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Kühn LM, Beiteke U, Nashan D. [Useful knowledge regarding tattoos]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023:10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9. [PMID: 37314452 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of people with tattoos has continued to increase in recent years. In the USA about 23% and in Europe 9-12% of the population have tattoos. In the German media (2019) and by the infoportal Statista (2017), it is assumed that 21-25% of citizens have tattoos and that the trend is increasing (Statista 2018: 36%). Men and women wear tattoos equally. The age group 20-29 years dominates with almost 50% having tattoos. The following article describes the new regulations especially the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, legal basis, and governmental controls on the subject of "tattoos". The composition of tattooing agents and testing options relevant for the user before and for the performance of tattooing are presented. Dermatologically associated diseases and testing procedures are listed. Since 70% of the population denies knowledge of this information even when they have tattoos themselves, this update is written as an overview for treating physicians and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kühn
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland.
| | - U Beiteke
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - D Nashan
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
- Hautarztpraxis, Müllheim, Deutschland
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Colboc H, Bazin D, Reguer S, Lucas IT, Moguelet P, Amode R, Jouanneau C, Soria A, Chasset F, Amsler E, Pecquet C, Aractingi S, Bellot-Gurlet L, Deschamps L, Descamps V, Kluger N. Chemical characterization of inks in skin reactions to tattoo. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1436-1445. [PMID: 36345752 PMCID: PMC9641572 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin reactions are well described complications of tattooing, usually provoked by red inks. Chemical characterizations of these inks are usually based on limited subjects and techniques. This study aimed to determine the organic and inorganic composition of inks using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and Raman spectroscopy, in a cohort of patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo. A retrospective multicenter study was performed, including 15 patients diagnosed with skin reactions to tattoos. Almost half of these patients developed skin reactions on black inks. XRF identified known allergenic metals - titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel and copper - in almost all cases. XANES spectroscopy distinguished zinc and iron present in ink from these elements in endogenous biomolecules. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of both reported (azo pigments, quinacridone) and unreported (carbon black, phtalocyanine) putative organic sensitizer compounds, and also defined the phase in which Ti was engaged. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the largest cohort of skin hypersensitivity reactions analyzed by multiple complementary techniques. With almost half the patients presenting skin reaction on black tattoo, the study suggests that black modern inks should also be considered to provoke skin reactions, probably because of the common association of carbon black with potential allergenic metals within these inks. Analysis of more skin reactions to tattoos is needed to identify the relevant chemical compounds and help render tattoo ink composition safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Colboc
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service de Gériatrie-Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Solenn Reguer
- DiffAbs Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Ivan T. Lucas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Lise UMR 8235, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris, France
| | | | - Chantal Jouanneau
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Angèle Soria
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Amsler
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Pecquet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Lydia Deschamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ernst M, Borkenhagen A, Fegert JM, Brähler E, Plener PL. The association of childhood abuse and neglect with tattoos and piercings in the population: evidence from a representative community survey. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:105. [PMID: 35449026 PMCID: PMC9026588 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoos and piercings are becoming increasingly popular in many countries around the world. Individuals seeking such body modifications have reported diverse psychological motives. Besides purely superficial considerations, tattoos and piercings can also have a deep, personal meaning. For example, they can mark and support the emotional processing of significant life events, including formative experiences from early childhood. However, there is a lack of studies that examine the links of tattoos and piercings with experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in large, population-based samples. METHODS We investigated the association of reports of childhood abuse and neglect with the acquisition of body modifications (tattoos and piercings) within a representative German community sample. Survey participants (N = 1060; ages 14-44 years) were questioned whether they had tattoos and piercings and filled out the 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF). RESULTS Tattoos and piercings were more common among individuals who reported childhood abuse and neglect. The proportion of participants with tattoos and piercings increased as a function of the severity of all assessed types of abuse and neglect (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; emotional and physical neglect). In logistic regression analyses which included the covariates age, gender, education, and income, the sum of significant kinds of childhood abuse and neglect was positively related to having tattoos and/or piercings (OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.19-1.58]). CONCLUSIONS The results corroborate previous research indicating that body modifications could have special significance for individuals who have survived adversity, in particular interpersonal trauma at the hands of caregivers. These findings could inform screening procedures and low-threshold access to psychotherapeutic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ernst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ada Borkenhagen
- University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Giulbudagian M, Schreiver I, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up: a regulatory view. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:357-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe continuous increase in the popularity of tattoos and permanent make-up (PMU) has led to substantial changes in their societal perception. Besides a better understanding of pathological conditions associated with the injection of highly diverse substances into subepidermal layers of the skin, their regulation has occupied regulatory bodies around the globe. In that sense, current regulatory progress in the European Union is an exemplary initiative for improving the safety of tattooing. On one hand, the compilation of market surveillance data has provided knowledge on hazardous substances present in tattoo inks. On the other hand, clinical data gathered from patients enabled correlation of adverse reactions with certain substances. Nevertheless, the assessment of risks remains a challenge due to knowledge gaps on the biokinetics of highly complex inks and their degradation products. This review article examines the strategies for regulating substances in tattoo inks and PMU in light of their potential future restriction in the frame of the REACH regulation. Substance categories are discussed in terms of their risk assessment and proposed concentration limits.
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