Development of a sitting posture monitoring system for children using pressure sensors: An application of convolutional neural network

Human Posture Estimation: A Systematic Review on Force-Based Methods-Analyzing the Differences in Required Expertise and Result Benefits for Their Utilization

Force-based human posture estimation (FPE) provides a valuable alternative when camera-based human motion capturing is impractical. It offers new opportunities for sensor integration in smart products for patient monitoring, ergonomic optimization and sports science. Due to the interdisciplinary research on the topic, an overview of existing methods and the required expertise for their utilization is lacking. This paper presents a systematic review by the PRISMA 2020 review process. In total, 82 studies are selected (59 machine learning (ML)-based and 23 digital human model (DHM)-based posture estimation methods). The ML-based methods use input data from hardware sensors-mostly pressure mapping sensors-and trained ML models for estimating human posture. The ML-based human posture estimation algorithms mostly reach an accuracy above 90%. DHMs, which represent the structure and kinematics of the human body, adjust posture to minimize physical stress. The required expert knowledge for the utilization of these methods and their resulting benefits are analyzed and discussed. DHM-based methods have shown their general applicability without the need for application-specific training but require expertise in human physiology. ML-based methods can be used with less domain-specific expertise, but an application-specific training of these models is necessary.

Evaluation of Posturometric Parameters in Children and Youth Who Practice Karate: Prospective Cross-Sectional Study

Reduced physical activity or inappropriate training can cause the development of postural abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between intensive, controlled physical activity, such as karate, and postural parameters. The study group consisted of 57 young karate competitors aged 9–12 years. The control group included 76 healthy, active children in similar age. The children's posture, activity level, and time in front of electronic devices were evaluated. The following body posture assessments were carried out: Adams' test, evaluation of the plumb line, evaluation of the kyphosis, and lordosis angles using a digital inclinometer and shoulder blade position measurements using a pediscoliometer. In the majority of cases, despite evidence of an increase or decrease in the values of the plumb line and scapulae level, the results were still within the normal ranges. In 71.93% of the examined karate-training children, a decrease in torso rotation was noted. The study revealed a visible difference in postural muscle strength by the Mathiass screening test (P < 0.00001). The children in the control group spent more time in front electronic devices than the karate-training children did (P < 0.007). Postural defects regression was more often observed in the study group than in the controls (P < 10⁻⁸). The frequency of postural defects stabilization was also significantly higher in the study group than in the control children (P = 0.001). Conversely, postural defects progression was significantly more frequent in the control group than in young karate competitors (P < 10⁻⁸). These differences remained significant in subgroups of girls and boys. Physical activity performed regularly and under the direction of a professional trainer can prevent postural disorders.