Ethical predictability of patient safety in Iranian hospitals

Investigation of management of international education considering sustainable medical tourism and entrepreneurship

Medical tourism leads to development of economic resources for many countries. This method of tourism has become common in most countries of the world which is one of the dimensions of tourism for development like metal industry or sport industry. The stability and dynamism of country's economy help the development of ecotourism. Furthermore, medical tourism with economic consequences can have significant environmental effects. For this purpose, this research was done to study and evaluate the factors affecting the development of medical tourism in developing countries. The approach governing this research is developmental, and the research method is descriptive and analytical. A multivariate regression test was used to analyze the hypotheses of research, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0 software. The ecotourism and economic management can have a global or local roles as suitable tools for sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is often not properly oriented and mainly defined in such a way that the practitioners are far from the declared standards to achieve and succeed in the sustainability process. The current research is descriptive-explanatory which compiled using library documents. The analysis of the path of above factors shows that all factors of price, quality, facilities, and information and communication technology directly and indirectly play a significant role to enhance the medical tourism.

Employee Involvement and Socialization as an Example of Sustainable Marketing Strategy and Organization’s Citizenship Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Beirut Hotel Sector

In recent years, environmental consideration and notion of sustainability has gained extensive attention on global scale from political aspect to businesses and social means. It has been the core concept of development for organizations in different industries in an increasing manner. As tourists tend to be more aware regarding environment and impact of human activity on nature, it becomes more important to include sustainable measures so that firms can remain competitive in the market and attract new customers. The current research examines the relationship between sustainable marketing orientation deployed by organizations operating in tourism sector (i.e., hotels) and employees’ extra-role behavior in form of organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, indirect effects of employees’ socialization and involvement are examined to provide a better understanding on related factors. Gathering data from hotels of Beirut, 218 employees participated in the research and PLS-SEM yielded significant results, stating that the variables are vital for positive behavioral outcomes within the hotel industry. The results can be beneficial for scholars and practitioners in tourism sector alike.

Iranian Healthcare System and Raising Wave of Privatization: A Literature Review

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the Iranian healthcare system in the time of increasing privatization. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PschInfo, and Cochrane databases to identify various concepts in the literature concerning the privatization of healthcare in Iran between September and November 2020. All the included articles were assessed using the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Research tool. In addition, grey literature was searched using Google targeted at academic websites and key organizations and online newspapers and magazines in the Persian language. This screening resulted in a total of 70 articles, reports, and documents. The PRISMA guidelines were followed for abstracting data and assessing the quality of the studies. Results: Six health-related items were identified at the time of increased privatization in the healthcare system. These items consisted of medical establishments, accessibility, and privatization, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), out-of-pocket payment (OOP), health inequality, privatization, and healthcare providers, and the policy and finance of privatization. Conclusions: The review identified that the process of privatization of the healthcare system in Iran occurred with poor monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Privatization rested on neoliberal arguments, and for-profit care has worsened healthcare performance and created an unfair, expensive healthcare system of lower quality in Iran.