10 experienced and 8 without experience in overhead sporting activities completed two separate series of 45 ER eccentric and 45 IR concentric isokinetic repetitions at 120°/s. The analysis focused on repetitions 1-3 (TR1), 21-23 (TR2) and 41-43 (TR3). The relative fatigue values for both muscle groups and for both E and NE participants were 25-40% with significantly higher fatigue resistance in eccentric compared with concentric exertions. The DCR traces varied substantially linearly for most of the internal rotation range of motion while significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in their values within group between TR1, TR2 and TR3 and between experienced and non-experienced participants. An antagonistic moment equilibrium (DCR = 1) was reached in all instances and for both groups only during TR3 with a significant progressive reduction in this moment as fatigue increased. Thus, considering the DCR as an angle-based variable rather than a single value isokinetic parameter, may add new insight regarding the interplay between the rotatory muscles of the shoulder joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan; Dept. of Physical Therapy, Tokyo College of Medical Sports, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okada
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan.
| | - Hakkaku Takayoshi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan.
| | - Michal Katz-Leurer
- Dept. of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997120, Israel.
| | - Zeevi Dvir
- Dept. of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997120, Israel.
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Follmer B, Ruas CV, Dellagrana RA, Pereira De Lima LA, Pinto RS, Diefenthaeler F. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters present greatest rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme elbow angles. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 25:126-132. [PMID: 33714483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) fighters is dependent on rapid and maximal elbow strength actions. Appropriate strength balance between elbow flexors (F) and extensors (E) across the full joint range of motion may be required to decrease risk of injuries. AIM To compare rapid and maximal elbow F/E strength balance through full range of motion in BJJ fighters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three male BJJ fighters (27.9 ± 4.6 years, 82.9 ± 10.9 kg, 174.5 ± 6.8 cm, and 15.3 ± 6.8% body fat) with 8.2 ± 6.5 years of practice volunteered to participate. Participants were tested for rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) of elbow F and E at six angles (45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°; 0° = full extension). Rapid (F RTD/E RTD) and maximal (F PT/E PT) angle-specific torque (AST) ratios were calculated. RESULTS Rapid AST ratio at 45° (0.66 ± 0.18) and maximal AST ratio at 45° (0.91 ± 0.16) and 120° (0.88 ± 0.20) were significantly less than all other AST ratios at mid-point angles of elbow range of motion (p < 0.05). Individual data demonstrates that both beginners and advanced BJJ fighters present overall similar rapid and maximal F/E AST imbalances. CONCLUSION BJJ fighters present greater rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme-compared to mid-point angles of range of motion. Results may benefit coaches to develop strength exercises focusing on these specific angles to potentially reduce the risk of elbow injury and improve performance of BJJ fighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Follmer
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; School of Exercise Science, Physical, and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Cassio Victora Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Rodolfo Andre Dellagrana
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Luis Antonio Pereira De Lima
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Angular ranges as a reliable isokinetic method to assess shoulder rotator muscles. Med Eng Phys 2020; 84:16-20. [PMID: 32977913 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physiological and functional ratios of internal and external rotators are used to assess the muscle balance of shoulder joint. Ratios are usually calculated from the peak torque value (PT) of each muscle group, without taking into account the angular positions at which PT are reached. The aim of our study was to propose an alternative and reliable method based on sectorial analysis for isokinetic assessment of the shoulder muscle balance. METHOD 22 men (23.0 ± 2.7y) participated in isokinetic tests of the muscle rotators in a seated position in scapular plane, at 60 °s-1, in concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) modes for both shoulders. Peak torque (PT) and torque averaged per range of 10° (T) were calculated for internal and external rotators. Physiological and functional ratios were calculated with classic peak approach (PT-ratios) and new sectorial approach (T-ratios). RESULTS PT-ratios and T-ratios were different (P < 0.05). T-ratios were different between the angular ranges (P < 0.05). The reliability was variable as function of angular ranges. The majority of the T-ratios calculated over non-extreme angular ranges were more reliable than PT-ratios (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.14-0.75; coefficient of variation=7.0-28.5%). CONCLUSIONS The angular range method showed a better reliability than the peak torque method. Angular range method better reflects the functional reality because it takes into account the muscular potential in its entirety of the range of movement.
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Cozette M, Leprêtre PM, Doyle C, Weissland T. Isokinetic Strength Ratios: Conventional Methods, Current Limits and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2019; 10:567. [PMID: 31164830 PMCID: PMC6536638 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Cozette
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, UFR-STAPS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, UFR-STAPS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Clare Doyle
- Institut de Formation en Masso-Kinésithérapie (IFMK), Hôpital La Musse, Fondation Hospitalière La Renaissance Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Saint Sébastien de Morsent, France
| | - Thierry Weissland
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, UFR-STAPS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Ruas CV, Pinto RS, Haff GG, Lima CD, Pinto MD, Brown LE. Alternative Methods of Determining Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratios: a Comprehensive Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 30911856 PMCID: PMC6434009 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hamstrings-to-quadriceps muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque has been used as an important tool to detect muscle imbalance, monitor knee joint stability, describe muscle strength properties and functionality, and for lower extremity injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, this ratio does not consider other neuromuscular variables that can also influence the antagonist to agonist muscle relationship, such as torque produced at multiple angles of range of motion, explosive strength, muscle size, muscle fatigue, or muscle activation. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These include ratios calculated by angle-specific torque, rate of torque development, muscle size, fatigue index, and muscle activation (measured by electromyography). Collectively, the literature demonstrates that utilizing alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio can be functionally relevant for a better understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning the interaction of strength between hamstrings and quadriceps. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the alternative methods as sensitive clinical tools for predicting injury risk and monitoring knee joint integrity. Future longitudinal studies, along with injury incidence, are needed to further investigate all alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These have potential to offer insight into how athletes and the general population should be trained for performance enhancement and injury reduction, and may be used along with traditional methods for a thorough assessment of an individual’s H:Q muscle balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio V Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physioteraphy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo 750, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Camila D Lima
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Lee E Brown
- Center for Sport Performance and Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Minozzo F, Lopez P, Machado CLF, Wilhelm EN, Grazioli R, Pinto RS. Alternative assessment of knee joint muscle balance of soccer players through total work-based hamstring: quadriceps ratios. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1398-1404. [PMID: 30009683 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1495271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Isokinetic hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratios are frequently used to assess knee muscle strength imbalances and risk of injuries/re-injuries. The use of peak torque (PT) or total work (TW) to estimate joint stability may lead to different results because of the differences between these two neuromuscular variables. Thus, the current study aimed to compare the conventional and functional H:Q ratios calculated by PT and TW. Ninety-three male professional soccer players from Brazilian first division teams performed isokinetic concentric and eccentric contractions of the quadriceps and the hamstrings at 60°/s. Muscle strength balance was calculated using the conventional torque ratio (CTR) and conventional work ratio (CWR), functional torque ratio (FTR) and functional work ratio (FWR) were highly and moderately correlated between them (r = 0.83 and r = 0.73, respectively). The Wilcoxon statistical test revealed significant differences between CTR and CWR, as well as FTR and FWR (p < 0.05). T-test demonstrated significant differences in mean CTR-CWR and FTR-FWR, whereas Bland-Altman plots showed non-consistent bias. In addition, the chi-square test demonstrated significant differences between players below the conventional reference values and functional reference values (p < 0.001). In conclusion, TW ratios seem to provide distinct and additional information regarding the H:Q strength balance in professional soccer players. Moreover, taking into account that TW captures torque information throughout the entire range of motion, it is possible that TW ratios represent a more comprehensive assessment of muscle strength imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Minozzo
- a Exercise Research Laboratory , Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- a Exercise Research Laboratory , Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | | | - Eurico Nestor Wilhelm
- b Department of Sports, School of Physical Education , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- a Exercise Research Laboratory , Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- a Exercise Research Laboratory , Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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Castro MPD, Fonseca P, Morais ST, Borgonovo-Santos M, Coelho EFC, Ribeiro DC, Vilas-Boas JP. Functional shoulder ratios with high velocities of shoulder internal rotation are most sensitive to determine shoulder rotation torque imbalance: a cross-sectional study with elite handball players and controls. Sports Biomech 2017; 18:39-50. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1380222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Peduzzi de Castro
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neuromusculoskeletal Assessment and Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory—LaBClin, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Márcio Borgonovo-Santos
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Filipe Cruz Coelho
- Faculty of Sports, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Medical Department, Porto Futbol Club, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Cury Ribeiro
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ruas CV, Minozzo F, Pinto MD, Brown LE, Pinto RS. Lower-extremity strength ratios of professional soccer players according to field position. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1220-6. [PMID: 25436632 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigators have proposed that knee strength, hamstrings to quadriceps, and side-to-side asymmetries may vary according to soccer field positions. However, different results have been found in these variables, and a generalization of this topic could lead to data misinterpretation by coaches and soccer clubs. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure knee strength and asymmetry in soccer players across different field positions. One hundred and two male professional soccer players performed maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic knee actions on the preferred and nonpreferred legs at a velocity of 60° · s. Players were divided into their field positions for analysis: goalkeepers, side backs, central backs, central defender midfielders, central attacking midfielders, and forwards. Results demonstrated that only goalkeepers (GK) differed from most other field positions on players' characteristics, and concentric peak torque across muscles. Although all players presented functional ratios of the preferred (0.79 ± 0.14) and nonpreferred (0.75 ± 0.13) legs below accepted normative values, there were no differences between positions for conventional or functional strength ratios or side-to-side asymmetry. The same comparisons were made only between field players, without inclusion of the GK, and no differences were found between positions. Therefore, the hamstrings to quadriceps and side-to-side asymmetries found here may reflect knee strength functional balance required for soccer skills performance and game demands across field positions. These results also suggest that isokinetic strength profiles should be considered differently in GK compared with other field positions due to their specific physiological and training characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio V Ruas
- 1Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and 2Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
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