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León R, Gutiérrez DA, Pinto C, Morales C, de la Fuente C, Riquelme C, Cortés BI, González-Martin A, Chamorro D, Espinosa N, Fuentealba P, Cancino GI, Zanlungo S, Dulcey AE, Marugan JJ, Álvarez Rojas A. c-Abl tyrosine kinase down-regulation as target for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1180987. [PMID: 37358955 PMCID: PMC10289333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1180987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Abl, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we analyzed the effect of c-Abl on the cognitive performance decline of APPSwe/PSEN1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model for AD. Methods We used the conditional genetic ablation of c-Abl in the brain (c-Abl-KO) and pharmacological treatment with neurotinib, a novel allosteric c-Abl inhibitor with high brain penetrance, imbued in rodent's chow. Results We found that APP/PS1/c-Abl-KO mice and APP/PS1 neurotinib-fed mice had improved performance in hippocampus-dependent tasks. In the object location and Barnes-maze tests, they recognized the displaced object and learned the location of the escape hole faster than APP/PS1 mice. Also, APP/PS1 neurotinib-fed mice required fewer trials to reach the learning criterion in the memory flexibility test. Accordingly, c-Abl absence and inhibition caused fewer amyloid plaques, reduced astrogliosis, and preserved neurons in the hippocampus. Discussion Our results further validate c-Abl as a target for AD, and the neurotinib, a novel c-Abl inhibitor, as a suitable preclinical candidate for AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilda León
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela A. Gutiérrez
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Morales
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Biológica y Médica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina de la Fuente
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Riquelme
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I. Cortés
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián González-Martin
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Chamorro
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Espinosa
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Fuentealba
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo I. Cancino
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra Álvarez Rojas
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Almkvist O, Nordberg A. A biomarker-validated time scale in years of disease progression has identified early- and late-onset subgroups in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:89. [PMID: 37131241 PMCID: PMC10152764 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is possible to calculate the number of years to the expected clinical onset (YECO) of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (adAD). A similar time scale is lacking for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). The purpose was to design and validate a time scale in YECO for patients with sAD in relation to CSF and PET biomarkers. METHODS Patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 48) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 46) participated in the study. They underwent a standardized clinical examination at the Memory clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, which included present and previous medical history, laboratory screening, cognitive assessment, CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, total-tau, and p-tau), and an MRI of the brain. They were also assessed with two PET tracers, 11C-Pittsburgh compound B and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Assuming concordance of cognitive decline in sAD and adAD, YECO for these patients was calculated using equations for the relationship between cognitive performance, YECO, and years of education in adAD (Almkvist et al. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 23:195-203, 2017). RESULTS The mean current point of disease progression was 3.2 years after the estimated clinical onset in patients with sAD and 3.4 years prior to the estimated clinical onset in patients with MCI, as indicated by the median YECO from five cognitive tests. The associations between YECO and biomarkers were significant, while those between chronological age and biomarkers were nonsignificant. The estimated disease onset (chronological age minus YECO) followed a bimodal distribution with frequency maxima before (early-onset) and after (late-onset) 65 years of age. The early- and late-onset subgroups differed significantly in biomarkers and cognition, but after control for YECO, this difference disappeared for all except the APOE e4 gene (more frequent in early- than in late-onset). CONCLUSIONS A novel time scale in years of disease progression based on cognition was designed and validated in patients with AD using CSF and PET biomarkers. Two early- and late-disease onset subgroups were identified differing with respect to APOE e4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Almkvist
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Maitre M, Jeltsch-David H, Okechukwu NG, Klein C, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Myelin in Alzheimer's disease: culprit or bystander? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:56. [PMID: 37004127 PMCID: PMC10067200 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with neuronal and synaptic losses due to the accumulation of toxic amyloid β (Αβ) peptide oligomers, plaques, and tangles containing tau (tubulin-associated unit) protein. While familial AD is caused by specific mutations, the sporadic disease is more common and appears to result from a complex chronic brain neuroinflammation with mitochondriopathies, inducing free radicals' accumulation. In aged brain, mutations in DNA and several unfolded proteins participate in a chronic amyloidosis response with a toxic effect on myelin sheath and axons, leading to cognitive deficits and dementia. Αβ peptides are the most frequent form of toxic amyloid oligomers. Accumulations of misfolded proteins during several years alters different metabolic mechanisms, induce chronic inflammatory and immune responses with toxic consequences on neuronal cells. Myelin composition and architecture may appear to be an early target for the toxic activity of Aβ peptides and others hydrophobic misfolded proteins. In this work, we describe the possible role of early myelin alterations in the genesis of neuronal alterations and the onset of symptomatology. We propose that some pathophysiological and clinical forms of the disease may arise from structural and metabolic disorders in the processes of myelination/demyelination of brain regions where the accumulation of non-functional toxic proteins is important. In these forms, the primacy of the deleterious role of amyloid peptides would be a matter of questioning and the initiating role of neuropathology would be primarily the fact of dysmyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maitre
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France.
| | - Hélène Jeltsch-David
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant CS 10413, Illkirch cedex, 67412, France
| | - Nwife Getrude Okechukwu
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Christian Klein
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Ayikoe-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054354. [PMID: 36901787 PMCID: PMC10001958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and environmental factors, AD is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, defined as the combination of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these risk factors, the connection between AD and T2DM has been deeply studied. It has been suggested that the mechanism linking both conditions is insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone that regulates not only peripheral energy homeostasis but also brain functions, such as cognition. Insulin desensitization, therefore, could impact normal brain function increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that decreased neuronal insulin signalling can also have a protective role in aging and protein-aggregation-associated diseases, as is the case in AD. This controversy is fed by studies focused on neuronal insulin signalling. However, the role of insulin action on other brain cell types, such as astrocytes, is still unexplored. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the involvement of the astrocytic insulin receptor in cognition, as well as in the onset and/or development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Atwood CS, Perry G. Russian Roulette with Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Do the Cognitive Benefits of Lecanemab Outweigh the Risk of Edema and Stroke? J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:799-801. [PMID: 36847013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The questionable approval of aducanumab and the recent approval of lecanemab (Leqembi; Eisai and Biogen) by the FDA has raised the issue of safety (stroke, meningitis, and encephalitis) over efficacy (slowing of cognitive decline). This communication recounts the important physiological functions of the amyloid-β as a barrier protein with unique sealant and anti-pathogenic activities important for maintaining vascular integrity coupled with innate immune functions that prevent encephalitis and meningitis. With the approval of a drug that obviates both of these purposive functions of amyloid-β, the risk of insufficient amyloid-β blockage can lead to hemorrhage, edema and downstream pathogenic outcomes that should be clearly outlined to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital and Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - George Perry
- Neurology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Li M, Cheng W, Zhang L, Zhou C, Peng X, Yu S, Zhang W. Novel Roles of RNA m6A Methylation Regulators in the Occurrence of Alzheimer’s Disease and the Subtype Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810766. [PMID: 36142676 PMCID: PMC9504232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia, closely related to epigenetic factors. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification, affecting the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative diseases. This study was the first exploration of the combined role of 25 common m6A RNA methylation regulators in AD through the integrated bioinformatics approaches. The 14 m6A regulators related to AD were selected by analyzing differences between AD patients and normal controls. Based on the selected m6A regulators, AD patients could be well classified into two m6A models using consensus clustering. The two clusters of patients had different immune profiles, and m6A regulators were associated with the components of immune cells. Additionally, there were 19 key AD genes obtained by screening differential genes through weighted gene co-expression network and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, which were highly associated with important m6A regulators during the occurrence of AD. More interestingly, NOTCH2 and NME1 could be potential targets for m6A regulation of AD. Taken together, these findings indicate that dysregulation of m6A methylation affects the occurrence of AD and is vital for the subtype classification and immune infiltration of AD.
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7
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Zhu W, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Li J, Chu S, Jin W, Mao C, Dong L, Gao J, Xu Q. Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from skin fibroblasts of a patient carrying an E363Q mutation in PSEN1 gene. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Wang X, Wang D, Su F, Li C, Chen M. Immune abnormalities and differential gene expression in the hippocampus and peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 35282083 PMCID: PMC8848377 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite decades of research, no precise mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development have been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate novel diagnostic biomarkers in both peripheral blood cells and hippocampus tissue, and the pathogenesis of memory impairment in AD. Methods mRNA microarray data, including hippocampus samples (GSE1297 and GSE5281) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (GSE63060 and GSE63061), associated with AD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and normal-aging samples were screened through a comprehensive analysis of multiple gene expression spectra after gene reannotation and batch normalization. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used to analyze hub genes and to discover potential biomarkers related to AD. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network maps were constructed to visualize the correlation between possible genes. The CIBERSORT algorithm was built to explore the patterns of PBMC infiltration to investigate the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Results The bioinformatics analysis indicated 1,261 DEGs in the hippocampal samples and 290 in PBMCs when comparing patients with AD with normal-aging individuals. We selected 28 genes co-expressed in the hippocampus and PBMCs. A functional analysis of differential genes revealed that they were primarily involved in neuronal death, immune response, and mitochondrial function. Further, immune cell infiltration patterns demonstrated that the levels of naive CD4+ T cells, resting natural killer cells, M0 macrophages, and activated mast cells were higher in the peripheral blood of patients with AD, while resting memory CD4+ T cells were significantly lower. Conclusions The key gene changes present in both the hippocampus and PBMCs highly suggest their utility as an AD biomarker. In addition, according to our present results, immune abnormalities may have an important role in AD pathophysiology. When patients display these peripheral blood immune abnormalities, they may be recognized as being at high risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Su
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Yuen SC, Lee SMY, Leung SW. Putative Factors Interfering Cell Cycle Re-Entry in Alzheimer's Disease: An Omics Study with Differential Expression Meta-Analytics and Co-Expression Profiling. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1373-1398. [PMID: 34924393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) is a mechanism, along with amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, contributing to toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the putative factors in CCR based on evidence corroboration by combining meta-analysis and co-expression analysis of omic data. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and CCR-related modules were obtained through the differential analysis and co-expression of transcriptomic data, respectively. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were extracted from the differential miRNA expression studies. The dysregulations of DEGs and DEmiRNAs as binary outcomes were independently analyzed by meta-analysis based on a random-effects model. The CCR-related modules were mapped to human protein-protein interaction databases to construct a network. The importance score of each node within the network was determined by the PageRank algorithm, and nodes that fit the pre-defined criteria were treated as putative CCR-related factors. RESULTS The meta-analysis identified 18,261 DEGs and 36 DEmiRNAs, including genes in the ubiquitination proteasome system, mitochondrial homeostasis, and CCR, and miRNAs associated with AD pathologies. The co-expression analysis identified 156 CCR-related modules to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Five genes, UBC, ESR1, EGFR, CUL3, and KRAS, were selected as putative CCR-related factors. Their functions suggested that the combined effects of cellular dyshomeostasis and receptors mediating Aβ toxicity from impaired ubiquitination proteasome system are involved in CCR. CONCLUSION This study identified five genes as putative factors and revealed the significance of cellular dyshomeostasis in the CCR of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Siu-Wai Leung
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China.,Edinburgh Bayes Centre for AI Research in Shenzhen, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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10
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Gupta R, Jha A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Regulatory mechanism of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in post-mitotic neuronal cell division. Life Sci 2021; 285:120006. [PMID: 34606852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the most common life-threatening disease of the central nervous system and it cause the progressive loss of neuronal cells. The exact mechanism of the disease's progression is not clear and thus line of treatment for NDDs is a baffling issue. During the progression of NDDs, oxidative stress and DNA damage play an important regulatory function, and ultimately induces neurodegeneration. Recently, aberrant cell cycle events have been demonstrated in the progression of different NDDs. However, the pertinent role of signaling mechanism, for instance, post-translational modifications, oxidative stress, DNA damage response pathway, JNK/p38 MAPK, MEK/ERK cascade, actively participated in the aberrant cell cycle reentry induced neuronal cell death. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that aberrant cell cycle re-entry is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of NDDs rather than a secondary phenomenon. In the brain of AD patients with mild cognitive impairment, post miotic cell division can be seen in the early stage of the disease. However, in the brain of PD patients, response to various neurotoxic signals, the cell cycle re-entry has been observed that causes neuronal apoptosis. On contrary, the contributing factors that leads to the induction of cell cycle events in mature neurons in HD and ALS brain pathology is remain unclear. Various pharmacological drugs have been developed to reduce the pathogenesis of NDDs, but they are still not helpful in eliminating the cause of these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Ankita Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India.
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Quincozes-Santos A, Rosa RLD, Bobermin LD, Tureta EF, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO. Association between molecular markers of COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease. J Med Virol 2021; 94:833-835. [PMID: 34647635 PMCID: PMC8662010 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael L da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emanuela F Tureta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Butler T, Goldberg JD, Galvin JE, Maloney T, Ravdin L, Glodzik L, de Leon MJ, Hochman T, Bowen RL, Atwood CS. Rationale, study design and implementation of the LUCINDA Trial: Leuprolide plus Cholinesterase Inhibition to reduce Neurologic Decline in Alzheimer's. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 107:106488. [PMID: 34166841 PMCID: PMC8550816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The LUCINDA Trial (Leuprolide plus Cholinesterase Inhibition to reduce Neurologic Decline in Alzheimer's) is a 52 week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of leuprolide acetate (Eligard) in women with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Leuprolide acetate is a gonadotropin analogue commonly used for hormone-sensitive conditions such as prostate cancer and endometriosis. This repurposed drug demonstrated efficacy in a previous Phase II clinical trial in those women with AD who also received a stable dose of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil (Bowen et al., 2015). Basic biological, epidemiological and clinical trial data suggest leuprolide acetate mediates improvement and stabilization of neuropathology and cognitive performance via the modulation of gonadotropin and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling. LUCINDA will enroll 150 women with mild-moderate AD who are receiving a stable dose of donepezil from three study sites in the United States. Cognition and function are the primary outcome measures as assessed by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale. Blood and MRI biomarkers are also measured to assess hormonal, inflammatory and AD biomarker changes. We present the protocol for LUCINDA and discuss trial innovations and challenges including changes necessitated by the covid-19 pandemic and study drug procurement issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Judith D Goldberg
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James E Galvin
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33433, USA
| | - Thomas Maloney
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lisa Ravdin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tsivia Hochman
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Craig S Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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13
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Geddes RI, Kapoor A, Hayashi K, Rauh R, Wehber M, Bongers Q, Jansen AD, Anderson IM, Farquhar G, Vadakkadath‐Meethal S, Ziegler TE, Atwood CS. Hypogonadism induced by surgical stress and brain trauma is reversed by human chorionic gonadotropin in male rats: A potential therapy for surgical and TBI-induced hypogonadism? Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00239. [PMID: 34277964 PMCID: PMC8279618 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is an almost universal, yet underappreciated, endocrinological complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of this study was to determine whether the developmental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment could reverse HH induced by a TBI. METHODS Plasma samples were collected at post-surgery/post-injury (PSD/PID) days -10, 1, 11, 19 and 29 from male Sprague-Dawley rats (5- to 6-month-old) that had undergone a Sham surgery (craniectomy alone) or CCI injury (craniectomy + bilateral moderate-to-severe CCI injury) and treatment with saline or hCG (400 IU/kg; i.m.) every other day. RESULTS Both Sham and CCI injury significantly decreased circulating testosterone (T), 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC) and corticosterone concentrations to a similar extent (79.1% vs. 80.0%; 46.6% vs. 48.4%; 56.2% vs. 32.5%; respectively) by PSD/PID 1. hCG treatment returned circulating T to baseline concentrations by PSD/PID 1 (8.9 ± 1.5 ng/ml and 8.3 ± 1.9 ng/ml; respectively) and was maintained through PSD/PID 29. hCG treatment significantly, but transiently, increased circulating progesterone (P4) ~3-fold (30.2 ± 10.5 ng/ml and 24.2 ± 5.8 ng/ml) above that of baseline concentrations on PSD 1 and PID 1, respectively. hCG treatment did not reverse hypoadrenalism following either procedure. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data indicate that (1) craniectomy is sufficient to induce persistent hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism, (2) hCG can reverse hypogonadism induced by a craniectomy or craniectomy +CCI injury, suggesting that (3) craniectomy and CCI injury induce a persistent hypogonadism by decreasing hypothalamic and/or pituitary function rather than testicular function in male rats. The potential role of hCG as a cheap, safe and readily available treatment for reversing surgery or TBI-induced hypogonadism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastafa I. Geddes
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core LaboratoryNational Primate Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ryan Rauh
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Marlyse Wehber
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Quinn Bongers
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Alex D. Jansen
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Icelle M. Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Gabrielle Farquhar
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sivan Vadakkadath‐Meethal
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
| | - Toni E. Ziegler
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core LaboratoryNational Primate Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Craig S. Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Administration HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupAustralia
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14
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Kim K, Wang X, Ragonnaud E, Bodogai M, Illouz T, DeLuca M, McDevitt RA, Gusev F, Okun E, Rogaev E, Biragyn A. Therapeutic B-cell depletion reverses progression of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2185. [PMID: 33846335 PMCID: PMC8042032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of B cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. While immunoglobulins that target amyloid beta (Aβ) may interfere with plaque formation and hence progression of the disease, B cells may contribute beyond merely producing immunoglobulins. Here we show that AD is associated with accumulation of activated B cells in circulation, and with infiltration of B cells into the brain parenchyma, resulting in immunoglobulin deposits around Aβ plaques. Using three different murine transgenic models, we provide counterintuitive evidence that the AD progression requires B cells. Despite expression of the AD-fostering transgenes, the loss of B cells alone is sufficient to reduce Aβ plaque burden and disease-associated microglia. It reverses behavioral and memory deficits and restores TGFβ+ microglia, respectively. Moreover, therapeutic depletion of B cells at the onset of the disease retards AD progression in mice, suggesting that targeting B cells may also benefit AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kim
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomer Illouz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marisa DeLuca
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ross A McDevitt
- Mouse Phenotyping Unit, Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Garwain O, Yerramilli VS, Romero K, Scarlata S. The Gαq/phospholipase Cβ signaling system represses tau aggregation. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109620. [PMID: 32247043 PMCID: PMC7255494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is typified by calcium dysfunction and neurofibrillary tangles of tau aggregates along with mitotic proteins. Using PC12 cells as a model system, we determined whether the Gαq/PLCβ/ calcium signaling pathway impacts the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. Down-regulating PLCβ significantly increases tau protein expression and causes a large increase in tau aggregation. Stimulating Gαq to activate PLCβ results in a modest reduction in tau aggregation while inhibiting PLCβ activity results in a modest enhancement of tau aggregation. These results suggest that PLCβ may effect tau aggregation by an additional mechanism that is independent of its ability to transduce calcium signals. To this end, we found that a cytosolic population of PLCβ binds to a mitotic protein found in neurofibrillary tangles, CDK18, which promotes tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Taken together, our studies show that the loss of PLCβ1 can promote Alzheimer's disease by a combination of its catalytic activity and its interaction with mitotic proteins thus offering an orthogonal method to control tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Garwain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - V Siddartha Yerramilli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Kate Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Suzanne Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Expedition into Taurine Biology: Structural Insights and Therapeutic Perspective of Taurine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060863. [PMID: 32516961 PMCID: PMC7355587 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. The hallmarks of protein aggregation in NDs proceed with impairment in the mitochondrial function, besides causing an enhancement in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. As accumulation of misfolded proteins hampers normal neuronal functions, it triggers ER stress, which leads to the activation of downstream effectors formulating events along the signaling cascade—referred to as unfolded protein response (UPRER) —thereby controlling cellular gene expression. The absence of disease-modifying therapeutic targets in different NDs, and the exponential increase in the number of cases, makes it critical to explore new approaches to treating these devastating diseases. In one such approach, osmolytes (low molecular weight substances), such as taurine have been found to promote protein folding under stress conditions, thereby averting aggregation of the misfolded proteins. Maintaining the structural integrity of the protein, taurine-mediated resumption of protein folding prompts a shift in folding homeostasis more towards functionality than towards aggregation and degradation. Together, taurine enacts protection in NDs by causing misfolded proteins to refold, so as to regain their stability and functionality. The present study provides recent and useful insights into understanding the progression of NDs, besides summarizing the genetics of NDs in correlation with mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. It also highlights the structural and functional aspects of taurine in imparting protection against the aggregation/misfolding of proteins, thereby shifting the focus more towards the development of effective therapeutic modules that could avert the development of NDs.
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Butler T, Bowen R, Atwood CS. Septal hypertrophy and cell cycle re-entry in AD. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:297-298. [PMID: 30668543 PMCID: PMC6366959 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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18
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Ercan-Herbst E, Ehrig J, Schöndorf DC, Behrendt A, Klaus B, Gomez Ramos B, Prat Oriol N, Weber C, Ehrnhoefer DE. A post-translational modification signature defines changes in soluble tau correlating with oligomerization in early stage Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:192. [PMID: 31796124 PMCID: PMC6892178 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-binding protein that can receive various post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitration, sumoylation and truncation. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is linked to its aggregation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While more than 70 phosphorylation sites have been detected previously on NFT tau, studies of oligomeric and detergent-soluble tau in human brains during the early stages of AD are lacking. Here we apply a comprehensive electrochemiluminescence ELISA assay to analyze twenty-five different PTM sites as well as tau oligomerization in control and sporadic AD brain. The samples were classified as Braak stages 0–I, II or III–IV, corresponding to the progression of microscopically detectable tau pathology throughout different brain regions. We found that soluble tau multimers are strongly increased at Braak stages III–IV in all brain regions under investigation, including the temporal cortex, which does not contain NFTs or misfolded oligomers at this stage of pathology. We additionally identified five phosphorylation sites that are specifically and consistently increased across the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and temporal cortex in the same donors. Three of these sites correlate with tau multimerization in all three brain regions, but do not overlap with the epitopes of phospho-sensitive antibodies commonly used for the immunohistochemical detection of NFTs. Our results thus suggest that soluble multimers are characterized by a small set of specific phosphorylation events that differ from those dominating in mature NFTs. These findings shed light on early PTM changes of tau during AD pathogenesis in human brains.
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19
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Wang X, Qi Y, Zhou X, Zhang G, Fu C. Alteration of scaffold: Possible role of MACF1 in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109259. [PMID: 31383338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, with the sign of sensory or motor function loss, memory decline, and dementia. Histopathological study shows AD neuron has irregular cytoskeleton and aberrant synapse. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is believed as the trigger of AD, however, the detailed pathogenesis is not fully elucidated. Microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) is a unique giant molecule which can bind to all three types of cytoskeleton fibers, different linkers/adaptors, as well as various functional proteins. MACF1 is a critical scaffold for orchestrating the complex 3D structure, and is essential for correct synaptic function. MACF1's binding ability to microtubule depends on Glycogen synthase kinase 3 Bate (GSK3β) mediated phosphorylation. While GSK3β can be regulated by the binding of Aβ and the receptor Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), possibly via Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). So based on literature search and logic analysis, we propose a hypothesis: Aβ binds to its receptor PirB, and triggers cytosol PP2A, which might activate GSK3β. GSK3β might further phosphorylates microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of MACF1, causes the separation of microtubule and MACF1. Thus MACF1 might lose the control of the whole cytoskeleton system, synapse might change and AD might develop. That is Aβ-PirB-PP2A-GSK3β-MACF1 axis might give rise to AD. We hope our hypothesis might provide new clue and evidence to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yangyang Qi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Geyang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Caiyu Fu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
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20
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Ittner LM, Klugmann M, Ke YD. Adeno-associated virus-based Alzheimer's disease mouse models and potential new therapeutic avenues. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3649-3665. [PMID: 30817847 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that presents with cognitive decline. The current understanding of underlying disease mechanisms remains incomplete. Genetically modified mouse models have been instrumental in deciphering pathomechanisms in AD. While these models were typically generated by classical transgenesis and genome editing, the use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to model and investigate AD in mice, as well as to develop novel gene-therapy approaches, is emerging. Here, we reviewed literature that used AAVs to study and model AD and discuss potential gene therapy strategies. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yazi D Ke
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Differential Expression of mRNAs in the Brain Tissues of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Based on GEO Expression Profile and Its Clinical Significance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8179145. [PMID: 30918899 PMCID: PMC6413412 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8179145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an urgent point for AD prevention and treatment. The biomarkers of AD still remain indefinite. Based on the bioinformatics analysis of mRNA differential expressions in the brain tissues and the peripheral blood samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, we investigated the target mRNAs that could be used as an AD biomarker and developed a new effective, practical clinical examination program. Methods We compared the AD peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expression dataset (GEO accession GSE4226 and GSE18309) with AD brain tissue expression datasets (GEO accessions GSE1297 and GSE5281) from GEO in the present study. The GEO gene database was used to download the appropriate gene expression profiles to analyze the differential mRNA expressions between brain tissue and blood of AD patients and normal elderly. The Venn diagram was used to screen out the differential expression of mRNAs between the brain tissue and blood. The protein-protein interaction network map (PPI) was used to view the correlation between the possible genes. GO (gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Gene and Genomic Encyclopedia) were used for gene enrichment analysis to determine the major affected genes and the function or pathway. Results Bioinformatics analysis revealed that there were differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood and hippocampus of AD patients. There were 4958 differential mRNAs in GSE18309, 577 differential mRNAs in GSE4226 in AD PBMCs sample, 7464 differential mRNAs in GSE5281, and 317 differential mRNAs in GSE129 in AD brain tissues, when comparing between AD patients and healthy elderly. Two mRNAs of RAB7A and ITGB1 coexpressed in hippocampus and peripheral blood were screened. Furthermore, functions of differential genes were enriched by the PPI network map, GO, and KEGG analysis, and finally the chemotaxis, adhesion, and inflammatory reactions were found out, respectively. Conclusions ITGB1 and RAB7A mRNA expressions were both changed in hippocampus and PBMCs, highly suggested being used as an AD biomarker with AD. Also, according to the results of this analysis, it is indicated that we can test the blood routine of the elderly for 2-3 years at a frequency of 6 months or one year. When a patient continuously detects the inflammatory manifestations, it is indicated as a potentially high-risk AD patient for AD prevention.
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22
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Wong S, Strudwick J, Devenney E, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease masquerading as behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: a case study comparison. Neurocase 2019; 25:48-58. [PMID: 31044682 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2019.1609523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognize an atypical, non-amnestic presentation of AD, characterized by prominent executive dysfunction. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that the clinical phenotype of this so-called "frontal-variant" of AD (fv-AD) includes behavioral symptoms and deficits in social cognition, together with disproportionate frontal lobe atrophy. As these features resemble those characteristic of behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), differential diagnosis can be challenging. Here, we report a case of fv-AD who met clinical diagnostic criteria bvFTD, but had in vivo amyloid neuroimaging evidence of AD pathology. We compare this case against two individuals who were clinically diagnosed with bvFTD and early-onset AD, with in vivo amyloid neuroimaging confirmation of pathology. We highlight the challenges in differential diagnosis by contrasting their behavioral, cognitive and structural neuroimaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wong
- a Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Psychology , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jessica Strudwick
- b School of Psychology , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Emma Devenney
- a Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,d Sydney Medical School , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- a Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,d Sydney Medical School , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- a Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Psychology , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- a Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Psychology , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia
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Mechanisms Associated with Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer-Related Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5815-5834. [PMID: 30684218 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests dementia and pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are both dependent and independent of amyloid processing and can be induced by multiple 'hits' on vital neuronal functions. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses the most important risk factor for developing AD after ageing and dysfunctional IR/PI3K/Akt signalling is a major contributor in both diseases. We developed a model of T2D, coupling subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin (STZ) with a human junk food (HJF) diet to more closely mimic the human condition. Over 35 weeks, this induced classic signs of T2D (hyperglycemia and insulin dysfunction) and a modest, but stable deficit in spatial recognition memory, with very little long-term modification of proteins in or associated with IR/PI3K/Akt signalling in CA1 of the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular infusion of soluble amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) to mimic the early preclinical rise in Aβ alone induced a more severe, but short-lasting deficits in memory and deregulation of proteins. Infusion of Aβ on the T2D phenotype exacerbated and prolonged the memory deficits over approximately 4 months, and induced more severe aberrant regulation of proteins associated with autophagy, inflammation and glucose uptake from the periphery. A mild form of environmental enrichment transiently rescued memory deficits and could reverse the regulation of some, but not all protein changes. Together, these data identify mechanisms by which T2D could create a modest dysfunctional neuronal milieu via multiple and parallel inputs that permits the development of pathological events identified in AD and memory deficits when Aβ levels are transiently effective in the brain.
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Wang Y, Sun H, Yang J, Shi C, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (ZZUi0013-A) from a 65-year-old patient with a novel MEOX2 gene mutation in Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Res 2019; 34:101366. [PMID: 30616143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MEOX2 mutation has been reported as a potential cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. Recently, a novel MEOX2 mutation was identified in a family with Alzheimer's disease. The dermal fibroblasts of the patient were obtained and successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), employing episomal plasmids expressing OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, LIN28, and L-MYC. Our model may offer a good platform for further research on the pathomechanism, drug testing, and gene therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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25
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Abstract
Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of AD development is the defeat of the innate immune system, whether through vulnerable patient health status or treatment that suppresses inflammation by suppressing the innate immune system. External and mechanical factors that lead to inflammation are a door for pathogenic opportunity. Current research associates the presence of fungi in the etiology of AD and is shown in cerebral tissue at autopsy. From the time of the discovery of AD, much speculation exists for an infective cause. Identifying any AD disease organism is obscured by processes that can take place over years. Amyloid protein deposits are generally considered to be evidence of an intrinsic response to stress or imbalance, but instead amyloid may be evidence of the innate immune response which exists to destroy fungal colonization through structural interference and cytotoxicity. Fungi can remain ensconced for a long time in niches or inside cells, and it is the harboring of fungi that leads to repeated reinfection and slow wider colonization that eventually leads to a grave outcome. Although many fungi and bacteria are associated with AD affected tissues, discussion here focuses on Candida albicans as the archetype of human fungal pathology because of its wide proliferation as a commensal fungus, extensive published research, numerous fungal morphologies, and majority proliferation in AD tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Parady
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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Rahman S, Archana A, Jan AT, Minakshi R. Dissecting Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response (UPR ER) in Managing Clandestine Modus Operandi of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:30. [PMID: 29467648 PMCID: PMC5808164 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is most common cause of dementia witnessed among aged people. The pathophysiology of AD develops as a consequence of neurofibrillary tangle formation which consists of hyperphosphorylated microtubule associated tau protein and senile plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in specific brain regions that result in synaptic loss and neuronal death. The feeble buffering capacity of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in AD is evident through alteration in unfolded protein response (UPR), where UPR markers express invariably in AD patient's brain samples. Aging weakens UPRER causing neuropathology and memory loss in AD. This review highlights molecular signatures of UPRER and its key molecular alliance that are affected in aging leading to the development of intriguing neuropathologies in AD. We present a summary of recent studies reporting usage of small molecules as inhibitors or activators of UPRER sensors/effectors in AD that showcase avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ayyagari Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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27
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Butler T, Harvey P, Deshpande A, Tanzi E, Li Y, Tsui W, Silver C, Fischer E, Wang X, Chen J, Rusinek H, Pirraglia E, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, de Leon MJ. Basal forebrain septal nuclei are enlarged in healthy subjects prior to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:201-205. [PMID: 29499501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be associated with loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, located in the posterior basal forebrain. Structural changes of septal nuclei, located in the anterior basal forebrain, have not been well studied in AD. Using a validated algorithm, we manually traced septal nuclei on high-resolution coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 40 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD, 89 healthy controls, and 18 subjects who were cognitively normal at the time of MRI but went on to develop AD an average of 2.8 years later. We found that cognitively normal subjects destined to develop AD in the future had enlarged septal nuclei as compared to both healthy controls and patients with current MCI or AD. To our knowledge, this is the first time a brain structure has been found to be enlarged in association with risk of AD. Further research is needed to determine if septal enlargement reflects neuroplastic compensation, amyloid deposition, inflammation, or another process and to determine whether it can serve as an early MRI biomarker of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patrick Harvey
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anup Deshpande
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Tanzi
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Li
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wai Tsui
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Silver
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther Fischer
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingyun Chen
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Rusinek
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pirraglia
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mony J de Leon
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Liang JW, Fang ZY, Huang Y, Liuyang ZY, Zhang XL, Wang JL, Wei H, Wang JZ, Wang XC, Zeng J, Liu R. Application of Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis to Explore the Key Genes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:1353-1364. [PMID: 30124448 PMCID: PMC6218130 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is a powerful systems biology method to describe the correlation of gene expression based on the microarray database, which can be used to facilitate the discovery of therapeutic targets or candidate biomarkers in diseases. OBJECTIVE To explore the key genes in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using WGCNA. METHODS The whole gene expression data GSE1297 from AD and control human hippocampus was obtained from the GEO database in NCBI. Co-expressed genes were clustered into different modules. Modules of interest were identified through calculating the correlation coefficient between the module and phenotypic traits. GO and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted, and the central players (key hub genes) within the modules of interest were identified through network analysis. The expression of the identified key genes was confirmed in AD transgenic mice through using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Two modules were found to be associated with AD clinical severity, which functioning mainly in mineral absorption, NF-κB signaling, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways. Through analysis of the two modules, we found that metallothionein (MT), Notch2, MSX1, ADD3, and RAB31 were highly correlated with AD phenotype. Increase in expression of these genes was confirmed in aged AD transgenic mice. CONCLUSION WGCNA analysis can be used to analyze and predict the key genes in AD. MT1, MT2, MSX1, NOTCH2, ADD3, and RAB31 are identified to be the most relevant genes, which may be potential targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-yu Liuyang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Lin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Pu Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Wang Y, Jing N, Su L, Shi C, Zhang P, Wang Z, Sun H, Yang J, Liu Y, Wen X, Zhang J, Zhang S, Xu Y. Establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell line (ZZUi009-A) from an Alzheimer's disease patient carrying a PSEN1 gene mutation. Stem Cell Res 2017; 27:30-33. [PMID: 29304399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts were obtained from a 42-year-old Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient carrying mutations in the PSEN1 gene. An iPSC line was successfully established using the Sendai-virus (SeV) delivery system. The patient-specific iPSCs were free of genomically integrated reprogramming genes, had the specific mutation, expressed the expected pluripotency markers, and had the potential to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Our model might offer a robust platform for further study of the pathomechanism of this disease as well as drug testing and gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Na Jing
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Linlin Su
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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30
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Wang Z, Zhang P, Wang Y, Shi C, Jing N, Sun H, Yang J, Liu Y, Wen X, Zhang J, Zhang S, Xu Y. Establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell line (ZZUi010-A) from an Alzheimer's disease patient carrying an APP gene mutation. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:213-216. [PMID: 29156377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have identified mutations in several genes, such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2), in patients with early-onset (<65years) familial AD. Recently, a patient with an APP gene mutation was identified; the dermal fibroblasts of the patient were obtained and a line of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was successfully generated using the Sendai-virus (SeV) delivery system. The iPSC line will be useful for further study of the pathomechanism and drug screening for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Na Jing
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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31
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32
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Goetz AE, Wilkinson M. Stress and the nonsense-mediated RNA decay pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3509-3531. [PMID: 28503708 PMCID: PMC5683946 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to internal and external cellular stressors by activating stress-response pathways that re-establish homeostasis. If homeostasis is not achieved in a timely manner, stress pathways trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) to preserve organism integrity. A highly conserved stress pathway is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which senses excessive amounts of unfolded proteins in the ER. While a physiologically beneficial pathway, the UPR requires tight regulation to provide a beneficial outcome and avoid deleterious consequences. Recent work has demonstrated that a conserved and highly selective RNA degradation pathway-nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD)-serves as a major regulator of the UPR pathway. NMD degrades mRNAs encoding UPR components to prevent UPR activation in response to innocuous ER stress. In response to strong ER stress, NMD is inhibited by the UPR to allow for a full-magnitude UPR response. Recent studies have indicated that NMD also has other stress-related functions, including promoting the timely termination of the UPR to avoid apoptosis; NMD also regulates responses to non-ER stressors, including hypoxia, amino-acid deprivation, and pathogen infection. NMD regulates stress responses in species across the phylogenetic scale, suggesting that it has conserved roles in shaping stress responses. Stress pathways are frequently constitutively activated or dysregulated in human disease, raising the possibility that "NMD therapy" may provide clinical benefit by downmodulating stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Goetz
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Miles Wilkinson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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Rojas-Gutierrez E, Muñoz-Arenas G, Treviño S, Espinosa B, Chavez R, Rojas K, Flores G, Díaz A, Guevara J. Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome: A link from oxidative stress and inflammation to neurodegeneration. Synapse 2017. [PMID: 28650104 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among the aging population. AD diagnosis is made post-mortem, and the two pathologic hallmarks, particularly evident in the end stages of the illness, are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, there is no curative treatment for AD. Additionally, there is a strong relation between oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, and AD. The high levels of circulating lipids and glucose imbalances amplify lipid peroxidation that gradually diminishes the antioxidant systems, causing high levels of oxidative metabolism that affects cell structure, leading to neuronal damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that AD is closely related to a dysfunction of both insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in the brain, leading to an insulin-resistant brain state. Four drugs are currently used for this pathology: Three FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and one NMDA receptor antagonist. However, wide varieties of antioxidants are promissory to delay or prevent the symptoms of AD and may help in treating the disease. Therefore, therapeutic efforts to achieve attenuation of oxidative stress could be beneficial in AD treatment, attenuating Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and improve neurological outcomes in AD. The term inflammaging characterizes a widely accepted paradigm that aging is accompanied by a low-grade chronic up-regulation of certain pro-inflammatory responses in the absence of overt infection, and is a highly significant risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rojas-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias-INER, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Chavez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Rojas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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34
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Millan MJ. Linking deregulation of non-coding RNA to the core pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: An integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:1-68. [PMID: 28322921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes a vast repertoire of protein non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), some specific to the brain. MicroRNAs, which interfere with the translation of target mRNAs, are of particular interest since their deregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains challenging to link the complex body of observations on miRNAs and AD into a coherent framework. Using extensive graphical support, this article discusses how a diverse panoply of miRNAs convergently and divergently impact (and are impacted by) core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; aberrant generation of β-amyloid-42 (Aβ42); anomalies in the production, cleavage and post-translational marking of Tau; impaired clearance of Aβ42 and Tau; perturbation of axonal organisation; disruption of synaptic plasticity; endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response; mitochondrial dysfunction; aberrant induction of cell cycle re-entry; and apoptotic loss of neurons. Intriguingly, some classes of miRNA provoke these cellular anomalies, whereas others act in a counter-regulatory, protective mode. Moreover, changes in levels of certain species of miRNA are a consequence of the above-mentioned anomalies. In addition to miRNAs, circular RNAs, piRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and other types of ncRNA are being increasingly implicated in AD. Overall, a complex mesh of deregulated and multi-tasking ncRNAs reciprocally interacts with core pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD. Alterations in ncRNAs can be detected in CSF and the circulation as well as the brain and are showing promise as biomarkers, with the ultimate goal clinical exploitation as targets for novel modes of symptomatic and course-altering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, institut de recherche Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
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35
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Geddes RI, Hayashi K, Bongers Q, Wehber M, Anderson IM, Jansen AD, Nier C, Fares E, Farquhar G, Kapoor A, Ziegler TE, VadakkadathMeethal S, Bird IM, Atwood CS. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Administration Induces Amnesia in Male Sprague Dawley Rats and Exacerbates Recovery from Functional Deficits Induced by a Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169494. [PMID: 28125600 PMCID: PMC5268708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids like conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are required for normal neural development and cognitive function and have been ascribed various beneficial functions. Recently, oral CLA also has been shown to increase testosterone (T) biosynthesis, which is known to diminish traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neuropathology and reduce deficits induced by stroke in adult rats. To test the impact of CLA on cognitive recovery following a TBI, 5-6 month old male Sprague Dawley rats received a focal injury (craniectomy + controlled cortical impact (CCI; n = 17)) or Sham injury (craniectomy alone; n = 12) and were injected with 25 mg/kg body weight of Clarinol® G-80 (80% CLA in safflower oil; n = 16) or saline (n = 13) every 48 h for 4 weeks. Sham surgery decreased baseline plasma progesterone (P4) by 64.2% (from 9.5 ± 3.4 ng/mL to 3.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL; p = 0.068), T by 74.6% (from 5.9 ± 1.2 ng/mL to 1.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL; p < 0.05), 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC) by 37.5% (from 289.3 ± 42.0 ng/mL to 180.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL), and corticosterone by 50.8% (from 195.1 ± 22.4 ng/mL to 95.9 ± 2.2 ng/mL), by post-surgery day 1. CCI injury induced similar declines in P4, T, 11-DOC and corticosterone (58.9%, 74.6%, 39.4% and 24.6%, respectively) by post-surgery day 1. These results suggest that both Sham surgery and CCI injury induce hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism in adult male rats. CLA treatment did not reverse hypogonadism in Sham (P4: 2.5 ± 1.0 ng/mL; T: 0.9 ± 0.2 ng/mL) or CCI-injured (P4: 2.2 ± 0.9 ng/mL; T: 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL, p > 0.05) animals by post-injury day 29, but rapidly reversed by post-injury day 1 the hypoadrenalism in Sham (11-DOC: 372.6 ± 36.6 ng/mL; corticosterone: 202.6 ± 15.6 ng/mL) and CCI-injured (11-DOC: 384.2 ± 101.3 ng/mL; corticosterone: 234.6 ± 43.8 ng/mL) animals. In Sham surgery animals, CLA did not alter body weight, but did markedly increase latency to find the hidden Morris Water Maze platform (40.3 ± 13.0 s) compared to saline treated Sham animals (8.8 ± 1.7 s). In CCI injured animals, CLA did not alter CCI-induced body weight loss, CCI-induced cystic infarct size, or deficits in rotarod performance. However, like Sham animals, CLA injections exacerbated the latency of CCI-injured rats to find the hidden MWM platform (66.8 ± 10.6 s) compared to CCI-injured rats treated with saline (30.7 ± 5.5 s, p < 0.05). These results indicate that chronic treatment of CLA at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats over 1-month 1) does not reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypogonadism, but does reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypoadrenalism, 2) is detrimental to medium- and long-term spatial learning and memory in craniectomized uninjured rats, 3) limits cognitive recovery following a moderate-severe CCI injury, and 4) does not alter body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastafa I. Geddes
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quinn Bongers
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marlyse Wehber
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Icelle M. Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex D. Jansen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chase Nier
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Fares
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Farquhar
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Toni E. Ziegler
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sivan VadakkadathMeethal
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Bird
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Craig S. Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Korbolina EE, Zhdankina AA, Fursova AZ, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG. Genes of susceptibility to early neurodegenerative changes in the rat retina and brain: analysis by means of congenic strains. BMC Genet 2016; 17:153. [PMID: 28105932 PMCID: PMC5249004 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been considerable interest in discovery of the genetic architecture of complex traits, particularly age-related neurodegenerative disorders. To predict disease risk and to understand its genetic basis in humans, it is necessary to study animal models. Our previous research on the accelerated-senescence OXYS strain has revealed two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on rat chromosome 1 that are associated with early cataract and/or retinopathy as well as with behavioral abnormalities. Each locus was partially mapped within the introgressed segments in a certain congenic strain: WAG/OXYS-1.1 or WAG/OXYS-1.2. Retinal transcriptome profiling of 20-day-old congenic and OXYS rats by high-throughput RNA sequencing uncovered relevant candidate genes and pathways. Nonetheless, the question remained open whether the same genetic components simultaneously have effects on various manifestations of the accelerated-senescence phenotype in OXYS rats. The present study was designed to analyze the genes of susceptibility to early neurodegenerative processes taking place in the OXYS rat retina and brain and to assess their potential functional clustering. The study was based on the findings from recent publications (including mapping of quantitative trait loci) and on comparative phenotyping of congenic rat strains. RESULTS The backcrossing of Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG) and OXYS strains to generate the congenics resulted in two congenic strains with high susceptibility to cataract and retinopathy but with no obvious signs of Alzheimer's disease-like brain pathology that are specific for OXYS rats. Thus, the genes of susceptibility to brain neurodegeneration were not introgressed into the congenic strains or there is a strong effect of the genetic background on the disease phenotype. Moreover, the progression of retinopathy with age was relatively less severe in the WAG background compared to the OXYS background. A comparative analysis of previously defined QTLs and congenic segments led to identification of candidate genes with a suspected effect on brain neurodegeneration including the genes showing differential expression in the congenic strains. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggest that the cause of the cataract and the cause of retinopathy phenotypes in OXYS rats may be genetically linked to each other within the introgressed segments in the WAG/OXYS-1.1 and/or WAG/OXYS-1.2 congenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Korbolina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | | | | | - Natalia G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Preciados M, Yoo C, Roy D. Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Influencing NRF1 Regulated Gene Networks in the Development of Complex Human Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2086. [PMID: 27983596 PMCID: PMC5187886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of an individual from a single cell to prenatal stages to adolescence to adulthood and through the complete life span, humans are exposed to countless environmental and stochastic factors, including estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals. Brain cells and neural circuits are likely to be influenced by estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) because they strongly dependent on estrogens. In this review, we discuss both environmental, epidemiological, and experimental evidence on brain health with exposure to oral contraceptives, hormonal therapy, and EEDs such as bisphenol-A (BPA), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, and metalloestrogens, such as, arsenic, cadmium, and manganese. Also we discuss the brain health effects associated from exposure to EEDs including the promotion of neurodegeneration, protection against neurodegeneration, and involvement in various neurological deficits; changes in rearing behavior, locomotion, anxiety, learning difficulties, memory issues, and neuronal abnormalities. The effects of EEDs on the brain are varied during the entire life span and far-reaching with many different mechanisms. To understand endocrine disrupting chemicals mechanisms, we use bioinformatics, molecular, and epidemiologic approaches. Through those approaches, we learn how the effects of EEDs on the brain go beyond known mechanism to disrupt the circulatory and neural estrogen function and estrogen-mediated signaling. Effects on EEDs-modified estrogen and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) signaling genes with exposure to natural estrogen, pharmacological estrogen-ethinyl estradiol, PCBs, phthalates, BPA, and metalloestrogens are presented here. Bioinformatics analysis of gene-EEDs interactions and brain disease associations identified hundreds of genes that were altered by exposure to estrogen, phthalate, PCBs, BPA or metalloestrogens. Many genes modified by EEDs are common targets of both 17 β-estradiol (E2) and NRF1. Some of these genes are involved with brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Brain Neoplasms. For example, the search of enriched pathways showed that top ten E2 interacting genes in AD-APOE, APP, ATP5A1, CALM1, CASP3, GSK3B, IL1B, MAPT, PSEN2 and TNF-underlie the enrichment of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) AD pathway. With AD, the six E2-responsive genes are NRF1 target genes: APBB2, DPYSL2, EIF2S1, ENO1, MAPT, and PAXIP1. These genes are also responsive to the following EEDs: ethinyl estradiol (APBB2, DPYSL2, EIF2S1, ENO1, MAPT, and PAXIP1), BPA (APBB2, EIF2S1, ENO1, MAPT, and PAXIP1), dibutyl phthalate (DPYSL2, EIF2S1, and ENO1), diethylhexyl phthalate (DPYSL2 and MAPT). To validate findings from Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) curated data, we used Bayesian network (BN) analysis on microarray data of AD patients. We observed that both gender and NRF1 were associated with AD. The female NRF1 gene network is completely different from male human AD patients. AD-associated NRF1 target genes-APLP1, APP, GRIN1, GRIN2B, MAPT, PSEN2, PEN2, and IDE-are also regulated by E2. NRF1 regulates targets genes with diverse functions, including cell growth, apoptosis/autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, genomic instability, neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, and senescence. By activating or repressing the genes involved in cell proliferation, growth suppression, DNA damage/repair, apoptosis/autophagy, angiogenesis, estrogen signaling, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and senescence, and inducing a wide range of DNA damage, genomic instability and DNA methylation and transcriptional repression, NRF1 may act as a major regulator of EEDs-induced brain health deficits. In summary, estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals-modified genes in brain health deficits are part of both estrogen and NRF1 signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that in addition to estrogen signaling, EEDs influencing NRF1 regulated communities of genes across genomic and epigenomic multiple networks may contribute in the development of complex chronic human brain health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Preciados
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Changwon Yoo
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Deodutta Roy
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Atwood CS, Vadakkadath Meethal S. The spatiotemporal hormonal orchestration of human folliculogenesis, early embryogenesis and blastocyst implantation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 430:33-48. [PMID: 27045358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The early reproductive events starting with folliculogenesis and ending with blastocyst implantation into the uterine endometrium are regulated by a complex interplay among endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. This review examines the spatiotemporal integration of these maternal and embryonic signals that are required for successful reproduction. In coordination with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormones, an intraovarian HPG-like axis regulates folliculogenesis, follicular quiescence, ovulation, follicular atresia, and corpus luteal functions. Upon conception and passage of the zygote through the fallopian tube, the contribution of maternal hormones in the form of paracrine secretions from the endosalpinx to embryonic development declines, with autocrine and paracrine signaling becoming increasingly important as instructional signals for the differentiation of the early zygote/morula into a blastocyst. These maternal and embryonic signals include activin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) that are crucial for the synthesis and secretion of the 'pregnancy' hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG in turn signals pre-implantation embryonic cell division and sex steroid production required for stem cell differentiation, and subsequent blastulation, gastrulation, cavitation and blastocyst formation. Upon reaching the uterus, blastocyst hatching occurs under the influence of decreased activin signaling, while the attachment and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium appears to be driven by a decrease in activin signaling, and by increased GnRH1 and hCG signaling that allows for tissue remodeling and the controlled invasion of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium. This review demonstrates the importance of integrative endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling for successful human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, WI 53792, USA
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Avetisyan AV, Samokhin AN, Alexandrova IY, Zinovkin RA, Simonyan RA, Bobkova NV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neocortex and hippocampus of olfactory bulbectomized mice, a model of Alzheimer’s disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:615-23. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alterations in the expression of Per1 and Per2 induced by Aβ31-35 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, hippocampus, and heart of C57BL/6 mouse. Brain Res 2016; 1642:51-58. [PMID: 27021954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have circadian rhythm disorders, which are mimicked in 3xTg-AD and 5xFAD mouse models. The deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) is an important pathological characteristic of AD, however, its role in inducing alterations in biological rhythms and in the expression of circadian clock-related genes remains elusive. The Per1 and Per2 play complex regulatory roles in biological clocks and are diffusely expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), hippocampus and heart. In the present study, wheel-running behavioral experiments showed that Aβ31-35, which was administered into the hippocampus, resulted in the disruption of the circadian rhythm of C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that Aβ31-35 altered the expression of the Per1 and Per2 in the SCN, hippocampus and heart. These findings provide experimental evidence for circadian rhythm disturbances in patients with AD.
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