1
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Lou S, Gong D, Yang M, Qiu Q, Luo J, Chen T. Curcumin Improves Neurogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease Mice via the Upregulation of Wnt/β-Catenin and BDNF. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5123. [PMID: 38791161 PMCID: PMC11120842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) is impaired during Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Curcumin has been reported to reduce cell apoptosis and stimulate neurogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of curcumin on adult neurogenesis in AD mice and its potential mechanism. Two-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with soluble β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) using lateral ventricle stereolocalization to establish AD models. An immunofluorescence assay, including bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX), and neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN), was used to detect hippocampal neurogenesis. Western blot and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to test the expression of related proteins and the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A Morris water maze was used to detect the cognitive function of the mice. Our results showed that curcumin administration (100 mg/kg) rescued the impaired neurogenesis of Aβ1-42 mice, shown as enhanced BrdU+/DCX+ and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in DG. In addition, curcumin regulated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) -mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) /Wingless/Integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB)/BDNF in Aβ1-42 mice. Inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin and depriving BDNF could reverse both the upregulated neurogenesis and cognitive function of curcumin-treated Aβ1-42 mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that curcumin, through targeting PI3K/Akt, regulates GSK3β/Wnt/β-catenin and CREB/BDNF pathways, improving the adult neurogenesis of AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (S.L.); (D.G.); (M.Y.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (S.L.); (D.G.); (M.Y.); (Q.Q.)
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2
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Atef MM, Mostafa YM, Ahmed AAM, El-Sayed NM. Simvastatin attenuates aluminium chloride-induced neurobehavioral impairments through activation of TGF-β1/ SMAD2 and GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104220. [PMID: 37454825 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and acetylcholine depletion leading to neurobehavioral defects. AD was contributed also with downregulation of TGF-β1/SMAD2 and GSK3β/β-catenin pathways. Simvastatin (SMV) improved memory function experimentally and clinically. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of SMV against aluminium chloride (AlCl3) induced neurobehavioral impairments. AD was induced by AlCl3 (50 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Mice received Simvastatin (10 or 20 mg/kg) or Donepezil (3 mg/kg) for 6 weeks after that the histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical test were examined. Treatment with SMV improved the memory deterioration induced by AlCl3 with significant recovery of the histopathological changes. This was concomitant with the decrease of AChE and Aβ (1-42). SMV provides its neuroprotective effect through upregulating the protein expression of β-catenin, TGF-β1 and downregulating the expression of GSK3β, TLR4 and p-SMAD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasser M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A M Ahmed
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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3
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Yiğit EN, Sönmez E, Yüksel İ, Aksan Kurnaz I, Çakır T. A transcriptome based approach to predict candidate drug targets and drugs for Parkinson's disease using an in vitro 6-OHDA model. Mol Omics 2023; 19:218-228. [PMID: 36723117 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The most common treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD) aim to slow down the neurodegeneration process or control the symptoms. In this study, using an in vitro PD model we carried out a transcriptome-based drug target prediction strategy. We identified novel drug target candidates by mapping genes upregulated in 6-OHDA-treated cells on a human protein-protein interaction network. Among the predicted targets, we show that AKR1C3 and CEBPB are promising in validating our bioinformatics approach since their known ligands, rutin and quercetin, respectively, act as neuroprotective drugs that effectively decrease cell death, and restore the expression profiles of key genes upregulated in 6-OHDA-treated cells. We also show that these two genes upregulated in our in vitro PD model are downregulated to basal levels upon drug administration. As a further validation of our methodology, we further confirm that the potential target genes identified with our bioinformatics approach are also upregulated in post-mortem transcriptome samples of PD patients from the literature. Therefore, we propose that this methodology predicts novel drug targets AKR1C3 and CEBPB, which are relevant to future clinical applications as potential drug repurposing targets for PD. Our systems-based computational approach to predict candidate drug targets can be employed in identifying novel drug targets in other diseases without a priori assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nur Yiğit
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin Sönmez
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - İsa Yüksel
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Işıl Aksan Kurnaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tunahan Çakır
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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4
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Qi LFR, Liu S, Liu YC, Li P, Xu X. Ganoderic Acid A Promotes Amyloid-β Clearance (In Vitro) and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficiency in Alzheimer's Disease (Mouse Model) through Autophagy Induced by Activating Axl. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115559. [PMID: 34074054 PMCID: PMC8197357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to be caused by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the central nervous system due to deficient clearance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ganoderic acid A (GAA) on Aβ clearance in microglia and its anti-AD activity. Aβ degradation in BV2 microglial cells was determined using an intracellular Aβ clearance assay. GAA stimulated autophagosome formation via the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (Axl)/RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) pathway was determined by Western blot analyses, and fluorescence-labeled Aβ42 was localized in lysosomes in confocal laser microscopy images. The in vivo anti-AD activity of GAA was evaluated by object recognition and Morris water maze (MWM) tests in an AD mouse model following intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated Aβ42. The autophagy level in the hippocampus was assayed by immunohistochemical assessment against microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light-chain 3B (LC3B). Intracellular Aβ42 levels were significantly reduced by GAA treatment in microglial cells. Additionally, GAA activated autophagy according to increased LC3B-II levels, with this increased autophagy stimulated by upregulating Axl and Pak1 phosphorylation. The effect of eliminating Aβ by GAA through autophagy was reversed by R428, an Axl inhibitor, or IPA-3, a Pak1 inhibitor. Consistent with the cell-based assay, GAA ameliorated cognitive deficiency and reduced Aβ42 levels in an AD mouse model. Furthermore, LC3B expression in the hippocampus was up-regulated by GAA treatment, with these GAA-specific effects abolished by R428. GAA promoted Aβ clearance by enhancing autophagy via the Axl/Pak1 signaling pathway in microglial cells and ameliorated cognitive deficiency in an AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng-Rong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.-F.-R.Q.); (S.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.-F.-R.Q.); (S.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (P.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Ci Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.-F.-R.Q.); (S.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.-F.-R.Q.); (S.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.-F.-R.Q.); (S.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (P.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2583271203
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5
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Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Yan J, Yu W, Chen L. Oligomer β-amyloid Induces Hyperactivation of Ras to Impede NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal CA1 of Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595360. [PMID: 33536910 PMCID: PMC7848859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of Ras, a small GTPase protein, is increased in brains with Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of oligomeric Aβ1-42 on the activation of Ras, and the involvement of the Ras hyperactivity in Aβ1-42-induced deficits in spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Herein, we show that intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 in mice (Aβ-mice) enhanced hippocampal Ras activation and expression, while 60 min incubation of hippocampal slices in Aβ1-42 (Aβ-slices) only elevated Ras activity. Aβ-mice showed deficits in spatial cognition and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1, but basal synaptic transmission was enhanced. The above effects of Aβ1-42 were corrected by the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS). ERK2 phosphorylation increased, and Src phosphorylation decreased in Aβ-mice and Aβ1-42-slices. Both were corrected by FTS. In CA1 pyramidal cells of Aβ1-42-slices, the response of AMPA receptor and phosphorylation of GluR1 were enhanced with dependence on Ras activation rather than ERK signaling. In contrast, NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function and GluN2A/2B phosphorylation were downregulated in Aβ1-42-slices, which was recovered by application of FTS or the Src activator ouabain, and mimicked in control slices treated with the Src inhibitor PP2. The administration of PP2 impaired the spatial cognition and LTP induction in control mice and FTS-treated Aβ-mice. The treatment of Aβ-mice with ouabain rescued Aβ-impaired spatial cognition and LTP. Overall, the results indicate that the oligomeric Aβ1-42 hyperactivates Ras and thereby causes the downregulation of Src which impedes NMDAR-dependent LTP induction resulting in cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaochun Shi
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Education Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Yan L, Zhao L. Neuroprotective Effect of S-trans, Trans-farnesylthiosalicylic Acid via Inhibition of RAS/ERK Pathway for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4053-4063. [PMID: 31819374 PMCID: PMC6890185 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s233283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, becomes a serious health issue for individuals and society around the world. AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and the loss of large numbers of neurons. To date, there is no effective treatment for AD, and thus, to enhance neurogenesis in the AD brain may be a therapeutic strategy. RAS signaling pathway involves in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, which is overexpressed in brains with AD. This study used Aβ1-42-injected mice (Aβ1-42-mice) as the AD model to investigate the effects of S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), a synthetic Ras inhibitor, on the impairment of neurogenesis and the spatial cognitive deficits. Materials and methods AD model mice were manufactured through intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42. Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to evaluate the capacity of spatial memory, and Nissl staining was applied to assess neuronal damage in the hippocampus CA1. Immunohistochemistry of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), BrdU/neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and doublecortin (DCX) were used to detect progenitor cell proliferation, maturation, and neurite growth, respectively. And the expression levels of RAS, ERK/ERK phosphorylation (p-ERK) and CREB/CREB phosphorylation (p-CREB) were detected by Western blot. Results The results demonstrated that FTS could prevent Aβ1-42 to impair survival and neurite growth of newborn neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in Aβ1-42-mice. Furthermore, behavioral indexes and morphological findings showed that FTS improved the learning and spatial memory abilities of Aβ1-42-mice. In addition, FTS could inhibit the levels of hippocampal p-ERK and p-CREB activated by Aβ, which is the underlying molecular mechanism. Conclusion In conclusion, these findings suggest that FTS as a RAS inhibitor could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital of Huaian, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province 223002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Pukou Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital of Huaian, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province 223002, People's Republic of China
| | - Luxia Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital of Huaian, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province 223002, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital of Huaian, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province 223002, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gao Y, Liu EJ, Wang WJ, Wang YL, Li XG, Wang X, Li SH, Zhang SJ, Li MZ, Zhou QZ, Long XB, Zhang HQ, Wang JZ. Microglia CREB-Phosphorylation Mediates Amyloid-β-Induced Neuronal Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:333-345. [PMID: 30282353 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) forming senile plaques is one of the hallmark pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the mechanisms underlying the neuronal toxic effect of Aβ are not fully understood. Here, we found that intracerebroventricular infusion of the aged Aβ42 in mice only induces memory deficit at 24 h but not at 7 days. Interestingly, a remarkably increased CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) Ser133-phosphorylation (pS133-CREB) with microglial activation was detected at 24 h but not at 7 days after Aβ infusion. Aβ treatment for 24 h increased pS133-CREB level in microglia of the hippocampal non-granular cell layers with remarkably decreased pS133-CREB immunoreactivity in neurons of the hippocampal granular cell layers, including CA1, CA3, and DG subsets. Inhibition of microglia activation by minocycline or CREB phosphorylation by H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), abolished Aβ-induced microglia CREB hyperphosphorylation with restoration of neuronal function and attenuation of inflammatory response, i.e., reduced levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and pCREB binding of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) DNA. Finally, treatment of the primary hippocampal neurons with Aβ-potentiated microglia media decreased neuronal GluN1 and GluA2 levels, while simultaneous inhibition of PKA restored the levels. These novel findings reveal that intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ only induces transient memory deficit in mice and the molecular mechanisms involve a stimulated microglial CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - En-Jie Liu
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jin Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Long
- Neurosurgery Department, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Qiu Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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8
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Effect of pioglitazone and simvastatin in lipopolysaccharide-induced amyloidogenesis and cognitive impairment in mice: possible role of glutamatergic pathway and oxidative stress. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:5-15. [PMID: 29659380 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain are well known characteristics of neurodegeneration. Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia are the main risk factors leading to memory loss and cognitive impairment. Recently, it was found that statins and thiazolidinediones have promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that could delay neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of simvastatin, pioglitazone, and their combination in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis. Mice were divided into five groups: group 1 received 0.9% saline, group 2 received LPS (0.8 mg/kg in saline), group 3 received LPS (0.8 mgl kg)+simvastatin (5 mg/kg in saline), group 4 received LPS (0.8 mg/kg)+pioglitazone (20 mg/kg in saline), group 5 receiving LPS (0.8 mg/kg)+simvastatin (5 mg/kg)+pioglitazone (20 mg/kg). Y-maze and novel object recognition were used to assess the spatial and nonspatial behavioral changes. Nitric oxide levels and glutamate levels were measured to elucidate the anti-glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory effects of the tested drugs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the presence of Aβ1-42 in the mice brain. LPS impaired memory, and increased Aβ deposition, nitric oxide, and glutamate brain levels. Both drugs produced a significant improvement in all parameters. We conclude that simvastatin and pioglitazone may have a protective effect against cognitive impairment induced by LPS, through targeting the glutamatergic and inflammatory pathways, especially in patients having hypercholesterolemia and diabetes.
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9
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Petek B, Villa-Lopez M, Loera-Valencia R, Gerenu G, Winblad B, Kramberger MG, Ismail MAM, Eriksdotter M, Garcia-Ptacek S. Connecting the brain cholesterol and renin-angiotensin systems: potential role of statins and RAS-modifying medications in dementia. J Intern Med 2018; 284:620-642. [PMID: 30264910 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide receive agents targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to treat hypertension or statins to lower cholesterol. The RAS and cholesterol metabolic pathways in the brain are autonomous from their systemic counterparts and are interrelated through the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC). These systems contribute to memory and dementia pathogenesis through interference in the amyloid-beta cascade, vascular mechanisms, glucose metabolism, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Previous studies examining the relationship between these treatments and cognition and dementia risk have produced inconsistent results. Defining the blood-brain barrier penetration of these medications has been challenging, and the mechanisms of action on cognition are not clearly established. Potential biases are apparent in epidemiological and clinical studies, such as reverse epidemiology, indication bias, problems defining medication exposure, uncertain and changing doses, and inappropriate grouping of outcomes and medications. This review summarizes current knowledge of the brain cholesterol and RAS metabolism and the mechanisms by which these pathways affect neurodegeneration. The putative mechanisms of action of statins and medications inhibiting the RAS will be examined, together with prior clinical and animal studies on their effects on cognition. We review prior epidemiological studies, analysing their strengths and biases, and identify areas for future research. Understanding the pathophysiology of the brain cholesterol system and RAS and their links to neurodegeneration has enormous potential. In future, well-designed epidemiological studies could identify potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) amongst medications that are already in use for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Petek
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Villa-Lopez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Loera-Valencia
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Gerenu
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosciences, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, Health Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M G Kramberger
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M-A-M Ismail
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Diseases of the Nervous System patient flow, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Eriksdotter
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Garcia-Ptacek
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology Section, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Zhu XC, Dai WZ, Ma T. Overview the effect of statin therapy on dementia risk, cognitive changes and its pathologic change: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:435. [PMID: 30596065 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.06.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies have reported on the role of statin therapy in dementia, but its efficacy remains controversial. We aimed to search for reliable and meaningful articles to assess the efficacy of statin therapy for dementia risk, cognitive items, and pathologic markers. Methods Related literature for this study was published in the period from January 1, 1987 to January 1, 2018. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) estimates were pooled in either fixed or random effects models. Results A total of 23 relevant studies were included after the application of the search strategy. The pooled results showed that statin therapy would downregulate dementia risk according to an analysis of 1,314,431 dementia patients and 1,836,539 healthy controls (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.81). In addition, specific changes in mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score were observed in individuals with dementia with statin therapy (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.74). However, the results of this meta-analysis showed that statin therapy did not significantly modify the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) score (OR: -0.26, 95% CI: -1.13, 0.62). No significant association was found between statin therapy and activities of daily living performance (OR: -0.69, 95% CI: -4.12, 2.74). When investigating pathological markers, our results indicated a significant influence of statin therapy on plasma amyloid β40 (Aβ40) (OR: 9.27, 95% CI: 0.71, 17.84), plasma Aβ42 (OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.07, 4.13), plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (OR: -16.95, 95% CI: -25.54, -8.37), plasma lathosterol (OR: -0.11, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.07), plasma 24s-hydroxycholesterol (OR: -10.41, 95% CI: -15.57, -5.25), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lathosterol (OR: -0.07, 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01). Conclusions The available data indicate that statin therapy may reduce dementia risk, altering cognitive items and pathologic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo Dai
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
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11
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Wang C, Shou Y, Pan J, Du Y, Liu C, Wang H. The relationship between cholesterol level and Alzheimer’s disease-associated APP proteolysis/Aβ metabolism. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:453-463. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1416942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yikai Shou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Du
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Bergt S, Grub A, Wagner S, Engelke H, Nöldge-Schomburg G, Vollmar B, Roesner JP, Wagner NM. Pravastatin But Not Simvastatin Improves Survival and Neurofunctional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:149-159. [PMID: 30167563 PMCID: PMC6113548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a murine model of CA and CPR, intravenous application of hydrophilic pravastatin resulted in increased survival and neurofunctional outcome. In contrast, intravenous application of lipophilic simvastatin did not improve survival or neurofunction following CA/CPR. Pravastatin, but not simvastatin, treatment reduced post-resuscitation pulmonary edema and augmented pulmonary function. In vitro, pravastatin augmented endothelial cell function, whereas simvastatin induced endothelial cell apoptosis. This study supports previous requests for an intravenous formulation of hydrophilic statins for clinical use.
Cardiac arrest (CA) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with high mortality and poor neurological outcome. We compared the effects of pravastatin and simvastatin on survival and neurofunction in a murine model of CA/CPR. Pravastatin, a hydrophilic statin, increased survival and neurofunction during a 28-day follow-up period. This therapy was associated with improved pulmonary function, reduced pulmonary edema, and increased endothelial cell function in vitro. In contrast, lipophilic simvastatin did not modulate survival but increased pulmonary edema and impaired endothelial cell function. Although pravastatin may display a therapeutic option for post-CA syndrome, the application of simvastatin may require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergt
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrea Grub
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hauke Engelke
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan P Roesner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nana-Maria Wagner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Qian Y, Yin J, Hong J, Li G, Zhang B, Liu G, Wan Q, Chen L. Neuronal seipin knockout facilitates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity via reduction of PPARγ in hippocampus of mouse. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:145. [PMID: 27287266 PMCID: PMC4902906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A characteristic phenotype of congenital generalized lipodystrophy 2 (CGL2) that is caused by loss-of-function of seipin gene is mental retardation. Seipin is highly expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells and astrocytes. Neuronal knockout of seipin in mice (seipin-KO mice) reduces the hippocampal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) level without the loss of pyramidal cells. The down-regulation of PPARγ has gained increasing attention in neuroinflammation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, the present study focused on exploring the influence of seipin depletion on β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ neurotoxicity. Methods Adult male seipin-KO mice were treated with a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ25–35 (1.2 nmol/mouse) or Aβ1–42 (0.1 nmol/mouse), generally a non-neurotoxic dose in wild-type (WT) mice. Spatial cognitive behaviors were assessed by Morris water maze and Y-maze tests, and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and inflammatory responses were examined. Results The Aβ25–35/1–42 injection in the seipin-KO mice caused approximately 30–35 % death of pyramidal cells and production of Hoechst-positive cells with the impairment of spatial memory. In comparison with the WT mice, the number of astrocytes and microglia in the seipin-KO mice had no significant difference, whereas the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were slightly increased. Similarly, the Aβ25–35/1–42 injection in the seipin-KO mice rather than the WT mice could stimulate the activation of astrocytes or microglia and further elevated the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment of the seipin-KO mice with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (rosi) could prevent Aβ25–35/1–42-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, which was blocked by the PPARγ antagonist GW9962. In the seipin-KO mice, the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation at Tyr216 was elevated, while at Ser9, it was reduced compared to the WT mice, which were corrected by the rosi treatment but were unaffected by the Aβ25–35 injection. Conclusions Seipin deficiency in astrocytes increases GSK3β activity and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α through reducing PPARγ, which can facilitate Aβ25–35/1–42-induced neuroinflammation to cause the death of neuronal cells and cognitive deficits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0598-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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