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Mourtas S, Papadia K, Kordopati GG, Ioannou PV, Antimisiaris SG, Tsivgoulis GM. Synthesis of Novel Arsonolipids and Development of Novel Arsonoliposome Types. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081649. [PMID: 36015274 PMCID: PMC9416600 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsonolipids represent a class of arsenic-containing compounds with interesting biological properties either as monomers or as nanostructure forming components, such as arsonoliposomes that possess selective anticancer activity as proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. In this work, we describe, for the first time, the synthesis of novel arsono-containing lipids where the alkyl groups are connected through stable ether bonds. It is expected that this class of arsonolipids, compared with the corresponding ester linked, will have higher chemical stability. To accomplish this task, a new methodology of general application was developed, where a small arsono compound, 2-hydroxyethylarsonic acid, when protected with thiophenol, can be used in an efficient and simple way as a building block for the synthesis of arsono-containing lipids as well as other arsono-containing biomolecules. Thus, besides the above-mentioned arsonolipid, an arsono cholesterol derivative was also obtained. Both ether arsonolipid and arsono cholesterol were able to form liposomes having similar physicochemical properties and integrity to conventional arsonoliposomes. Furthermore, a preliminary in vitro anticancer potential assessment of the novel ether arsonolipid containing liposomes against human prostate cancer (PC-3) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells showed significant activity (dose- and time-dependent), which was similar to that of the conventional arsonoliposomes (studied before). Given the fact that novel arsonolipids may be more stable compared to the ones used in conventional arsonoliposomes, the current results justify further exploitation of the novel compounds by in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Sophia G. Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICES), 26504 Rio Patras, Greece
| | - Gerasimos M. Tsivgoulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.M.T.)
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Ioannou PV. Trithioarsenites [(RS)3As], dithioarsonites [R-As(SR′)2] and thioarsinites [R2As-SR′]: Preparations, chemical, biochemical and biological properties. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to P(V) compounds, As(V) compounds can very easily reduced by thiols to As(III) thiolates that are deemed to play a central role in the metabolism of arsenic and therefore a review on the preparation and properties of the title thiolates can be of interest. The preparation of trithioarsenites, dithioarsonites and thioarsinites involves reactions of a thiol with a proper As(V) or As(III) precursor via 4-centered transition states or a thiolate by SN2 mechanisms. Convenient precursors are the solids As2O3, arsonic and arsinic acids, although for the latter two acids the separation of the product from the co-produced disulfides can be problematic. Only a few crystal structures have been reported and involve only trithioarsenites. From their chemical properties, the hydrolyses, transthiolations and air oxidations are of particular interest from mechanistic and biochemical/biological points of view. Their nucleophilicity towards alkyl halides and acyl derivatives revealed unexpected behavior. Although these molecules have many free electron pairs only three reports were found pertaining to their reaction with metal cations (Hg2+) and metal carbonyls; the mercuric complexes being not characterized. Only a few studies appeared for the action of the title compounds towards enzymes, while the patent literature revealed that they have bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal activities for agricultural applications, some have antiparasitic activity on animals and a few are carcinostatic.
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Tsivgoulis GM, Vachliotis DG, Kordopati GG, Ioannou PV. Hydroxyl-containing bis(sulfonates). Reaction of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione with water, methanol and sodium sulfite. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonates are well-known substances with a variety of applications, e.g. as surfactants. On the other hand, bis(sulfonates) bearing hydroxyl or keto group(s) in between the sulfonate groups can be used with or without further modification as starting materials for the preparation of new type of molecules capable to form either complexes or in general supramolecular structures. The synthesis of three hydroxyl-bearing bis(sulfonates), 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-bis(sodium sulfonate) 4, DL-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-bis(sodium sulfonate) 8, and sodium 2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-sulfonate 7 (as by-product) via the Strecker sulfonation are described. Interestingly, under similar conditions, sulfonation of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9 was found to be very complicated and no pure product could be isolated, despite previously reported results on sulfonation of α-halogenated ketones in high yields. There are indications that SO32- attacks at the carbonyl carbon of 9 followed by rearrangement and expulsion of SO42-. 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione 9, bearing two keto groups next to methylene groups, can potentially exist as enols or in the case of its solution in hydroxylic solvents in the form of hemiketals or geminal diols. This behavior of 9 when is dissolved in CDCl3, CD3OD and D2O was studied by means of UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR and the nature of the adducts formed was elucidated.
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Ioannou PV, Tsivgoulis GM. Preparation of (mono)sulfonates: Suitable precursors for unnatural sulfonolipids. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the preparation of the novel unnatural, non-isosteric sulfonolipids bearing one, two and three acyl groups 8, 9 and 10, their precursors hydroxyl-containing sulfonates have been prepared from a variety of hydroxyl-containing halogenides and epoxides using the Strecker reaction. Thus, the sulfonates 16 and 22 were prepared pure, while the sulfonate 27 could only be prepared as a by-product using 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanediol 26 and in low yields. For these reactions, probable pathways leading to the isolated or spectroscopically identified products are proposed. Conclusions about the relative nucleophilicity of SO32- compared to AsO33 - (as well as HO- which is present in their aqueous solutions) were drawn based on the yields of the corresponding arsonic acids and sodium sulfonates. The IR (KBr) and 1H NMR (D2O) spectra of sulfonates (and in some cases of their sulfonic acids) are analyzed and discussed.
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Zagana P, Mourtas S, Basta A, Antimisiaris SG. Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Toxicity towards Cancer Cells of Novel Types of Arsonoliposomes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E327. [PMID: 32268585 PMCID: PMC7238025 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsonoliposomes (ARSL) are liposomes that incorporate arsonolipids (ARS) in their membranes. They have demonstrated significant toxicity towards cancer cells, while being less toxic towards normal cells. In this study, we sought to investigate the possibility to prepare novel types of arsonoliposomes (ARSL) by incorporating a lipidic derivative of curcumin (TREG) in their membrane, and/or by loading the vesicles with doxorubicin (DOX). The final aim of our studies is to develop novel types of ARSL with improved pharmacokinetics/targeting potential and anticancer activity. TREG was incorporated in ARSL and their integrity during incubation in buffer and serum proteins was studied by monitoring calcein latency. After evaluation of TREG-ARSL stability, the potential to load DOX into ARSL and TREG-ARSL, using the active loading protocol, was studied. Loading was performed at two temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C) and different time periods of co-incubation (of empty vesicles with DOX). Calculation of DOX entrapment efficiency (%) was based on initial and final drug/lipid ratios. The cytotoxic activity of DOX-ARSL was tested towards B16F10 cells (mouse melanoma cells), LLC (Lewis Lung carcinoma cells), and HEK-293 (Human embryonic kidney cells). Results show that TREG-ARSL have slightly larger size but similar surface charge with ARSL and that they are both highly stable during storage at 4 °C for 56 d. Interestingly, the inclusion of TREG in ARSL conferred increased stability to the vesicles towards disruptive effects of serum proteins. The active-loading protocol succeeded to encapsulate high amounts of DOX into ARSL as well as TREG-LIP and TREG-ARSL, while the release profile of DOX from the novel liposome types was similar to that demonstrated by DOX-LIP. The cytotoxicity study results are particularly encouraging, since DOX-ARSL were less toxic towards the (normal) HEK cells compared to the two cancer cell-types. Furthermore, DOX-ARSL demonstrated lower toxicities (at all concentrations tested) for HEK cells, compared to that of the corresponding mixtures of free DOX and empty ARSL, while the opposite was true for the cancer cells (in most cases). The current results justify further in vivo exploitation of DOX-ARSL, as well as TREGARSL as anticancer therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Zagana
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece; (P.Z.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece; (P.Z.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
- Lab. Pharm. Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Anastasia Basta
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece; (P.Z.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
- Lab. Pharm. Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Sophia G. Antimisiaris
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece; (P.Z.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
- Lab. Pharm. Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece
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Ioannou PV, Vachliotis DG. The reaction of L-cysteine, L-cysteine hydrochloride and glutathione with arsonolipids (2,3-diacyloxypropylarsonic acids) and their arsenoso derivatives. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-190794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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