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Verdoodt F, Bhatti SFM, Kragic K, Van Ham L, Vanhaecke L, Hesta M, Hemeryck LY. Towards a better understanding of idiopathic epilepsy through metabolic fingerprinting of cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14750. [PMID: 38926488 PMCID: PMC11208596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics is a promising research technology in the elucidation of nervous system disorders. Therefore, in this work, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomics method using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was optimized and validated to cover a wide range of metabolites. An acceptable coefficient of variance regarding instrumental, within-lab and intra-assay precision was found for 95, 70 and 96 of 102 targeted metabolites, together with 1256, 676 and 976 untargeted compounds, respectively. Moreover, approximately 75% of targeted metabolites and 50% of untargeted compounds displayed good linearity across different dilution ranges. Consequently, metabolic alterations in CSF of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) were studied by comparing CSF of dogs diagnosed with IE (Tier II) to dogs with non-brain related disease. Targeted metabolome analysis revealed higher levels of cortisol, creatinine, glucose, hippuric acid, mannose, pantothenol, and 2-phenylethylamine (P values < 0.05) in CSF of dogs with IE, whereas CSF of dogs with IE showed lower levels of spermidine (P value = 0.02). Untargeted CSF metabolic fingerprints discriminated dogs with IE from dogs with non-brain related disease using Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (R2(Y) = 0.997, Q2(Y) = 0.828), from which norepinephrine was putatively identified as an important discriminative metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Verdoodt
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Karla Kragic
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Y Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Ma YY, Li X, Yu JT, Wang YJ. Therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases by targeting the gut microbiome: from bench to bedside. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:12. [PMID: 38414054 PMCID: PMC10898075 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aetiologies and origins of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD), are complex and multifaceted. A growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays crucial roles in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Clinicians have come to realize that therapeutics targeting the gut microbiome have the potential to halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This narrative review examines the alterations in the gut microbiome in AD, PD, ALS and HD, highlighting the close relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain in neurodegenerative diseases. Processes that mediate the gut microbiome-brain communication in neurodegenerative diseases, including the immunological, vagus nerve and circulatory pathways, are evaluated. Furthermore, we summarize potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases that modify the gut microbiome and its metabolites, including diets, probiotics and prebiotics, microbial metabolites, antibacterials and faecal microbiome transplantation. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ma
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xin Li
- Army 953 Hospital, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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3
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, He H, Peng M, Zeng M, Sun H. The role of the indoles in microbiota-gut-brain axis and potential therapeutic targets: A focus on human neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109690. [PMID: 37619773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
At present, a large number of relevant studies have suggested that the changes in gut microbiota are related to the course of nervous system diseases, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Indole and its derivatives, as the products of the gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan, can be used as ligands to regulate inflammation and autoimmune response in vivo. In recent years, some studies have found that the levels of indole and its derivatives differ significantly between patients with central nervous system diseases and healthy individuals, suggesting that they may be important mediators for the involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the disease course. Tryptophan metabolites produced by gut microbiota are involved in multiple physiological reactions, take indole for example, it participates in the process of inflammation and anti-inflammatory effects through various cellular physiological activities mediated by aromatic hydrocarbon receptors (AHR), which can influence a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. This review mainly explores and summarizes the relationship between indoles and human neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety, and puts forward that the level of indoles can be regulated through various direct or indirect ways to improve the prognosis of central nervous system diseases and reverse the dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microbiome & the Brain: Mechanisms & Maladies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Hui He
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Meichang Peng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Meiqin Zeng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital and the Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Kalecký K, Bottiglieri T. Targeted metabolomic analysis in Parkinson's disease brain frontal cortex and putamen with relation to cognitive impairment. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:84. [PMID: 37270646 PMCID: PMC10239505 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis with the targeted metabolomic kit Biocrates MxP Quant 500, in human brain cortex (Brodmann area 9) and putamen, to reveal metabolic changes characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PD-related cognitive decline. This case-control study involved 101 subjects (33 PD without dementia, 32 PD with dementia (cortex only), 36 controls). We found changes associated with PD, cognitive status, levodopa levels, and disease progression. The affected pathways include neurotransmitters, bile acids, homocysteine metabolism, amino acids, TCA cycle, polyamines, β-alanine metabolism, fatty acids, acylcarnitines, ceramides, phosphatidylcholines, and several microbiome-derived metabolites. Previously reported levodopa-related homocysteine accumulation in cortex still best explains the dementia status in PD, which can be modified by dietary supplementation. Further investigation is needed to reveal the exact mechanisms behind this pathological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kalecký
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76712, USA.
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA.
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA
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Li Q, Meng LB, Chen LJ, Shi X, Tu L, Zhou Q, Yu JL, Liao X, Zeng Y, Yuan QY. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and intestinal microbiome dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1185375. [PMID: 37305758 PMCID: PMC10249504 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1185375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with aging. Its main pathological feature is the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons related to the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein. The pathogenesis of PD has not yet been fully elucidated, and its occurrence and development process are closely related to the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Dysregulation of intestinal microbiota may promote the damage of the intestinal epithelial barrier, intestinal inflammation, and the upward diffusion of phosphorylated α-synuclein from the enteric nervous system (ENS) to the brain in susceptible individuals and further lead to gastrointestinal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) through the disordered microbiota-gut-brain axis. The present review aimed to summarize recent advancements in studies focusing on the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of PD, especially the mechanism of intestinal microbiome dysregulation, intestinal inflammation, and gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD. Maintaining or restoring homeostasis in the gut microenvironment by targeting the gut microbiome may provide future direction for the development of new biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD and therapeutic strategies to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-bing Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-jun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-long Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao-ying Yuan
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Hirayama M, Nishiwaki H, Hamaguchi T, Ohno K. Gastrointestinal disorders in Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body diseases. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 37147392 PMCID: PMC10160728 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein fibrils (Lewy bodies) in the substantia nigra and other brain regions, although the role of Lewy bodies remains elusive. Constipation usually precedes the motor symptoms in PD, which is in accordance with the notion that α-synuclein fibrils start from the intestinal neural plexus and ascend to the brain in at least half of PD patients. The gut microbiota is likely to be involved in intestinal and brain pathologies. Analyses of the gut microbiota in PD, rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder, and dementia with Lewy bodies suggest three pathological pathways. First, Akkermansia, which is increased in PD, degrades the intestinal mucus layer and increases intestinal permeability, which triggers inflammation and oxidative stress in the intestinal neural plexus. Second, decreased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria in PD reduce the number of regulatory T cells. Third, SCFAs also aggravate microglial activation with an unelucidated pathway. In addition, in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which is another form of α-synucleinopathies, increased genera, Ruminococcus torques and Collinsella, may mitigate neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra by increasing secondary bile acids. Interventions for the gut microbiota and their metabolites may potentially delay or mitigate the development and progression of PD and other Lewy body diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nishiwaki
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hamaguchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Wang S, Xu C, Liu H, Wei W, Zhou X, Qian H, Zhou L, Zhang H, Wu L, Zhu C, Yang Y, He L, Li K. Connecting the Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Role of Bile Acids. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03340-9. [PMID: 37121952 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With the acceleration of global population aging, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) will become the second leading cause of death in the world, which seriously threatens human life and health. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the most common and typical NDs. The exact mechanisms of the NDs occurrence and development remain unclear, which may be related to immune, oxidative stress, and abnormal aggregation of pathogenic proteins. Studies have suggested that gut microbiota (GM) influences brain function and plays an important role in regulating emotional and cognitive function. Recently, bile acids (BAs) have become the "star molecule" in the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis research. BAs have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities in NDs. However, the role of BAs in the connection between GM and the central nervous system (CNS) is still unclear. In this review, we will review the possible mechanisms of BAs between GM and NDs and explore the function of BAs to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of NDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chongchong Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haipeng Qian
- Department of Nursing, AnHui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Physical Education, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Computer Science and Technology of Department of Science and Engineering, Shiyuan College of Nanninng Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lin He
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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9
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Gut-oriented disease modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:9-18. [PMID: 36182642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathology studies have shown that the pathognomonic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, may start from the gut enteric nervous system and then spread to the central dopaminergic neurons through the gut-brain axis. With the advent of metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic analysis, a plethora of evidence has revealed different gut microbiomes and gut metabolites in patients with PD compared with unaffected controls. Currently, although dopaminergic treatments and deep brain stimulation can provide some symptomatic benefits for motor symptoms of the disease, their long-term use is problematic. A mechanism-targeted therapy to halt the neurodegeneration is lacking. The recently observed gut microenvironmental changes in the early stages of the disease play a vital role in the PD pathogenesis. Patients whose disease begins in the gut may benefit most from interventions that target the gut microenvironments. In this review, we will summarize the current studies demonstrating multifunctional roles of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis of PD and the currently available evidence for targeting the gut microbiota as a novel approach to potential disease-modifying therapy in PD.
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The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012289. [PMID: 36293176 PMCID: PMC9603886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), gastrointestinal symptoms often precede the onset of motor and non-motor manifestations, and alterations in the GM composition accompany disease pathogenesis. Several studies have been conducted to unravel the role of dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in PD onset and progression, but the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of GM modifying approaches remain to be fully elucidated. After a brief introduction on the involvement of GMBA in the disease, we present evidence for GM alterations and leaky gut in PD patients. According to these data, we then review the potential of GM-based signatures to serve as disease biomarkers and we highlight the emerging role of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation as supportive therapeutic approaches in PD. Finally, we analyze the mutual influence between commonly prescribed PD medications and gut-microbiota, and we offer insights on the involvement also of nasal and oral microbiota in PD pathology, thus providing a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the role of microbial features in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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11
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Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis after Traumatic Brain Injury Contributes to Persistent Microglial Activation Associated with Upregulated Lyz2 and Shifted Tryptophan Metabolic Phenotype. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173467. [PMID: 36079724 PMCID: PMC9459947 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of disability and mortality, affecting millions of people every year. The neuroinflammation and immune response post-TBI initially have neuroprotective and reparative effects, but prolonged neuroinflammation leads to secondary injury and increases the risk of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Persistent microglial activation plays a critical role in chronic neuroinflammation post-TBI. Given the bidirectional communication along the brain–gut axis, it is plausible to suppose that gut microbiota dysbiosis post-TBI influences microglial activation. In the present study, hippocampal microglial activation was observed at 7 days and 28 days post-TBI. However, in TBI mice with a depletion of gut microbiota, microglia were activated at 7 days post-TBI, but not at 28 days post-TBI, indicating that gut microbiota contributes to the long-term activation of microglia post-TBI. In addition, in conventional mice colonized by the gut microbiota of TBI mice using fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), microglial activation was observed at 28 days post-TBI, but not at 7 days post-TBI, supporting the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in persistent microglial activation post-TBI. The RNA sequencing of the hippocampus identified a microglial activation gene, Lyz2, which kept upregulation post-TBI. This persistent upregulation was inhibited by oral antibiotics and partly induced by FMT. 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed that the composition and function of gut microbiota shifted over time post-TBI with progressive dysbiosis, and untargeted metabolomics profiling revealed that the tryptophan metabolic phenotype was differently reshaped at 7 days and 28 days post-TBI, which may play a role in the persistent upregulation of Lyz2 and the activation of microglia. This study implicates that gut microbiota and Lyz2 are potential targets for the development of novel strategies to address persistent microglial activation and chronic neuroinflammation post-TBI, and further investigations are warranted to elucidate the specific mechanism.
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Chen SJ, Lin CH. Gut microenvironmental changes as a potential trigger in Parkinson's disease through the gut-brain axis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:54. [PMID: 35897024 PMCID: PMC9327249 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease attributed to the synergistic effects of genetic risk and environmental stimuli. Although PD is characterized by motor dysfunction resulting from intraneuronal alpha-synuclein accumulations, termed Lewy bodies, and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra, multiple systems are involved in the disease process, resulting in heterogenous clinical presentation and progression. Genetic predisposition to PD regarding aberrant immune responses, abnormal protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction leads to vulnerable neurons that are sensitive to environmental triggers and, together, result in neuronal degeneration. Neuropathology studies have shown that, at least in some patients, Lewy bodies start from the enteric nervous system and then spread to the central dopaminergic neurons through the gut-brain axis, suggesting the contribution of an altered gut microenvironment in the pathogenesis of PD. A plethora of evidence has revealed different gut microbiomes and gut metabolites in patients with PD compared to unaffected controls. Chronic gut inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity have been observed in human PD patients and mouse models of PD. These observations led to the hypothesis that an altered gut microenvironment is a potential trigger of the PD process in a genetically susceptible host. In this review, we will discuss the complex interplay between genetic factors and gut microenvironmental changes contributing to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Smith JG, Sato T, Shimaji K, Koronowski KB, Petrus P, Cervantes M, Kinouchi K, Lutter D, Dyar KA, Sassone-Corsi P. Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion remodels daily metabolic cycles in the brain. Life Sci 2022; 303:120601. [PMID: 35561749 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome influences cognition and behavior in mammals, yet its metabolic impact on the brain is only starting to be defined. Using metabolite profiling of antibiotics-treated mice, we reveal the microbiome as a key input controlling circadian metabolic cycles in the brain. Intra and inter-region analyses characterise the influence of the microbiome on the suprachiasmatic nucleus, containing the central clockwork, as well as the hippocampus and cortex, regions involved in learning and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Smith
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Tomoki Sato
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kohei Shimaji
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin B Koronowski
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Paul Petrus
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marlene Cervantes
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dominik Lutter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Computational Discovery Research, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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