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Dittrich R, Kliesch S, Schüring A, Balcerek M, Baston-Büst DM, Beck R, Beckmann MW, Behringer K, Borgmann-Staudt A, Cremer W, Denzer C, Diemer T, Dorn A, Fehm T, Gaase R, Germeyer A, Geue K, Ghadjar P, Goeckenjan M, Götte M, Guth D, Hauffa BP, Hehr U, Hetzer F, Hirchenhain J, Hoffmann W, Hornemann B, Jantke A, Kentenich H, Kiesel L, Köhn FM, Korell M, Lax S, Liebenthron J, Lux M, Meißner J, Micke O, Nassar N, Nawroth F, Nordhoff V, Ochsendorf F, Oppelt PG, Pelz J, Rau B, Reisch N, Riesenbeck D, Schlatt S, Sender A, Schwab R, Siedentopf F, Thorn P, Wagner S, Wildt L, Wimberger P, Wischmann T, von Wolff M, Lotz L. Fertility Preservation for Patients with Malignant Disease. Guideline of the DGGG, DGU and DGRM (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/082, November 2017) - Recommendations and Statements for Girls and Women. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:567-584. [PMID: 29962516 PMCID: PMC6018069 DOI: 10.1055/a-0611-5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim
The aim of this official guideline published by the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) and coordinated with the German Society of Urology (DGU) and the German Society of Reproductive Medicine (DGRM) is to provide consensus-based recommendations, obtained by evaluating the relevant literature, on counseling and fertility preservation for prepubertal girls and boys as well as patients of reproductive age. Statements and recommendations for girls and women are presented below. Statements or recommendations for boys and men are not the focus of this guideline.
Methods
This S2k guideline was developed at the suggestion of the guideline commission of the DGGG, DGU and DGRM and represents the structured consensus of representative members from various professional associations (n = 40).
Recommendations
The guideline provides recommendations on counseling and fertility preservation for women and girls which take account of the patientʼs personal circumstances, the planned oncologic therapy and the individual risk profile as well as the preferred approach for selected tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dittrich
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Universitätsklinik Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena Balcerek
- Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Onkologie und Hämatologie, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Borgmann-Staudt
- Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Onkologie und Hämatologie, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Denzer
- Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Diemer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Kinderurologie und Andrologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Almut Dorn
- Praxis für Gynäkologische Psychosomatik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gaase
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Frauenheilkunde, Worms, Germany
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Geue
- Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pirus Ghadjar
- Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Martin Götte
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Guth
- Praxis für Frauenheilkunde Plauen, Plauen, Germany
| | | | - Ute Hehr
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franc Hetzer
- Chirurgisches Departement, Spital Linth, Uznach, Switzerland
| | - Jens Hirchenhain
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Korell
- Frauenklinik, Johanna Etienne Klinikum Neuss, Neuss, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lax
- Institut für Pathologie, LKH Graz Süd-West, Graz, Austria
| | - Jana Liebenthron
- Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Lux
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Meißner
- Hämatologie, Onkologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Micke
- Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Franziskus Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Frank Nawroth
- Facharzt-Zentrum für Kinderwunsch, Pränatale Medizin, Endokrinologie und Osteologie, amedes MVZ Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena Nordhoff
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Universitätsklinik Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Falk Ochsendorf
- Andrologie, Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patricia G Oppelt
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Pelz
- Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Rau
- Onkologische Chirurgie, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum München, München, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Universitätsklinik Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Sender
- Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roxana Schwab
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike Siedentopf
- Brustzentrum, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Paul Gerhardt Diakonie, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany
| | - Petra Thorn
- Praxis für psychosoziale Kinderwunschberatung, Paar- und Familientherapie, Mörfelden-Walldorf, Germany
| | | | - Ludwig Wildt
- Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Tewes Wischmann
- Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin, Universitäts-Spital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Lotz
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Balduzzi A, Dalle JH, Jahnukainen K, von Wolff M, Lucchini G, Ifversen M, Macklon KT, Poirot C, Diesch T, Jarisch A, Bresters D, Yaniv I, Gibson B, Willasch AM, Fadini R, Ferrari L, Lawitschka A, Ahler A, Sänger N, Corbacioglu S, Ansari M, Moffat R, Dalissier A, Beohou E, Sedlacek P, Lankester A, De Heredia Rubio CD, Vettenranta K, Wachowiak J, Yesilipek A, Trigoso E, Klingebiel T, Peters C, Bader P. Fertility preservation issues in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: practical approaches from the consensus of the Pediatric Diseases Working Party of the EBMT and the International BFM Study Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:1406-1415. [PMID: 28737775 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fertility preservation is an urgent challenge in the transplant setting. A panel of transplanters and fertility specialists within the Pediatric Diseases Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the International BFM Study Group provides specific guidelines. Patients and families should be informed of possible gender- and age-specific cryopreservation strategies that should be tailored according to the underlying disease, clinical condition and previous exposure to chemotherapy. Semen collection should be routinely offered to all postpubertal boys at the diagnosis of any disease requiring therapy that could potentially impair fertility. Testicular tissue collection might be offered to postpubertal boys; nevertheless, its use has been unsuccessful to date. Oocyte collection after hormonal hyperstimulation should be offered to postpubertal girls facing gonadotoxic therapies that could be delayed for the 2 weeks required for the procedure. Ovarian tissue collection could be offered to pre-/post-pubertal girls. Pregnancies have been reported after postpubertal ovarian tissue reimplantation; however, to date, no pregnancy has been reported after the reimplantation of prepubertal ovarian tissue or in vitro maturation of pre-/post-pubertal ovarian tissue. Possible future advances in reproductive medicine could change this scenario. Health authorities should prioritize fertility preservation projects in pediatric transplantation to improve patient care and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balduzzi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - J-H Dalle
- Hemato-Immunology Department, Robert-Debre Hospital, APHP and Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - K Jahnukainen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M von Wolff
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Lucchini
- Bone Marrow Transplant Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Ifversen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K T Macklon
- The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Poirot
- Adolescent and Young Adult Hematology Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - T Diesch
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Jarisch
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Bresters
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Yaniv
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - B Gibson
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Royal Hospital for Children, Scotland, UK
| | - A M Willasch
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Fadini
- Centro di Medicina della Riproduzione Biogenesi, Istituti Clinici Zucchi, Monza, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ospedale San Gerardo di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - A Lawitschka
- St Anna Children's Hospital, UKKJ, MUW, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Ahler
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Sänger
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, JW Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Corbacioglu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Université de Médecine de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Moffat
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Dalissier
- EBMT Paris Office, Hospital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - E Beohou
- EBMT Paris Office, Hospital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - P Sedlacek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Lankester
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C D De Heredia Rubio
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Vettenranta
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Wachowiak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Yesilipek
- Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Trigoso
- Paediatric Oncology Unit, Paediatric Transplant Unit, Polytechnic and University Hospital 'LA FE', Valencia, Spain
| | - T Klingebiel
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Peters
- St Anna Children's Hospital, UKKJ, MUW, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abe A, Kuwahara A, Iwasa T, Nishimura M, Irahara M. A survey on fertility management in young women of reproductive age treated with chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:1183-1190. [PMID: 27402102 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-related infertility is an important issue for cancer survivors of reproductive age. We aimed to determine the understanding and management of fertility issues in cancer survivors by health care providers. METHODS We studied 112 patients aged 15-40 years who underwent chemotherapy in Tokushima University Hospital. The gynecologists and oncologists who treated these patients were surveyed regarding their concerns about infertility issues in young cancer survivors. RESULTS Of the 112 women studied, 57 had iatrogenic amenorrhea. Five were referred to reproductive specialists before or during treatment. Three patients with breast cancer were referred after treatment; they could not undergo fertility treatment due to ovarian failure after chemotherapy. Forty-five medical doctors answered the survey: 21 gynecologists (including 9 fertility specialists), 13 oncologists, and 11 surgeons. Of the oncologists and surgeons, 37.5 % (9/24) referred their patients to fertility experts. They listed certain issues regarding the patients: (1) anxiety that the intervention will alter the prognosis by delaying cancer treatment, and (2) a lack of communication between the oncologist and the fertility specialist. Almost all physicians agreed that fertility counseling was needed before chemotherapy. CONCLUSION This report showed the importance of oncofertility counseling and cooperation between oncologists and fertility specialists. Fertility in cancer survivors depends on type of cancer treatment applied, chemotherapy regimen, and age at treatment. Our institute is now equipped for oncofertility counseling and refers patients for fertility preservation prior to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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von Wolff M, Germeyer A, Nawroth F. Fertility preservation for non-medical reasons: controversial, but increasingly common. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 112:27-32. [PMID: 25657073 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fertility-preserving measures for women are increasingly being performed for non-medical reasons in Germany. This is now a controversial matter. METHODS The authors searched the PubMed database for pertinent publications on the basis of their clinical and scientific experience and evaluated relevant data from the registry of the German FertiPROTEKT network (www.fertiprotekt. com). The various fertility-preserving measures that are available are described and critically discussed. RESULTS In most cases, the creation of a fertility reserve currently involves the cryopreservation of unfertilized oocytes, rather than of ovarian tissue. Most of the women who decide to undergo this procedure are over 35 years old. According to data from the FertiPROTEKT registry, most such procedures carried out in the years 2012 and 2013 involved a single stimulation cycle. The theoretical probability of childbirth per stimulation is 40% in women under age 35 and 30% in women aged 35 to 39. If the oocytes are kept for use at a later date, rather than at once, the maternal risk is higher, because the mother is older during pregnancy. The risk to the child may be higher as well because of the need for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Pregnancy over age 40 often leads to complications such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. IVF may be associated with a higher risk of epigenetic abnormalities. Ethicists have upheld women's reproductive freedom while pointing out that so-called social freezing merely postpones social problems, rather than solving them. CONCLUSION Fertility preservation for non-medical reasons should be critically discussed, and decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael von Wolff
- Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders at Heidelberg University Women's Hospital, Center for Fertility, Prenatal Medicine, Endocrinology and Osteology, amedes Hamburg, FertiPROTEKT network
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The role of menstrual cycle phase and AMH levels in breast cancer patients whose ovarian tissue was cryopreserved for oncofertility treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 32:305-12. [PMID: 25464895 PMCID: PMC4354192 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the factors that affect oocyte extraction efficiency when using the “combined procedure”. In the present “combined procedure” ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte extraction from an isolated ovary, later used in In Vitro Maturation (IVM), are performed concurrently. Methods Data were analyzed retrospectively and obtained from the clinical records of 27 young breast cancer patients referred for fertility preservation. Results The patients’ mean age was 33.7 (±3.8) years, mean serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration was 3.5 (±2.1) ng/ml, and mean number of extracted oocytes was 8.3 (±6.1). The phase of menstruation (follicular or luteal) did not affect either the number of oocytes extracted (P = 0.99) nor oocyte survival or maturation rates. Likewise, the number of oocytes that could be extracted was not affected by the type of laparoscopic procedure (multiple-port or single-incision laparoscopy; P = 0.94) or the molecular subtype of breast cancer (either Luminal A or B; P = 0.52). Analysis revealed that the number of extracted oocytes was well-correlated with the patient’s AMH serum level and age (coefficient of correlation: 0.60 and −0.48, respectively). Conclusion We conclude that the outcome of the “combined procedure” primarily depends upon the patient’s serum AMH level and age. Importantly, the “combined procedure” may be used during any phase of the menstrual cycle to preserve the fertility of breast cancer patients.
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Rancea M, Engert A, von Tresckow B, Halbsguth T, Behringer K, Skoetz N. Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 110:177-83, 183e1-3. [PMID: 23555321 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With an incidence of 2 to 3 cases per 100 000 persons per year, Hodkgin's lymphoma (HL) is rare, but nonetheless one of the most common cancers in young adults. Improved treatment has made HL curable even in advanced stages, but controversy still surrounds a number of issues in patient care. Current research focuses on the avoidance of long-term adverse effects and secondary malignancies. METHODS We selectively searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and the Guideline International Network for publications about HL. Two experts independently screened the retrieved publications for pertinence and extracted data from potentially relevant meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and cohort studies into evidence tables. RESULTS 32 key questions were answered with 160 recommendations on the basis of evidence from 43 RCTs, 21 meta-analyses, and 119 cohort studies. Patients in an early stage of HL should be treated with two cycles of ABVD followed by involved-field radiotherapy (IF-RT) at a dose of 20 Gy (5-year overall survival [OS]: 94%). Patients in an intermediate (early unfavorable) stage should be treated with two cycles of BEACOPP escalated followed by two cycles of ABVD and 30 Gy IF-RT (5-year OS: 97.2%). Patients in an advanced stage should be treated with six cycles of BEACOPP escalated, and the decision whether this should be followed by consolidating radiotherapy (30 Gy) should be based on the findings of positron-emission tomography (radiate in case of PET-positive residual tumor; 5-year OS: 95.3%). Depending on the treatment regimen, there may be adverse effects including infection, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, secondary neoplasia, and fertility disorders. CONCLUSION Most questions in the treatment of HL can now be answered on the basis of sufficient evidence from the literature. This holds in particular for the potential benefit to be gained from PET, follow-up care, and lifestyle recommendations for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rancea
- Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine: Haematology, Immunology, Infectiology, Intensive Care and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne
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