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Li XJ, Fang C, Zhao RH, Zou L, Miao H, Zhao YY. Bile acid metabolism in health and ageing-related diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116313. [PMID: 38788963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) have surpassed their traditional roles as lipid solubilizers and regulators of BA homeostasis to emerge as important signalling molecules. Recent research has revealed a connection between microbial dysbiosis and metabolism disruption of BAs, which in turn impacts ageing-related diseases. The human BAs pool is primarily composed of primary BAs and their conjugates, with a smaller proportion consisting of secondary BAs. These different BAs exert complex effects on health and ageing-related diseases through several key nuclear receptors, such as farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects are still debated. Therefore, the modulation of signalling pathways by regulating synthesis and composition of BAs represents an interesting and novel direction for potential therapies of ageing-related diseases. This review provides an overview of synthesis and transportion of BAs in the healthy body, emphasizing its dependence on microbial community metabolic capacity. Additionally, the review also explores how ageing and ageing-related diseases affect metabolism and composition of BAs. Understanding BA metabolism network and the impact of their nuclear receptors, such as farnesoid X receptor and G protein-coupled receptor 5 agonists, paves the way for developing therapeutic agents for targeting BA metabolism in various ageing-related diseases, such as metabolic disorder, hepatic injury, cardiovascular disease, renal damage and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, No.13, Shi Liu Gang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Chu Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Hua Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Fahad EH, Al-Windy S, El-Sherbeni SA, Negm WA, Batiha GES. The effects of cholesterol and statins on Parkinson's neuropathology: a narrative review. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:917-925. [PMID: 38499742 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain characterized by motor symptoms including tremors, rigidity, postural instability, and bradykinesia. PD neuropathology is due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of Lewy bodies in the survival neurons. The brain contains a largest amount of cholesterol which is mainly synthesized from astrocytes and glial cells. Cholesterol is intricate in the pathogenesis of PD and may be beneficial or deleterious. Therefore, there are controversial points concerning the role of cholesterol in PD neuropathology. In addition, cholesterol-lowering agents' statins can affect brain cholesterol. Different studies highlighted that statins, via inhibition of brain HMG-CoA, can affect neuronal integrity through suppression of neuronal cholesterol, which regulates synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, statins affect the development and progression of different neurodegenerative diseases in bidirectional ways that could be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to clarify the double-sward effects of cholesterol and statins on PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Esraa H Fahad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Salah Al-Windy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Suzy A El-Sherbeni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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Visser AE, de Vries NM, Richard E, Bloem BR. Tackling vascular risk factors as a possible disease modifying intervention in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:50. [PMID: 38431725 PMCID: PMC10908840 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Visser
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Nienke M de Vries
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bile acids and neurological disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108311. [PMID: 36400238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on how bile acids are being used in clinical trials to treat neurological diseases due to their central involvement with the gut-liver-brain axis and their physiological and pathophysiological roles in both normal brain function and multiple neurological diseases. The synthesis of primary and secondary bile acids species and how the regulation of the bile acid pool may differ between the gut and brain is discussed. The expression of several bile acid receptors in brain and their currently known functions along with the tools available to manipulate them pharmacologically are examined, together with discussion of the interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiome and their lesser-known effects upon brain glucose and lipid metabolism. How dysregulation of the gut microbiome, aging and sex differences may lead to disruption of bile acid signalling and possible causal roles in a number of neurological disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological treatments targeting bile acid receptors are currently being tested in an array of clinical trials for several different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Lewis MM, Albertson RM, Du G, Kong L, Foy A, Huang X. Parkinson’s Disease Progression and Statins: Hydrophobicity Matters. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:821-830. [PMID: 34958045 PMCID: PMC10141621 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent randomized clinical trials using hydrophobic statins reported no influence on Parkinson’s disease (PD) clinical progression. Hydrophobicity is a key determinant for blood-brain barrier penetrance. Objective: Investigate a potential effect of statins on PD progression. Methods: Statin use was determined at baseline and subtyped according to hydrophobicity in 125 PD patients participating in the PD Biomarker Program (PDBP, 2012–2015) at our site. Clinical (N = 125) and susceptibility MRI (N = 86) data were obtained at baseline and 18-months. Movement Disorders Society-Unified PD Rating Scales were used to track progression of non-motor (MDS-UPDRS-I) and motor (MDS-UPDRS-II) symptoms, and rater-based scores (MDS-UPDRS-III) of patients in the “on” drug state. R2* values were used to capture pathological progression in the substantia nigra. Associations between statin use, its subtypes, and PD progression were evaluated with linear mixed effect regressions. Results: Compared to statin non-users, overall statin or lipophilic statin use did not significantly influence PD clinical or imaging progression. Hydrophilic statin users, however, demonstrated faster clinical progression of non-motor symptoms [MDS-UPDRS-I (β= 4.8, p = 0.010)] and nigral R2* (β= 3.7, p = 0.043). A similar trend was found for MDS-UPDRS-II (β= 3.9, p = 0.10), but an opposite trend was observed for rater-based MDS-UPDRS-III (β= –7.3, p = 0.10). Compared to lipophilic statin users, hydrophilic statin users also showed significantly faster clinical progression of non-motor symptoms [MDS-UPDRS-I (β= 5.0, p = 0.020)], but R2* did not reach statistical significance (β= 2.5, p = 0.24). Conclusion: This study suggests that hydrophilic, but not lipophilic, statins may be associated with faster PD progression. Future studies may have clinical and scientific implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechelle M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard M. Albertson
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Foy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Shen W, Jiang L, Zhao J, Wang H, Hu M, Chen L, Chen Y. Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: new therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:846-872. [PMID: 34904314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non-motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α-synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so-called "bioactive" lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression, and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sounth University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Pierzchlińska A, Droździk M, Białecka M. A Possible Role for HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors and Its Association with HMGCR Genetic Variation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212198. [PMID: 34830081 PMCID: PMC8620375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterised by both motor- and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment. The aetiopathogenesis of PD, as well as its protective and susceptibility factors, are still elusive. Neuroprotective effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors—statins—via both cholesterol-dependent and independent mechanisms have been shown in animal and cell culture models. However, the available data provide conflicting results on the role of statin treatment in PD patients. Moreover, cholesterol is a vital component for brain functions and may be considered as protective against PD. We present possible statin effects on PD under the hypothesis that they may depend on the HMG-CoA reductase gene (HMGCR) variability, such as haplotype 7, which was shown to affect cholesterol synthesis and statin treatment outcome, diminishing possible neuroprotection associated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors administration. Statins are among the most prescribed groups of drugs. Thus, it seems important to review the available data in the context of their possible neuroprotective effects in PD, and the HMG-CoA reductase gene’s genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pierzchlińska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Marek Droździk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1589
| | - Monika Białecka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.P.); (M.B.)
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