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Villotti P, Kordsmeyer AC, Roy JS, Corbière M, Negrini A, Larivière C. Systematic review and tools appraisal of prognostic factors of return to work in workers on sick leave due to musculoskeletal and common mental disorders. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307284. [PMID: 39018306 PMCID: PMC11253986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With the overall objective of providing implication for clinical and research practices regarding the identification and measurement of modifiable predicting factors for return to work (RTW) in people with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and common mental disorders (CMDs), this study 1) systematically examined and synthetized the research evidence available in the literature on the topic, and 2) critically evaluated the tools used to measure each identified factor. A systematic search of prognostic studies was conducted, considering four groups of keywords: 1) population (i.e., MSDs or CMDs), 2) study design (prospective), 3) modifiable factors, 4) outcomes of interest (i.e., RTW). Studies showing high risk of bias were eliminated. Tools used to measure prognostic factors were assessed using psychometric and usability criteria. From the 78 studies that met inclusion criteria, 19 (for MSDs) and 5 (for CMDs) factors reaching moderate or strong evidence were extracted. These factors included work accommodations, RTW expectations, job demands (physical), job demands (psychological), job strain, work ability, RTW self-efficacy, expectations of recovery, locus of control, referred pain (back pain), activities as assessed with disability questionnaires, pain catastrophizing, coping strategies, fears, illness behaviours, mental vitality, a positive health change, sleep quality, and participation. Measurement tools ranged from single-item tools to multi-item standardized questionnaires or subscales. The former generally showed low psychometric properties but excellent usability, whereas the later showed good to excellent psychometric properties and variable usability. The rigorous approach to the selection of eligible studies allowed the identification of a relatively small set of prognostic factors, but with a higher level of certainty. For each factor, the present tool assessment allows an informed choice to balance psychometric and usability criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Villotti
- Department of Education and Pedagogy–Career Counseling, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ann-Christin Kordsmeyer
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Sébastien Roy
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec, Rehabilitation Institute, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Corbière
- Department of Education and Pedagogy–Career Counseling, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alessia Negrini
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christian Larivière
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
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Lewis I, Houdmont J. "I'm pulling through because of you": injured workers' perspective of workplace factors supporting return to work under the Saskatchewan Workers' Compensation Board scheme. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2024; 5:1373888. [PMID: 38560027 PMCID: PMC10978658 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1373888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Research demonstrates sustained return to work (RTW) by individuals on medical leave is influenced by personal and job resources and job demands. Relatively few studies have been conducted in the workers' compensation context that is known to have longer absence durations for RTW. Aims This study sought to illuminate workers' experience as they returned to work following a work injury that was either psychological in nature or involved more than 50 days of disability, with a focus on the co-worker, supervisor, and employer actions that supported their return. Methods Workers in Saskatchewan, Canada, with a work-related psychological or musculoskeletal injury, subsequent disability, and who returned to work in the last three years, were invited to complete an online survey comprising of free-text questions. Thematic analysis was used to explore participants' experiences. Results Responses from 93 individuals were analysed. These revealed that persistent pain, emotional distress, and loss of normal abilities were present during and beyond returning to work. Almost two-thirds indicated that the supervisors' and co-workers' support was critical to a sustained return to work: their needs were recognized and they received autonomy and support to manage work demands. By contrast, one-third indicated that the support they expected and needed from supervisors and employers was lacking. Conclusions Workers returning to work lacked personal resources but co-workers' and supervisors' support helped improve confidence in their ability to RTW. Supervisors and employers should acknowledge workers' experiences and offer support and autonomy. Likewise, workers can expect challenges when returning to work and may benefit from cultivating supportive relationships with co-workers and supervisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Lewis
- Lewis Health Management Consulting Inc., Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jonathan Houdmont
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Van Eerd D, Le Pouésard M, Yanar B, Irvin E, Gignac MAM, Jetha A, Morose T, Tompa E. Return-to-Work Experiences in Ontario Policing: Injured But Not Broken. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024; 34:265-277. [PMID: 37735312 PMCID: PMC10899295 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Police officers and others working in police services are exposed to challenging and traumatic situations that can result in physical and/or psychological injuries requiring time off work. Safely returning to work post-injury is critical, yet little is known about current return-to-work (RTW) practices in police services. This study examines RTW practices and experiences in police services from the perspective of RTW personnel and workers with physical and/or psychological health conditions. METHODS We used a purposive sampling approach to recruit sworn and civilian members from several police services in Ontario, Canada. The recruited members had experienced RTW either as a person in a RTW support role or as a worker with a work-related injury/illness. We conducted and transcribed interviews for analysis and used qualitative research methods to identify themes in the data. RESULTS Five overarching themes emerged. Two pointed to the context and culture of police services and included matters related to RTW processes, injury/illness complexity, the hierarchical nature of police organizations, and a culture of stoicism and stigma. The remaining three themes pointed to the RTW processes of accommodation, communication and trust-building. They included issues related to recovery from injury/illness, meaningful accommodation, timely and clear communication, malingering and trust. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to potential areas for improving RTW practices in police services: greater flexibility, more clarity, stricter confidentiality and reduced stigma. More research is needed on RTW practices for managing psychological injuries to help inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Van Eerd
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada.
| | - M Le Pouésard
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
| | - B Yanar
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - E Irvin
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
| | - M A M Gignac
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - A Jetha
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
| | - T Morose
- Public Services Health and Safety Association, 4950 Yonge St, North York, ON, M2N 6K1, Canada
| | - E Tompa
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1S9, Canada
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Sears JM, Rundell SD, Fulton-Kehoe D, Hogg-Johnson S, Franklin GM. Using the Functional Comorbidity Index with administrative workers' compensation data: Utility, validity, and caveats. Am J Ind Med 2024; 67:99-109. [PMID: 37982343 PMCID: PMC10824282 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic health conditions impact worker outcomes but are challenging to measure using administrative workers' compensation (WC) data. The Functional Comorbidity Index (FCI) was developed to predict functional outcomes in community-based adult populations, but has not been validated for WC settings. We assessed a WC-based FCI (additive index of 18 conditions) for identifying chronic conditions and predicting work outcomes. METHODS WC data were linked to a prospective survey in Ohio (N = 512) and Washington (N = 2,839). Workers were interviewed 6 weeks and 6 months after work-related injury. Observed prevalence and concordance were calculated; survey data provided the reference standard for WC data. Predictive validity and utility for control of confounding were assessed using 6-month work-related outcomes. RESULTS The WC-based FCI had high specificity but low sensitivity and was weakly associated with work-related outcomes. The survey-based FCI suggested more comorbidity in the Ohio sample (Ohio mean = 1.38; Washington mean = 1.14), whereas the WC-based FCI suggested more comorbidity in the Washington sample (Ohio mean = 0.10; Washington mean = 0.33). In the confounding assessment, adding the survey-based FCI to the base model moved the state effect estimates slightly toward null (<1% change). However, substituting the WC-based FCI moved the estimate away from null (8.95% change). CONCLUSIONS The WC-based FCI may be useful for identifying specific subsets of workers with chronic conditions, but less useful for chronic condition prevalence. Using the WC-based FCI cross-state appeared to introduce substantial confounding. We strongly advise caution-including state-specific analyses with a reliable reference standard-before using a WC-based FCI in studies involving multiple states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Sears
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean D. Rundell
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Clinical Learning, Evidence And Research (CLEAR) Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Fulton-Kehoe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheilah Hogg-Johnson
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary M. Franklin
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Tumwater, WA, USA
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Wizner K, Cunningham K, Gaspar FW, Dewa CS, Grunert B. Occupational posttraumatic stress disorder and workplace violence in workers' compensation claims. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1368-1380. [PMID: 35429412 PMCID: PMC9790626 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acts of violence are the fifth leading cause of nonfatal occupational injuries in the United States. Experiencing a traumatic event at work can have serious mental health consequences, including the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of PTSD caused by workplace violence (WPV) in a statewide workers' compensation system and compare the outcomes and treatment of WPV cases versus those caused by other traumatic events. Using a retrospective cohort study design, workers who reported PTSD as the primary reason for a workers' compensation claim and had no coexisting physical injuries were found in California during 2009-2018. A total of 3,772 PTSD cases were identified, 48.9% of which were attributed to WPV. Demographic risk factors associated with WPV PTSD included lower income, younger age, female gender, and employment in retail or finance, p < .001-p = .007. For individuals who returned to work, claims due to WPV resulted in longer medically approved time away from work than non-WPV causes (Mdn = 132.5 days vs. Mdn = 91 days, respectively), p < .001. Three of the top 10 most frequently prescribed medications were administered against evidence-based guidelines. This study found that many treatments prescribed to PTSD patients are based on insufficient evidence, and the provision of existing empirically supported treatments is needed, particularly in generalized populations. The findings support the need for additional recognition of the cause of workplace PTSD to facilitate appropriate referrals to WPV or PTSD specialists to support return-to-work efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Wizner
- MDGuidelinesReedGroup Ltd.WestminsterColoradoUSA
| | - Katherine Cunningham
- Mental Health and Behavioral MedicineVeterans Affairs Texas Valley Coastal Bend Health Care SystemHarlingenTexasUSA
| | | | - Carolyn S. Dewa
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis; SacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brad Grunert
- Departments of Plastic Surgery and Psychiatry and Behavioral MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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Craig KD, MacKenzie NE. What is pain: Are cognitive and social features core components? PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL PAIN 2021; 3:106-118. [PMID: 35547951 PMCID: PMC8975232 DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a universal experience, but it has been challenging to adequately define. The revised definition of pain recently published by the International Association for the Study of Pain addressed important shortcomings of the previous version; however, it remains narrow in its focus on sensory and emotional features of pain, failing to capture the substantial roles of cognitive and social core components of the experience and their importance to advances in pain management. This paper reviews evidence and theoretical models for the significant role social and cognitive factors play in pain experience and we argue that without explicit recognition of these core components in the definition, significant nuances are lost at a cost to understanding and clinical management of pain. A focus on sensory and emotional features perpetuates biomedical interventions and research, whereas recognition of cognitive and social features supports a multidimensional model of pain, advances in interdisciplinary care, and the benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy and self‐management interventions. We also explore the six Key Notes that accompany the new definition of pain, discuss their application to the understanding of pain in childhood, and, in doing so, further explore social and cognitive implications. Considerations are also described for assessment and treatment of pain in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Craig
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nicole E. MacKenzie
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical stressors can elicit the stress response, co-ordinated by interactions between neuroendocrine and inflammatory processes. The central role of the immune system, specifically low-grade systemic inflammation, is sometimes overlooked in work-related stress research. OBJECTIVE To review evidence that work-related psychosocial and physical stressors can stimulate a low-grade systemic inflammation which, through interactions with the neurohormonal systems, may impact on the well-being and productivity of workers. METHODS Literature searches were performed by databases and by hand. Databases used included Interface - EBSCOhost Research Databases; PsycINFO; Academic Search Complete; Africa-Wide Information; CINAHL; E-Journals; MEDLINE and PsycARTICLES. RESULTS Psychosocial stressors, infections, poor indoor air quality, musculoskeletal injuries and chemicals can stimulate a low-grade systemic inflammation that may adversely affect workers' mental and physical health, as well as productivity. The psychological and physical effects caused by infection-induced inflammation are generally referred to as sickness behaviour and those caused by poor indoor air quality as sick building syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Stressor-induced low-grade systemic inflammation can be a causal factor in the physical and behavioural symptoms of work-related stress. It is therefore important that those involved with the health of workers be cognisant of inappropriate or chronic low-grade inflammation as a potential health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha Viljoen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Durand MJ, Coutu MF, Berbiche D. Validation of the Work Disability Diagnosis Interview for Musculoskeletal and Mental Disorders. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2021; 31:232-242. [PMID: 32712758 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-020-09916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The Work Disability Diagnosis Interview (WoDDI) consists of a semi-structured interview designed to help clinicians systematically identify the factors contributing to a work disability. The aim was to validate two versions of the WoDDI (construct validity, internal consistency, interrater reliability) developed for individuals absent from work due to a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or common mental disorder (CMD). Methods A convenience sample of workers absent from work for at least three months due to an MSD or a CMD and enrolled in a rehabilitation program was recruited. To assess interrater reliability for the MSD and CMD versions, six occupational therapists by sub-group scored the WoDDI based on case histories. Results A total of 290 male and female workers (140 MSD, 150 CMD) were recruited. Exploratory factor analysis revealed similar dimensions in both versions, specifically, illness representation, clinical judgment of the complexity of the medical condition, and high level of work demands. It allowed items to be reduced by approximately 20 and 40% respectively for the CMD and MSD versions. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) varied from 0.40 to 0.75 and 0.75 to 0.80 for the CMD and MSD versions respectively, while interrater reliability (Cohen's kappa coefficients) varied from 0.51 to 0.57 and 0.27 to 0.44 for the two versions respectively. Conclusion Despite some limitations, the WoDDI's factors correspond to those in the current scientific literature. The varying results for internal consistency suggest limitations mainly for the CMD version. Interrater reliability was found overall to be fair. The next step will be to revise and retest this version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Durand
- Centre d'action en prévention et réadaptation de l'incapacité au travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
| | - Marie-France Coutu
- Centre d'action en prévention et réadaptation de l'incapacité au travail (CAPRIT), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Djamal Berbiche
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Suite 200, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
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Eftedal M, Tveito TH, Gensby U, Islam MK, Lie SA, Aasland G, Kostveit S, Jensen C. Comparing two interdisciplinary occupational rehabilitation programs for employees on sick leave: a mixed-method design study protocol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:158. [PMID: 33563250 PMCID: PMC7871619 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-03994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and common mental disorders (CMDs) are the most frequent reasons for long-term sick leave and work disability. Occupational rehabilitation programs are used to help employees return to work (RTW). However, knowledge regarding the effect of these programs is scarce, and even less is known about which programs are best suited for which patients. This study aims to compare the RTW results of two interdisciplinary occupational rehabilitation programs in Norway, as well as to examine the delivery and reception of the two programs and explore the active mechanisms of the participants' RTW processes. METHODS/DESIGN We will use a mixed-method convergent design to study the main outcome. Approximately 600 participants will be included in the study. Eligible study participants will be aged 18-60 years old and have been on sick leave due to MSDs, CMDs, or both for at least 6 weeks. Interdisciplinary teams at both participating clinics will deliver complex occupational rehabilitation programs. The inpatient rehabilitation program has a duration of 4 weeks and is full time. The outpatient program has a duration of 3 months and involves weekly sessions. The primary outcome is RTW. Secondary outcomes are differences in the incremental cost for an averted sick leave day, cost utility/benefit, and differences between the programs regarding improvements in known modifiable obstacles to RTW. Subgroup analyses are planned. The researchers will be blinded to the intervention groups when analyzing the quantitative RTW data. DISCUSSION This study aims to provide new insights regarding occupational rehabilitation interventions, treatment targets, and outcomes for different subgroups of sick-listed employees and to inform discussions on the active working mechanisms of occupational rehabilitation and the influence of context in the return-to-work process. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current controlled trials ISRCTN12033424 , 15.10.2014, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Eftedal
- National Advisory Unit on Occupational Rehabilitation, Haddlandsvegen 20, 3864 Rauland, Norway
| | - Torill H. Tveito
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Ulrik Gensby
- National Advisory Unit on Occupational Rehabilitation, Haddlandsvegen 20, 3864 Rauland, Norway
- Team Working Life Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Adjunct Scientist, Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Kamrul Islam
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stein Atle Lie
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro Aasland
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Chris Jensen
- National Advisory Unit on Occupational Rehabilitation, Haddlandsvegen 20, 3864 Rauland, Norway
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Boulanger B, Surquin M, Fantoni-Quinton S, Leroyer A. [Factors related to the one-month retention of 8507 employees declared medically unfit in Hauts-de-France companies between 2014 and 2018]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2020; 68:357-365. [PMID: 33139127 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the low rate of retention in a company after an employee has been found unfit for the job, our aim was to determine the factors related to employees being kept by their company one month after being declared unfit for the job due to either a musculoskeletal disease (MSD) or a mental health disorder (MHD). METHODS This study was based on all employees declared unfit for the job by the occupational physicians in the "Unfitness" survey in the French "Hauts-de-France" region between 2014 and 2018. For each of the two groups of workers, factors related to the employees being kept by their company one month after being declared unfit for the job were studied by logistic regression. RESULTS Only 6.9% of the 5352 workers declared unfit for the job due to MSD were kept in their company whereas 3.6% of the 3155 workers declared unfit for the job due to MHD were kept in theirs. For the two groups of workers, the proportion of employees kept by their company decreased with female gender (OR=0.63 95%CI [0.47-0.84] for MSD and OR=0.50 [0.32-0.78] for MHD for female vs. male), long sick-leave (OR=0.26 [0.18-0.40] for MSD and OR=0.22 [0.11-0.45] for MHD for sick-leave>6 months vs. no sick leave), small size of the company (<50 employees) and working in the construction field or services sector (vs. industry or administration). Concerning the employees declared unfit due to MSD alone, the proportion of employees kept by their company decreased for seniors (>50 years old) and for those with low seniority (<5 years). CONCLUSION "Retention in a company" as a tool for "maintenance of employment" is a little-discussed subject, lending further credence to the current recommendations for reduction of inequalities in working conditions and vocational training of employees according to age and socio-occupational category, and also for reduction of inequalities in occupational pathways according to gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Boulanger
- Service de santé publique, d'épidémiologie, d'économie de santé et prévention/Public health, epidemiology, health promotion and disease prevention unit, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Surquin
- Institut de santé au travail du Nord de la France/Occupational health institute of the northern French region, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S Fantoni-Quinton
- Centre de consultations de pathologies professionnelles et environnement/Advisory center for occupational and environment-related pathologies, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Leroyer
- Service de santé publique, d'épidémiologie, d'économie de santé et prévention/Public health, epidemiology, health promotion and disease prevention unit, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE -Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, 59000 Lille, France.
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11
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March AN, Villar R, Ubalde-Lopez M, G. Benavides F, Serra L. Do birthrates contribute to sickness absence differences in women? A cohort study in Catalonia, Spain, 2012-2014. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237794. [PMID: 32845930 PMCID: PMC7449461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study explores the differences in sickness absence trends in women according to reproductive age group and medical diagnoses. METHODS Data were obtained from two administrative registries: the Continuous Working Life Sample and the Catalonian Institute of Medical Evaluations from 2012 to 2014, containing 47,879 female employees. Incidence rates and incidence risk ratios derived from Poisson and negative binomial models were calculated to compare sickness absence trends among reproductive age groups based on Catalonian birthrates: early-reproductive (25-34 years old), middle-reproductive (35-44) and late-reproductive (45-54), according to diagnostic groups, selected diseases, type of contract, occupational category, and country of origin. RESULTS Younger women show a higher incidence of overall sickness absence compared to late-reproductive-aged women. Incidence risk ratios of sickness absence decreased significantly from early-reproductive to late-reproductive age for low back pain, hemorrhage in early pregnancy, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal and pelvic pain. DISCUSSION The higher incidence of sickness absence due to pregnancy-related health conditions in early-reproductive women compared to other reproductive age groups, may explain the sickness absence differences by age in women. Proper management of sickness absence related to pregnancy should be a goal to reduce the sickness absence gap between younger and older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. March
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Villar
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- IMIM Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando G. Benavides
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- IMIM Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Serra
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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12
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Smith P, LaMontagne AD, Lilley R, Hogg-Johnson S, Sim M. Are there differences in the return to work process for work-related psychological and musculoskeletal injuries? A longitudinal path analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:1041-1051. [PMID: 32047973 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in the return to work (RTW) process for workers' compensation claimants with psychological injuries compared to those with musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. METHODS We collected data from 869 workers' compensation claimants in Victoria, Australia, at three time points over a 12-month period (21% with psychological injury claims). RTW was assessed through self-report. Potential mediators were identified at the personal, health-care provider, workplace and system levels. The relationships between injury type, mediating factors and RTW were assessed using path analysis, with adjustment for confounders through inverse probability weighting. RESULTS We observed better RTW outcomes for claimants with MSK injuries (compared to those with psychological injuries) at T1 and T2, but not at T3. We also observed differences between psychological injuries and MSK injuries and all but two of the mediating factors examined. These differences, in particular related to supervisor response to injury, consultative RTW planning and offers of accommodation, as well as differences in mental health symptoms, explained approximately two-thirds of differences in RTW between injury types at T1. Differences in RTW at T2 were explained by mediating factors, and differences in RTW at T1. CONCLUSION Claimants with work-related psychological injuries experience a variety of challenges in RTW compared to those with MSK injuries. While treating and preventing further exacerbation of psychological symptoms should remain an important part of the rehabilitation process, other modifiable factors, in particular supervisor response to injury and consultative RTW planning and modified duties, should be prioritised to reduce inequalities in RTW across injury types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- Institute for Work and Health, 481 University Ave, Suite 800, Toronto, ON, M5G 2E9, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Rebbecca Lilley
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sheilah Hogg-Johnson
- Institute for Work and Health, 481 University Ave, Suite 800, Toronto, ON, M5G 2E9, Canada.,Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm Sim
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Serranheira F, Sousa-Uva M, Heranz F, Kovacs F, Sousa-Uva A. Low Back Pain (LBP), work and absenteeism. Work 2020; 65:463-469. [PMID: 32007966 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational physical demands are commonly assumed the cause of work-related Low Back Pain (LBP) and absenteeism. OBJECTIVES To analyse relationships between LBP at work, physical demands and absenteeism. METHODS Workers filled out a questionnaire on socio-demographic and work-related factors, general health, LBP (number of episodes in a 12-month period, pain severity and intensity), and occupational hazards related with physical demands. RESULTS 735 workers completed the questionnaire (male n = 359). A high proportion of workers n = 507 (69%), from different occupational backgrounds, reported at least one LBP episode in the previous 12-month period. The highest ratio of subjects with more than 6 episodes of LBP per year was found among public services employees (31.8%) and the lowest ratio among administrative workers (10.3%). The highest ratio of workers (39%) were classified as sedentary workers, 34% of workers having a low or moderate level of physical demands in their work, and 27% reported high levels of physical demands in their work. There was a 4 % absenteeism rate in a 12-month period, which was significantly higher in the group with physically demanding work. Those subjects with higher physical requirements at work have increased odds of having more than 3 episodes of LBP during the previous year (p < 0.05) in comparison with subjects with more sedentary jobs and those with low or moderate physical demands. High intensity work, compared to sedentary work, is associated with an increased probability of being absent of work because of LBP in a previous 12-month period (OR = 3.12; CI 1.23-7.89; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest there is an association between highly physically demanding jobs, LBP and absenteeism. These results may contribute to the improvement of LBP assessment and prevention programs in Occupational Health Services.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Serranheira
- CISP - Public Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Sousa-Uva
- CISP - Public Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Heranz
- Clinical Investigator, Occupational Doctor, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Kovacs
- Unidad de la Espalda Kovacs. Hospital Universitario HLA-Moncloa, y Red Española de Investigadores en Dolencias de la Espalda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sousa-Uva
- CISP - Public Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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White C, Green RA, Ferguson S, Anderson SL, Howe C, Sun J, Buys N. The Influence of Social Support and Social Integration Factors on Return to Work Outcomes for Individuals with Work-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2019; 29:636-659. [PMID: 30671774 PMCID: PMC6675768 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-018-09826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In occupational rehabilitation, the biopsychosocial model endorses the role of social factors in worker recovery. We conducted a systematic review to explore three questions examining the role of social support for the return-to-work (RTW) of individuals with work-related injury: (1) What are the worker-identified social barriers and facilitators in RTW; (2) What is the relationship between social factors and RTW; and (3) What is the effectiveness of social interventions for RTW. Methods Systematic searches of six databases were conducted for each research question. These identified 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria for Research Question 1, and 12 studies for Research Question 2. No studies were identified that met inclusion criteria for Research Question 3. A narrative synthesis approach was used to analyse the included studies. Results Research Question 1 identified five themes in social barriers and facilitators to RTW, including contact/communication, person-centred approaches, mutual trust, reaction to injury, and social relationships. Research Question 2 identified moderate support for reaction to injury and social integration/functioning as predictors of RTW and weak evidence for co-worker support. Four studies reported significant associations between social factors and RTW, six reported mixed findings with at least one significant social predictor, and two found no significant relationships. However, conclusions were limited by the inconsistency in measurement of social factors. Conclusions Our findings indicate that social support and integration may influence RTW following work-related injury, and highlights the need for further systematic examination of social factors in the field of occupational rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi White
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Sun
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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15
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Palmlöf L, Skillgate E, Talbäck M, Josephson M, Vingård E, Holm LW. Poor work ability increases sickness absence over 10 years. Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 69:359-365. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the predictive value of single items from the work ability index (WAI) on the risk of sickness absence over several years, and whether such risk varies across age groups.AimsThe aim of the study was to investigate whether poor self-perceived physical and mental work ability among employees in the public sector are associated with long-term sickness absence over a 10-year period.MethodsThe study was based on a prospective cohort of employees within the public sector in Sweden reporting ‘good health for working’. Baseline information was collected with questionnaires from 2000 to 2003. Poor physical and mental work ability in relation to work demands were assessed with two items from the WAI. The outcome was the number of years of long-term sickness absence between 2003 and 2012. Long-term sickness absence was defined as ≥28 days of sickness and this information was retrieved from Swedish National Registers. Crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated with analyses stratified by age.ResultsCompared with those reporting very good physical work ability, employees reporting any lower grade of physical work ability had a higher risk of long-term sickness absence across all age strata, with higher risk estimates in the highest age groups and 6-fold increased risk in the oldest age group. Similar results were found for mental work ability with an almost 4-fold increased risk in the highest age group.ConclusionsSelf-reported physical and mental poor work ability are associated with long-term sickness absence during the subsequent 10 years. The risk increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Palmlöf
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Skillgate
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Naprapathögskolan – Scandinavian College of Naprapathic Manual Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Talbäck
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Josephson
- Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Vingård
- Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L W Holm
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Sommovigo V, Setti I, Argentero P, O'Shea D. The impact of customer incivility and verbal aggression on service providers: A systematic review. Work 2019; 62:59-86. [PMID: 30689593 DOI: 10.3233/wor-182842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working in direct contact with the public may involve psycho-social hazards for employees who are frequently exposed to rude or verbally aggressive customers. Negative encounters may undermine employees' well-being and job performance, impairing the quality of the service provided with tangible costs for organizations. OBJECTIVE The paper provides a systematic review of research on customer incivility and verbal aggression in service settings using the following framework 1) antecedents of customer misbehavior as reflected in worker perceptions, customer reasons and environmental factors; 2) maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies used by service providers in response to customer incivility and verbal aggression; 3) effects of customer incivility and verbal aggression on service providers' well-being and work-related outcomes; and 4) practical implications for the management. We present a model of the relationships between these four areas. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PsychINFO and Scopus. RESULTS Fifty-three papers (20 pertaining to customer incivility and 33 pertaining to customer verbal aggression) were included. CONCLUSION Both customer incivility and verbal aggression may impair employees' well-being and job outcomes. Current gaps, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sommovigo
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Unit of Applied Psychology, Pavia, Italy.,Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ilaria Setti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Unit of Applied Psychology, Pavia, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Argentero
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Unit of Applied Psychology, Pavia, Italy
| | - Deirdre O'Shea
- Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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17
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Lidwall U, Bill S, Palmer E, Olsson Bohlin C. Mental disorder sick leave in Sweden: A population study. Work 2018; 59:259-272. [PMID: 29355123 DOI: 10.3233/wor-172672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inability to perform productive work due to mental disorders is a growing concern in advanced societies. OBJECTIVE To investigate medically certified mental disorder and all-cause sick leave in a working population using demographic, socioeconomic and occupational predictors. METHODS The study population was the entire Swedish work force aged 16-64 years in December 31st 2011. The outcome was sick leave exceeding 14 days in 2012 with adjustment for 13 confounders. RESULTS The risk of sick leave with a mental disorder is higher among women compared to men, among persons aged 30-39 and among parents in families with underage children. Employees in welfare service occupations within health care, education and social services have an elevated risk of mental disorder sick leave and constitute a large proportion of the workforce. CONCLUSION The results support the need for improving early detection and prevention of mental disorders in the workforce. Improvements in psychosocial work environments are essential, where the higher risk in female dominated welfare occupations particularly, have repercussions on the quality of the welfare services provided for vulnerable groups in society. Better work-life balance in families with younger children could also mitigate the effects of a high total workload in that particular phase of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Lidwall
- Department for Analysis and Forecast, Swedish Social Insurance Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Bill
- Department for Analysis and Forecast, Swedish Social Insurance Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward Palmer
- Department for Analysis and Forecast, Swedish Social Insurance Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Economics and Uppsala Center for Labor Studies, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Bartys S, Frederiksen P, Bendix T, Burton K. System influences on work disability due to low back pain: An international evidence synthesis. Health Policy 2017; 121:903-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Bulduk S, Bulduk EÖ, Güler A. Job satisfaction among aircraft baggage handlers and their exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A case study. Work 2017; 56:301-308. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-172494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sıdıka Bulduk
- Faculty of Vocational Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Alpaslan Güler
- Faculty of Vocational Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Schultz IZ, Law AK, Cruikshank LC. Prediction of occupational disability from psychological and neuropsychological evidence in forensic context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 49:183-196. [PMID: 27810113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and neuropsychology, medical examiners are often tasked with providing an opinion about an injured individual's health prognosis and likelihood of returning to work. Traditionally, examiners have conducted such assessments by employing clinical intuition, expert knowledge, and judgment. More recently, however, an accumulation of research on factors predictive of disability has allowed examiners to provide prognostications using specific empirically supported evidence. This paper integrates current evidence for four common clinical issues encountered in forensic assessments-musculoskeletal pain, depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and traumatic brain injury. It discusses an evidence-informed, cross-diagnostic and multifactorial model of predicting disability that is emerging from the literature synthesis, along with recommendations for best forensic assessment practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Z Schultz
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Ada K Law
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Leanna C Cruikshank
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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21
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Wagner SL, White MI, Schultz IZ, Williams-Whitt K, Koehn C, Dionne CE, Koehoorn M, Harder HG, Pasca R, Wärje O, Hsu V, McGuire L, Lama I, Schulz W, Kube D, Wright MD. Social Support and Supervisory Quality Interventions in the Workplace: A Stakeholder-Centered Best-Evidence Synthesis of Systematic Reviews on Work Outcomes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2016; 6:189-204. [PMID: 26498048 PMCID: PMC6977048 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2015.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is controversy surrounding the impact of workplace interventions aimed at improving social support and supervisory quality on absenteeism, productivity and financial outcomes. Objective: To determine the value of social support interventions for work outcomes. Methods: Databases were searched for systematic reviews between 2000 and 2012 to complete a synthesis of systematic reviews guided by the PRISMA statement and the IOM guidelines for systematic reviews. Assessment of articles for inclusion and methodological quality was conducted independently by at least two researchers, with differences resolved by consensus. Results: The search resulted in 3363 titles of which 3248 were excluded following title/ abstract review, leaving 115 articles that were retrieved and underwent full article review. 10 articles met the set inclusion criteria, with 7 focusing on social support, 2 on supervisory quality and 1 on both. We found moderate and limited evidence, respectively, that social support and supervisory quality interventions positively impact workplace outcomes. Conclusion: There is moderate evidence that social support and limited evidence that supervisory quality interventions have a positive effect on work outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wagner
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada.
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