1
|
Yang H, Sun L, Bai X, Cai B, Tu Z, Fang C, Bian Y, Zhang X, Han X, Lv D, Zhang C, Li B, Luo S, Du B, Li L, Yao Y, Dong Z, Huang Z, Su G, Li H, Wang QK, Zhang M. Dysregulated RBM24 phosphorylation impairs APOE translation underlying psychological stress-induced cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:10181. [PMID: 39580475 PMCID: PMC11585567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sudden cardiac death, yet its molecular basis remains obscure. RNA binding protein RBM24 plays a critical role in cardiac development, rhythm regulation, and cellular stress. Here, we show that psychological stress activates RBM24 S181 phosphorylation through eIF4E2-GSK3β signaling, which causally links psychological stress to CVD by promoting APOE translation (apolipoprotein E). Using an Rbm24 S181A KI mouse model, we show that impaired S181 phosphorylation leads to cardiac contractile dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, reduced muscle strength, behavioral abnormalities, and sudden death under acute and chronic psychological stressors. The impaired S181 phosphorylation of RBM24 inhibits cardiac translation, including APOE translation. Notably, cardiomyocyte-specific expression of APOE rescues cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities and contractile dysfunction, through preventing ROS stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, RBM24-S181 phosphorylation acts as a serum marker for chronic stress in human. These results provide a functional link between RBM24 phosphorylation, eIF4E-regulated APOE translation, and psychological-stress-induced CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bingcheng Cai
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zepeng Tu
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yusheng Bian
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xudong Han
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dayin Lv
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Bingbing Du
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuowei Huang
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Guanhua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- School of Biotechnology of Shandong Polytechnic, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, China.
| | - Qing K Wang
- Center for Human Genome Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gabrielli AP, Novikova L, Ranjan A, Wang X, Ernst NJ, Abeykoon D, Roberts A, Kopp A, Mansel C, Qiao L, Lysaker CR, Wiedling IW, Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Inhibiting mtDNA transcript translation alters Alzheimer's disease-associated biology. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39441557 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) features changes in mitochondrial structure and function. Investigators debate where to position mitochondrial pathology within the chronology and context of other AD features. METHODS To address whether mitochondrial dysfunction alters AD-implicated genes and proteins, we treated SH-SY5Y cells and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons with chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that inhibits mtDNA-generated transcript translation. We characterized adaptive, AD-associated gene, and AD-associated protein responses. RESULTS SH-SY5Y cells and iPSC neurons responded to mtDNA transcript translation inhibition by increasing mtDNA copy number and transcription. Nuclear-expressed respiratory chain mRNA and protein levels also changed. There were AD-consistent concordant and model-specific changes in amyloid precursor protein, beta amyloid, apolipoprotein E, tau, and α-synuclein biology. DISCUSSION Primary mitochondrial dysfunction induces compensatory organelle responses, changes nuclear gene expression, and alters the biology of AD-associated genes and proteins in ways that may recapitulate brain aging and AD molecular phenomena. HIGHLIGHTS In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction could represent a disease cause or consequence. We inhibited mitochondrial translation in human neuronal cells and neurons. Mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression shifted in adaptive-consistent patterns. APP, Aβ, APOE, tau, and α-synuclein biology changed in AD-consistent patterns. Mitochondrial stress creates an environment that promotes AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gabrielli
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Lesya Novikova
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Amol Ranjan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ernst
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dhanushki Abeykoon
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anysja Roberts
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Annie Kopp
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Clayton Mansel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Linlan Qiao
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Colton R Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Neurology, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ian W Wiedling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Neurology, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Neurology, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Neurology, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McNamara JT, Zhu J, Wang Y, Li R. Gene dosage adaptations to mtDNA depletion and mitochondrial protein stress in budding yeast. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad272. [PMID: 38126114 PMCID: PMC10849340 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain a local genome (mtDNA) comprising a small number of genes necessary for respiration, mitochondrial transcription and translation, and other vital functions. Various stressors can destabilize mtDNA leading to mtDNA loss. While some cells can survive mtDNA loss, they exhibit various deficiencies. Here, we investigated the impact of proteotoxicity on mitochondrial function by inducing mitochondrial unfolded protein stress in budding yeast. This led to rapid mtDNA loss, but aerobic conditioning imparted transient resistance to mitochondrial protein stress. We present a quantitative model of mtDNA loss in a growing cell population and measure its parameters. To identify genetic adaptations to mtDNA depletion, we performed a genome-wide screen for gene dosage increases that affect the growth of cells lacking mtDNA. The screen revealed a set of dosage suppressors that alleviate the growth impairment in mtDNA-deficient cells. Additionally, we show that these suppressors of mtDNA stress both bolster cell proliferation and prevent mtDNA loss during mitochondrial protein stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T McNamara
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Xie L, Sheehy R, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel J, Park KS, Liu J, Velez J, Luo Y, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Wen Z, Song J, Jin J, Deshmukh M. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2743792. [PMID: 38045363 PMCID: PMC10690335 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2743792/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie L, Sheehy RN, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel JA, Park KS, Velez J, Liu J, Luo YJ, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Deshmukh M, Wen Z, Jin J, Song J, Chen X. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.25.23297491. [PMID: 37961307 PMCID: PMC10635198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.23297491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects. One-Sentence Summary A brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks G9a translational mechanism to reverse Alzheimer's disease related proteome for effective therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Panes J, Nguyen TKO, Gao H, Christensen TA, Stojakovic A, Trushin S, Salisbury JL, Fuentealba J, Trushina E. Partial Inhibition of Complex I Restores Mitochondrial Morphology and Mitochondria-ER Communication in Hippocampus of APP/PS1 Mice. Cells 2023; 12:1111. [PMID: 37190020 PMCID: PMC10137328 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has no cure. Earlier, we showed that partial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (MCI) with the small molecule CP2 induces an adaptive stress response, activating multiple neuroprotective mechanisms. Chronic treatment reduced inflammation, Aβ and pTau accumulation, improved synaptic and mitochondrial functions, and blocked neurodegeneration in symptomatic APP/PS1 mice, a translational model of AD. Here, using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) and three-dimensional (3D) EM reconstructions combined with Western blot analysis and next-generation RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that CP2 treatment also restores mitochondrial morphology and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) communication, reducing ER and unfolded protein response (UPR) stress in the APP/PS1 mouse brain. Using 3D EM volume reconstructions, we show that in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, dendritic mitochondria primarily exist as mitochondria-on-a-string (MOAS). Compared to other morphological phenotypes, MOAS have extensive interaction with the ER membranes, forming multiple mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCS) known to facilitate abnormal lipid and calcium homeostasis, accumulation of Aβ and pTau, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis. CP2 treatment reduced MOAS formation, consistent with improved energy homeostasis in the brain, with concomitant reductions in MERCS, ER/UPR stress, and improved lipid homeostasis. These data provide novel information on the MOAS-ER interaction in AD and additional support for the further development of partial MCI inhibitors as a disease-modifying strategy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Panes
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | | | - Huanyao Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Trace A. Christensen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Salisbury
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas en Biomedicina (CIAB-UdeC), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Liu Y, Huang M, Gunewardena S, Haeri M, Swerdlow RH, Wang N. Landscape of Double-Stranded DNA Breaks in Postmortem Brains from Alzheimer's Disease and Non-Demented Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:519-535. [PMID: 37334609 PMCID: PMC10357181 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains accumulate DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which could contribute to neurodegeneration and dysfunction. The genomic distribution of AD brain DSBs is unclear. OBJECTIVE To map genome-wide DSB distributions in AD and age-matched control brains. METHODS We obtained autopsy brain tissue from 3 AD and 3 age-matched control individuals. The donors were men between the ages of 78 to 91. Nuclei extracted from frontal cortex tissue were subjected to Cleavage Under Targets & Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN) assay with an antibody against γH2AX, a marker of DSB formation. γH2AX-enriched chromatins were purified and analyzed via high-throughput genomic sequencing. RESULTS The AD brains contained 18 times more DSBs than the control brains and the pattern of AD DSBs differed from the control brain pattern. In conjunction with published genome, epigenome, and transcriptome analyses, our data revealed aberrant DSB formation correlates with AD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, increased chromatin accessibility, and upregulated gene expression. CONCLUSION Our data suggest in AD, an accumulation of DSBs at ectopic genomic loci could contribute to an aberrant upregulation of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mohammad Haeri
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|