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Soldevila-Domenech N, De Toma I, Forcano L, Diaz-Pellicer P, Cuenca-Royo A, Fagundo B, Lorenzo T, Gomis-Gonzalez M, Sánchez-Benavides G, Fauria K, Sastre C, Fernandez De Piérola Í, Molinuevo JL, Verdejo-Garcia A, de la Torre R. Intensive assessment of executive functions derived from performance in cognitive training games. iScience 2023; 26:106886. [PMID: 37260752 PMCID: PMC10227423 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuropsychological tests accurately describe the current cognitive state but fall short to characterize cognitive change over multiple short time periods. We present an innovative approach to remote monitoring of executive functions on a monthly basis, which leverages the performance indicators from self-administered computerized cognitive training games (NUP-EXE). We evaluated the measurement properties of NUP-EXE in N = 56 individuals (59% women, 60-80 years) at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (APOE-ϵ4 carriers with subjective cognitive decline) who completed a 12-month multimodal intervention for preventing cognitive decline. NUP-EXE presented good psychometric properties and greater sensitivity to change than traditional tests. Improvements in NUP-EXE correlated with improvements in functionality and were affected by participants' age and gender. This novel data collection methodology is expected to allow a more accurate characterization of an individual's response to a cognitive decline preventive intervention and to inform development of outcome measures for a new generation of intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soldevila-Domenech
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrícia Diaz-Pellicer
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fagundo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Lorenzo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gomis-Gonzalez
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Trubnikova OA, Tarasova IV, Kukhareva IN, Temnikova TB, Sosnina AS, Syrova ID, Kupriyanova DS, Barbarash OI. Effectiveness of dual-task computerized cognitive training in the prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in coronary bypass surgery. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of dual-task computerized cognitive training (CCT) in the prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Material and methods. This cohort prospective study included 68 patients (median age, 64 years [54; 69]) admitted for elective on-pump CABG. In addition to the standard preoperative examination, all patients underwent advanced neuropsychological and neurophysiological examination. Starting from 3-4 days of the postoperative period, all patients underwent dual-task CCT.Results. After 8-10 days, early postoperative cognitive dysfunction was observed in 37 (54,4%) patients from CCT group, while in patients without training in 69,3% of cases (n=79). The best results of cognitive functioning were achieved in neurodynamics and short-term memory. In addition, in patients who completed the training course, a postoperative increase in the frontooccipital gradient of theta rhythm was observed.Conclusion. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment have demonstrated the limited effectiveness of a short-term dual task CCT using in the prevention of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients after on-pump CABG. The dual task method can be an additional preventive intervention in the development of a personalized approach to cognitive rehabilitation therapy in cardiac surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Trubnikova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - I. V. Tarasova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - I. N. Kukhareva
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - T. B. Temnikova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - A. S. Sosnina
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - I. D. Syrova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | | | - O. I. Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Alsebayel FM, Alangari AM, Almubarak FH, Alhamwy R. Prevalence of Dementia and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Geriatric Patients Visiting Primary Healthcare Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e24394. [PMID: 35619840 PMCID: PMC9126422 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dementia is a major cause of morbidity and dependence. The number of elderly individuals living with dementia worldwide is expected to rise up to 131 million by 2050. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is estimated to be one of the highest prevalence regions. However, there are limited numbers of studies in the region, especially on the primary care level. This study aims to determine the prevalence of dementia and identify the most important modifiable risk factors in our sample. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used utilizing the non-probability convenience sampling technique. A questionnaire including demographic data, the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) to screen for depression, and the Arabic version of the eight-item Alzheimer's Dementia (AD8) to screen for dementia, were administered to participants recruited from six primary healthcare centers in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Results: This study found the prevalence of dementia to be 16% and 11% assuming cutoff points of 3 and 4, respectively, using the Arabic version of AD8, with depression and dyslipidemia as important modifiable risk factors for dementia in our sample. Conclusion: Primary healthcare professionals should be aware of the important modifiable risk factors such as dyslipidemia and depression in the population to be able to develop strategies for early detection and slowing down the progression of dementia. Further research to identify other modifiable risk factors in the population is recommended.
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Diaz Baquero AA, Perea Bartolomé MV, Toribio-Guzmán JM, Martínez-Abad F, Parra Vidales E, Bueno Aguado Y, van der Roest HG, Franco-Martín MA. Determinants of Adherence to a "GRADIOR" Computer-Based Cognitive Training Program in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Mild Dementia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1714. [PMID: 35330040 PMCID: PMC8955227 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer-based programs have been implemented from a psychosocial approach for the care of people with dementia (PwD). However, several factors may determine adherence of older PwD to this type of treatment. The aim of this paper was to identify the sociodemographic, cognitive, psychological, and physical-health determinants that helped predict adherence or not to a "GRADIOR" computerized cognitive training (CCT) program in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia. METHOD This study was part of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) (ISRCTN: 15742788). However, this study will only focus on the experimental group (n = 43) included in the RCT. This group was divided into adherent people (compliance: ≥60% of the sessions and persistence in treatment up to 4 months) and non-adherent. The participants were 60-90 age and diagnosed with MCI and mild dementia. We selected from the evaluation protocol for the RCT, tests that evaluated cognitive aspects (memory and executive functioning), psychological and physical health. The CCT with GRADIOR consisted of attending 2-3 weekly sessions for 4 months with a duration of 30 min Data analysis: Phi and Biserial-point correlations, a multiple logical regression analysis was obtained to find the adherence model and U Mann-Whitney was used. RESULTS The adherence model was made up of the Digit Symbol and Arithmetic of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and Lexical Verbal Fluency (LVF) -R tests. This model had 90% sensitivity, 50% specificity and 75% precision. The goodness-of-fit p-value of the model was 0.02. CONCLUSIONS good executive functioning in attention, working memory (WM), phonological verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility predicted a greater probability that a person would be adherent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie A. Diaz Baquero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37001 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Research and Development, INTRAS Foundation, 49001 Zamora, Spain;
| | - María V. Perea Bartolomé
- Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology Department, Salamanca University, 37001 Salamanca, Spain;
| | | | - Fernando Martínez-Abad
- University Institute of Educational Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Esther Parra Vidales
- IBIP Center for Clinical Care in Mental Health and Aging, INTRAS Foundation, 49024 Zamora, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Bueno Aguado
- Gradior Department and Cognitive Research, INTRAS Foundation, 47016 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Henriëtte G. van der Roest
- Department on Aging, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (TrimbosI Institute), 1013 GM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Manuel A. Franco-Martín
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37001 Salamanca, Spain;
- Psychiatric Department, Rio Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
- Psychiatric Department, Zamora Healthcare Complex, 49071 Zamora, Spain
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Dequanter S, Gagnon MP, Ndiaye MA, Gorus E, Fobelets M, Giguère A, Bourbonnais A, Buyl R. The Effectiveness of e-Health Solutions for Aging With Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 61:e373-e394. [PMID: 32525977 PMCID: PMC8437510 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives e-Health solutions are an innovative approach to support aging with cognitive impairment. Because technology is developing at a fast pace, the aim of this review was to present an overview of the research regarding the effectiveness of these solutions. Moreover, the availability of these solutions was examined. Research Design and Methods Systematic searches were conducted in 7 databases. Full texts of potentially relevant references were assessed by 2 reviewers, and discrepancies were solved through discussion. Data on study characteristics, technology type, application domain, availability, outcomes, and effects were extracted. A categorization exercise and narrative synthesis were conducted. Results In total, 72 studies describing 70 e-Health solutions were identified. The majority of solutions comprised cognitive training for older adults, followed by educational and supportive web platforms for caregivers. Outcomes included mainly measures of cognition, psychosocial functioning, caregiving processes, caregiver–care receiver relationship, and activities of daily living. Positive effects of cognitive training technologies were observed on cognitive functioning of older adults, as well as those of supportive web platforms on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and caregiver self-efficacy. The effects of these solutions on depression in both target groups were inconclusive. The methodological quality of the studies was moderate to good. However, some important limitations were observed. Discussion and Implications The review identified cognitive training solutions and supportive web platforms as the most effective on a limited number of outcomes. Although other solutions seem promising, further research has to overcome methodological issues. Furthermore, solutions for leisure and reminiscence and outcomes specifically related to independent living deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dequanter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (BISI) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Gagnon
- Institute of Health and Social Services in Primary Care, Research Center on Healthcare and Services in Primary Care of Laval University (CERSSPL-UL), Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mame-Awa Ndiaye
- Institute of Health and Social Services in Primary Care, Research Center on Healthcare and Services in Primary Care of Laval University (CERSSPL-UL), Québec, Canada
| | - Ellen Gorus
- Department of Gerontology, Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Maaike Fobelets
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (BISI) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Anik Giguère
- Institute of Health and Social Services in Primary Care, Research Center on Healthcare and Services in Primary Care of Laval University (CERSSPL-UL), Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Buyl
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (BISI) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Zhang P, Wu D, Shang Y, Ren W, Liang J, Wang L, Li C. Initial performance predicts improvements in computerized cognitive training: Evidence from a selective attention task. Psych J 2021; 10:742-750. [PMID: 34219391 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Computerized cognitive training (CCT) has been found to improve a range of skills such as attention, working memory, inhibition control, and decision making. However, the relationship between the initial performance, amount of improvement, time constant, and asymptotic performance level in CCT is still unclear. In the current study, we performed selective attention training on college students and addressed this issue by mathematically modeling the learning curve with an exponential function. Twenty-nine students completed approximately 10 days of CCT. Presentation time served as the dependent variable and was measured by three-down/one-up adaptive algorithms. We fitted an exponential function to the estimated block thresholds during CCT and obtained three learning parameters (amount of improvement, time constant, and asymptotic performance level) for all subjects. The initial performance was defined by the sum of the amount of improvement and the asymptotic performance level. Pearson correlation analyses were conducted between the initial performance and the three leaning parameters. The initial performance was positively correlated with the amount of improvement and asymptotic performance level, but was negatively correlated with the time constant. The time constant was negatively correlated with the amount of improvement and asymptotic performance level. Poorer initial performance was linked to a larger amount of improvement, shorter time constant, and higher asymptotic threshold, which supported the compensation account. Our results may help improve the present understanding of the nature of the CCT process and demonstrate the advantages of using a customized training protocol to enhance the efficiency of cognitive training in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Military Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfeng Shang
- Rehabilitation Department, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, China
| | - Weicong Ren
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jin Liang
- China Institute of Marine Technology and Economy, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Nursing, Yueyang Vocational and Technical College, Yueyang, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Nursing, Yueyang Vocational and Technical College, Yueyang, China
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Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH. Neurofeedback and the Aging Brain: A Systematic Review of Training Protocols for Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:682683. [PMID: 34177558 PMCID: PMC8221422 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia describes a set of symptoms that occur in neurodegenerative disorders and that is characterized by gradual loss of cognitive and behavioral functions. Recently, non-invasive neurofeedback training has been explored as a potential complementary treatment for patients suffering from dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Here we systematically reviewed studies that explored neurofeedback training protocols based on electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging for these groups of patients. From a total of 1,912 screened studies, 10 were included in our final sample (N = 208 independent participants in experimental and N = 81 in the control groups completing the primary endpoint). We compared the clinical efficacy across studies, and evaluated their experimental designs and reporting quality. In most studies, patients showed improved scores in different cognitive tests. However, data from randomized controlled trials remains scarce, and clinical evidence based on standardized metrics is still inconclusive. In light of recent meta-research developments in the neurofeedback field and beyond, quality and reporting practices of individual studies are reviewed. We conclude with recommendations on best practices for future studies that investigate the effects of neurofeedback training in dementia and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Trambaiolli
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raymundo Cassani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Energy, Materials, and Telecommunications Centre (INRS-EMT), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David M A Mehler
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tiago H Falk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Energy, Materials, and Telecommunications Centre (INRS-EMT), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Shaw JS, Hosseini SMH. The Effect of Baseline Performance and Age on Cognitive Training Improvements in Older Adults: A Qualitative Review. JPAD-JOURNAL OF PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2020; 8:100-109. [PMID: 33336231 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2020.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Findings that the brain is capable of plasticity up until old age have led to interest in the use of cognitive training as a potential intervention to delay the onset of dementia. However, individuals participating in training regimens differ greatly with respect to their outcomes, demonstrating the importance of considering individual differences, in particular age and baseline performance in a cognitive domain, when evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive training. In this review, we summarize existing literature on cognitive training in adults across the domains of episodic memory, working memory and the task-switching component of executive functioning to clarify the picture on the impact of age and baseline performance on cognitive training-related improvements. Studies targeting episodic memory induced greater improvements in younger adults with more intact cognitive abilities, explained in part by factors specific to episodic memory training. By contrast, older, lower baseline performance adults improved most in several studies targeting working memory in older individuals as well as in the majority of studies targeting executive functioning, suggesting the preservation of neural plasticity in these domains until very old age. Our findings can have important implications for informing the design of future interventions for enhancing cognitive functions in individuals at the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's Disease and potentially delaying the clinical onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Future research should more clearly stratify individuals according to their baseline cognitive abilities and assign specialized, skill-specific cognitive training regimens in order to directly answer the question of how individual differences impact training effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Shaw
- SM Hadi Hosseini, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305-5795, USA, Tel: (650) 723-5798,
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Irazoki E, Contreras-Somoza LM, Toribio-Guzmán JM, Jenaro-Río C, van der Roest H, Franco-Martín MA. Technologies for Cognitive Training and Cognitive Rehabilitation for People With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:648. [PMID: 32373018 PMCID: PMC7179695 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing number of older adults with cognitive impairment, it is essential to delay the onset and progression of cognitive decline and promote a healthy lifestyle. The rapid growth of technology has considerably advanced the field of computerized cognitive interventions. Consequently, traditional cognitive interventions are being adapted and new multimedia systems are being developed to encourage health and independent living in old age. The primary objective of this review was to identify cognitive stimulation, training and rehabilitation programs aimed at older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, and CORDIS databases were searched from January 2008 to August 2018. Two researchers reviewed the potential studies individually for eligibility. Studies of computerized cognitive interventions for people with dementia and cognitive impairment were included if they clearly described objectives, users and functioning. A systematic review of the studies was carried out, providing a qualitative synthesis of the features and study characteristics of each software. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and 11 different cognitive stimulation, training, and rehabilitation programs were identified. The studies found on cognitive intervention software indicate the existence of various technological programs for people with MCI and dementia. On the overall, the programs were aimed at people with different clinical conditions, able to create specific treatments and personalized training, optimized for portable devices, and user-friendly. However, the selected programs differ from each other in terms of objectives, usage mode and characteristics, even if they were used for the same purposes. Therefore, the information obtained in the review may be relevant to distinguish between programs and select the one that best suits each user. Thus, more information about the features and context of use is needed as well as more clinical studies to be able to compare among computerized cognitive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Irazoki
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Research and Development, Iberian Research Psycho-Sciences Institute, INTRAS Foundation, Zamora, Spain
| | - Leslie María Contreras-Somoza
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Research and Development, Iberian Research Psycho-Sciences Institute, INTRAS Foundation, Zamora, Spain
| | - José Miguel Toribio-Guzmán
- Department of Research and Development, Iberian Research Psycho-Sciences Institute, INTRAS Foundation, Zamora, Spain
| | | | - Henriëtte van der Roest
- Department on Aging, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos-Institute), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manuel A Franco-Martín
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Rio Hortega Hospital, Valladolid, Spain.,Zamora Hospital, Zamora, Spain
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