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Gu D, Tang S, Liu C, He D, Tian J, Yang Y. Optimization of liquid fermentation conditions for Coprinus comatus to enhance antioxidant activity. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:830-837. [PMID: 38147976 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2297703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Coprinus comatus is an edible and medicinal fungus. In this study, the antioxidant activity of the fermentation product of C. comatus was investigated through optimization of fermentation process. The results indicated that the fermentation product of C. comatus had obvious scavenging ability for 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) free radical. The EC50 of the n-butanol extract from the fermentation product on ABTS·+ was 0.65 ± 0.02 mg/mL. On this basis, the liquid fermentation conditions of C. comatus were optimized through single factor and response surface optimization experiments according to the scavenging ability of ABTS·+ to improve the antioxidant capacity of the fermentation product. The results showed that when the 14% of C. comatus was fermented in a culture medium with a C/N ratio of 48:1 for 6 days, the ABTS·+ scavenging ability was the strongest, and the EC50 of n-butanol extract was 0.57 ± 0.01 mg/mL, which was 12.31% higher than the initial activity. This study laid the foundation for the development of C. comatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Gu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Dajun He
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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2
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Xing RR, Bai WM, Hu D, Deng TT, Zhang JK, Chen Y. Using a DNA mini-barcode within the ITS region to identify toxic Amanita in mushroom poisoning cases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:376. [PMID: 38884656 PMCID: PMC11182838 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning contributes significantly to global foodborne diseases and related fatalities. Amanita mushrooms frequently cause such poisonings; however, identifying these toxic species is challenging due to the unavailability of fresh and intact samples. It is often necessary to analyze residues, vomitus, or stomach extracts to obtain DNA sequences for the identification of species responsible for causing food poisoning. This usually proves challenging to obtain usable DNA sequences that can be analyzed using conventional molecular biology techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a DNA mini-barcoding method for the identification of Amanita species. Following the evaluation and optimization of universal primers for DNA mini-barcoding in Amanita mushrooms, we found that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequence primer ITS-a was the most suitable DNA barcode primer for identifying Amanita species. Forty-three Amanita samples were subsequently amplified and sequenced. The sequences obtained were analyzed for intra- and inter-species genetic distances, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The findings indicated that the designed primers had strong universality among the Amanita samples and could accurately identify the target gene fragment with a length of 290 bp. Notably, the DNA mini-barcode accurately identified the 43 Amanita samples, demonstrating high consistency with the conventional DNA barcode. Furthermore, it effectively identified DNA from digested samples. In summary, this DNA mini-barcode is a promising tool for detecting accidental ingestion of toxic Amanita mushrooms. It may be used as an optimal barcode for species identification and traceability in events of Amanita-induced mushroom poisoning. KEY POINTS: • Development of a DNA mini-barcoding method for Amanita species identification without fresh samples. • The ITS-a primer set was optimized for robust universality in Amanita samples. • The mini-barcode is suitable for screening toxic mushroom species in mushroom poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Xing
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wen-Ming Bai
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Di Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ting-Ting Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jiu-Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ying Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Market Supervision (Food Authentication), Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11, Ronghua South Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
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3
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Murad M, Anslinger TM, Frank D, Hohlstein P, van den Burg L, Brozat JF, Pollmanns MR, Fromme M, Grünert M, Lubberich R, Wirtz TH, Hamesch K, Trautwein C, Abu Jhaisha S, Koch A. [From the forest to the ICU and back: an investigative work-up of Amanita phalloides poisoning]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:204-207. [PMID: 36972594 DOI: 10.1055/a-2028-7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
With over 90% of deaths following mushroom ingestion, poisoning with Amatoxin is one of the most dangerous food intoxications. Despite numerous case reports, treatment recommendations are based on a moderate level of evidence due to a lack of randomized controlled trials.We present the case of a 32-year-old patient who presented with acute liver failure after Amanita phalloides (green death cap mushroom) ingestion and whose therapeutic success was significantly influenced by the administration of activated charcoal, silibinin, and N-acetylcysteine as well as the determined research of an external mycologist.In various retrospective studies, a relevant reduction of mortality could be shown by the mentioned medicinal measures. Despite the high estimated amount of ingestion, we could confirm the effectiveness of this combination therapy in this case.Here, in addition to the drug therapy, attention should also be paid to the extraordinary cooperation of a mycologist, who was able to confirm the suspected diagnosis by his investigative approach and thus contributed to the success of the therapy. Immediate contact with the competent poison centre and the involvement of an expert is therefore recommended in unclear situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Murad
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Teresa M Anslinger
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institut für Experimentelle Innere Medizin und Systembiologie, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Frank
- Pilzsachverständiger der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Mykologie (DGfM) e.V., Feuerwehr Much, Much, Germany
| | - Philipp Hohlstein
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Maike R Pollmanns
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malin Fromme
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Grünert
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Lubberich
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa H Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universtitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karim Hamesch
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Ma J, Liu HM, Yu TJ, Yang M, Tang LP. A Poisoning Case Involving Gymnopus dryophiloides (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:77-82. [PMID: 38505905 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Recently, mushroom poisoning is becoming one of the most serious food safety problems in China, especially in Yunnan province. However, there is insufficient information on many poisoning incidents, including mushroom information, identification and poisoning symptoms etc. In October 2022, a female midwife in Yunnan province consumed a wild mushroom twice. Detailed epidemiological investigation and mushroom identification were performed in this report. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, the suspected mushroom was identified as Gymnopus dryophiloides (Omphalotaceae, Agaricomycetes). The victim reported nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache, accompanied by dizziness, headache, drowsiness, chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitation, and weakness. The incubation period was approximately 30 min. After the victim's own vomiting, the symptoms began to subside for about an hour. Up to date, there are no detailed reports of poisoning in G. dryophiloides. In conclusion, it is the first detailed poisoning report of G. dryophiloides in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Min Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming 650000, P.R. China
| | - Tai Jie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China; College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming 650000, P.R. China
| | - Li Ping Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China; College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
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Mohammed HMI, Ahmad F. Mushroom Poisoning: A Rare Etiology of Acute Liver Failure. Cureus 2023; 15:e51144. [PMID: 38283455 PMCID: PMC10811487 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure is defined as a rapid deterioration in liver function, manifested by symptoms and signs of hepatic encephalopathy and disturbed synthetic function in a patient without Pre-existing cirrhosis and with an illness of less than 26 weeks duration. Mushroom poisoning as a cause of acute liver injury is rare but associated with deadly outcomes if not early recognized and treated. The mortality is very high in the case of amatoxin-containing mushrooms ingestion and liver transplantation is the only lifesaving option. Therefore, early recognition of a suspected patient who came with features of mushroom-related food poisoning, timely referral to a liver transplantation center, and adequate supportive management remain the main approaches of management in a patient with acute liver injury. We present a patient with gastroenteritis who ingested wild mushroom 14 hours prior to hospital admission with subsequent severe acute liver failure due to mushroom poisoning, successfully treated with urgent liver transplantation. This case study highlighted that careful evaluation of the symptoms and signs of acute liver failure in a patient with a history of mushroom ingestion can result in early referral to a liver transplant center, especially if the patient is systemically unwell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faroog Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Grantham and District Hospital, Grantham, GBR
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Yao Q, Wu Z, Zhong J, Yu C, Li H, Hu Q, He J, Du J, Sun C. A network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning in Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China: implementation and assessment. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1979. [PMID: 37821850 PMCID: PMC10568813 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the harm of mushroom poisoning. However, few studies have provided comprehensive implementation procedures and postimplementation effectiveness evaluations. To reduce the harm caused by mushroom poisoning, a network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning (NSPTMP) was established in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, a high-risk area for mushroom poisoning. METHODS The NSPTMP consists of three types of institutions, namely, centers for disease prevention, hospitals, and health administration departments, with each kind of institution comprising prefecture, county/city, town, and village levels. After three years of implementation, the network was evaluated by comparing the indices before and after network implementation using data from the "Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System" and 17 hospitals in Chuxiong. The indices included the fatalities caused by mushroom poisoning, the composition ratios of different types of mushrooms for both outpatients and inpatients and the hospitalization rates. RESULTS Compared to the average fatality rate of mushroom poisoning from 2015 to 2017, the average fatality rate from 2018 to 2020 significantly decreased from 0.57 to 0.06% (P < 0.001). Regarding the poisonous genus containing lethal mushrooms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly decreased for Amanita (9.36-2.91% and 57.23-17.68%, respectively) and Russula (15.27-8.41%) (P < 0.05). Regarding poisonous mushrooms that caused mild symptoms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly increased for Scleroderma (5.13-13.90% and 2.89-18.90%, respectively) and Boletaceae (19.08-31.71%) (P < 0.05), and the hospitalization rates significantly increased for Scleroderma (6.33-18.02%) and Boletaceae (5.65-12.71%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the NSPTMP effectively reduced the harm caused by mushroom poisoning. In addition to the integration of medical resources, the development of poisonous mushroom identification, hierarchical treatment systems in hospitals, public education, and professional training also played important roles in improving the system's effectiveness. The establishment and evaluation of the NSPTMP in Chuxiong Prefecture can provide valuable insights and serve as a model for other regions facing similar challenges in managing mushroom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunmei Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiaju Zhong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengmin Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Haijiao Li
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qiuling Hu
- Chuxiong Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Chuxiong Health Commission, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianping Du
- Dayao People's Hospital, Dayao, 675400, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
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7
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Strube J, Rücker G, Schaper A. [Intoxications in childhood and adolescence]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2023; 58:449-466. [PMID: 37582355 DOI: 10.1055/a-2120-6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Poisoning of children requires quick and rational action. It is crucial to recognize a poisoning, to interpret the symptoms correctly, and to assess the severity of the poisoning as precisely as possible. This is the best way to find the optimal therapy for each patient.Cases of suspected poisoning are common in childhood. The risk of a potential poisoning must be recognized and interpreted correctly. Based on this, symptomatic and specific therapy can be carried out. The poisons information centres have a great experience in the diagnosis and treatment of poisonings and can help the attending physicians to plan the further therapeutic steps.Both the hazard of a toxic substance and a realistic exposure assessment must be considered. This is especially crucial in cases of suspected poisoning of (still) mostly asymptomatic patients. This is the way to prevent overtreatment without overlooking dangerous poisonings.
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Peters FT, Wissenbach D. Current state-of-the-art approaches for mass spectrometry in clinical toxicology: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:487-500. [PMID: 37615282 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2252324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved into a very powerful analytical technique of high sensitivity and specificity. It is used to analyze a very wide spectrum of analytes in classical and alternative matrices. The presented paper will provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of hyphenated MS applications in clinical toxicology primarily based on review articles indexed in PubMed (1990 to April 2023). AREAS COVERED A general overview of matrices, sample preparation, analytical systems, detection modes, and validation and quality control is given. Moreover, selected applications are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A more widespread use of hyphenated MS techniques, especially in systematic toxicological analysis and drugs of abuse testing, would help overcome limitations of immunoassay-based screening strategies. This is currently hampered by high instrument cost, qualification requirements for personnel, and less favorable turnaround times, which could be overcome by more user-friendly, ideally fully automated MS instruments. This would help making hyphenated MS-based analysis available in more laboratories and expanding analysis to a large number of organic drugs, poisons, and/or metabolites. Even the most recent novel psychoactive substances (NPS) could be presumptively identified by high-resolution MS methods, their likely presence be communicated to treating physicians, and be confirmed later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Qin Z, Luo L, Ge L. Electrocardiogram of a patient with mushroom poisoning-induced myocarditis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2023; 28:e13011. [PMID: 36264032 PMCID: PMC10023886 DOI: 10.1111/anec.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient presented to our hospital with myocarditis caused by mushroom poisoning. The early ECG changes in this patient were very similar to the ECG of hyperacute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or hyperkalemia, but further tests eliminated these options. The patient was fully treated by timely hemodialysis treatment, confirming the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning-induced myocarditis. Although not specific to mushroom poisoning myocarditis, our experience shows that the observed ECG changes. Our findings have the potential to help diagnose and manage this potentially fatal disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Qin
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
| | - Li Luo
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
| | - Liangqing Ge
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
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Giusti A, Tinacci L, Verdigi F, Narducci R, Gasperetti L, Armani A. Safety and commercial issues in fresh mushrooms and mushroom-based products sold at retail in Tuscany region. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:10044. [PMID: 36120527 PMCID: PMC9472285 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The compliance to European and National safety and labelling requirements relating to the sale of spontaneous and cultivated mushrooms and mushroom-based products in Tuscany was assessed. The evidence was collected by the Mycological Inspectorate of North-West Tuscany Local Health Authority during 90 inspections (from 2016 to 2020) at large-scale distribution stores, wholesalers, and restaurants in 10 cities belonging to 3 provinces, and on the labelling analysis of 98 commercial products collected at retail in 2021. Despite a substantial compliance of the inspected activities and products with the regulatory requirements, critical issues were highlighted: 1) EU legislative gap in the definition of specific measures for the safe sale of spontaneous mushrooms; 2) improper shelf storage temperatures of fresh-cut products; 3) incorrect condition of use on the labels of pre-packaged products; 4) lack of countryof- origin declaration in pre-packaged products. Furthermore, the labelling analysis highlighted that 18.4% and 15.3% of the products presented issues in the validity and correctness of the scientific names respect to national requirements in. A revision of the current EU legislation is needed to guarantee consumers safety, also considering the relevant number of poisoning cases related to false mycetisms (ingestion of edible mushrooms unproperly stored or used). Also, a specific revision and harmonization of the EU labelling of mushrooms would be desirable to protect consumers.
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Alvarado P, Gasch-Illescas A, Morel S, Dagher-Kharrat MB, Moreno G, Manjón JL, Carteret X, Bellanger JM, Rapior S, Gelardi M, Moreau PA. Amanita Section Phalloideae Species in the Mediterranean Basin: Destroying Angels Reviewed. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050770. [PMID: 35625498 PMCID: PMC9138314 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Whitish lethal species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae (‘destroying angels’) are known to be among the most poisonous fungi worldwide due to their production of amatoxins. The taxonomy of species occurring in the Mediterranean region is here revised, clarifying the identity of several names. Amanita decipiens, A. porrinensis, and A. virosa var. levipes are here considered later heterotypic synonyms of A. verna, A. phalloides, and A. amerivirosa, respectively, while a new name, A. vidua, is proposed for a spring-occurring taxon. The amatoxins and phallotoxins present in Mediterranean destroying angels were characterized, and their epidemiology discussed on the basis of the case study of available data from Spain. Abstract In Europe, amatoxin-containing mushrooms are responsible for most of the deadly poisonings caused by macrofungi. The present work presents a multidisciplinary revision of the European species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae based on morphology, phylogeny, epidemiology, and biochemistry of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Five distinct species of this section have been identified in Europe to date: A. phalloides, A. virosa, A. verna, the recently introduced North American species A. amerivirosa, and A. vidua sp. nov., which is a new name proposed for the KOH-negative Mediterranean species previously described as A. verna or A. decipiens by various authors. Epitypes or neotypes are selected for species lacking suitable reference collections, namely A. verna and A. virosa. Three additional taxa, Amanita decipiens, A. porrinensis, and A. virosa var. levipes are here considered later heterotypic synonyms of A. verna, A. phalloides, and A. amerivirosa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarado
- ALVALAB, Dr. Fernando Bongera St., Severo Ochoa Bldg. S1.04, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonia Gasch-Illescas
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, San Fernando 4, E-41004 Sevilla, Spain;
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Morel
- Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, CS 14491, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (S.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Magda Bou Dagher-Kharrat
- Laboratoire «Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes», Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Rue de Damas, BP 17-5208, Mar Mikhaël, Beyrouth 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Gabriel Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida-Botánica, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (G.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - José Luis Manjón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida-Botánica, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (G.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Xavier Carteret
- Independent Researcher, 68, Rue Alexis Maneyrol, 92370 Chaville, France;
| | - Jean-Michel Bellanger
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, CS 14491, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (S.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Matteo Gelardi
- Associazione Micologica Ecologica Romana (AMER) APS, Via Tuscolana 548, I-00181 Rome, Italy;
- Independent Researcher, Via dei Barattoli 3A, I-00061 Anguillara Sabazia, Italy
| | - Pierre-Arthur Moreau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lille, 3 rue du Pr Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France;
- EA 4489 LGCgE, Université Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Effect of Four-in-One Optimized Emergency Nursing Procedure on Symptoms and Vital Signs of Patients with Mushroom Poisoning. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:3387394. [PMID: 35399847 PMCID: PMC8989573 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3387394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Most members of the general public find it difficult to identify poisonous wild mushrooms, resulting in family food poisoning. Toxic mushroom poisoning can produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and other severe symptoms 30 minutes or more after ingestion that can even lead to death. Using a “four-in-one” optimized emergency nursing procedure to treat mushroom poisoning can reduce the rescue time and improve the survival rate of patients. This study aimed to analyze the influence of a “four-in-one” optimized emergency nursing procedure to treat patients with toadstool poisoning. A prospective randomized study was conducted. Sixteen cases of toadstool poisoning, corresponding to 78 patients admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to July 2020, were selected and divided into a study group and a control group of 39 cases each using a random number table. The control group was provided with routine emergency care, and the study group was given a “four-in-one” treatment that optimized the emergency care process; both groups were subjected to basic treatment + blood purification and other treatment measures, and the treatment time in the rescue room and the first blood purification time of the two groups were compared. Differences in routine blood tests, liver and kidney function indices, hospitalization time, coma time, treatment outcome, and nursing satisfaction before and after treatment were found. The treatment time and the first blood purification time of the study group were lower than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); ALT, AST, TBIL, TBA, and ALB were measured upon admission for the study and the control groups. The measured values of PT, APTT, CK, CK-MB, and BUN were compared for the two groups, but the difference in the values between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05); after 7 days of treatment, the ALT, TBA, and APTT indicators of the study group were lower than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the measured values of ALT, AST, TBIL, TBA, ALB, PT, APTT, CK, CK-MB, BUN, and Scr after 7 days of treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment for both groups (P < 0.05). The length of stay for the study group was lower than that for the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the treatment efficiency was 87.18% for the study group, compared with 82.05% for the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The study group rated nursing care as follows: very satisfactory, 79.49%; relatively satisfactory, 15.38%; and acceptable, 5.13%; the control group rated nursing care as follows: very satisfactory, 51.28%; relatively satisfactory, 30.77%; and acceptable, 12.82%; the results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Using a “four-in-one” optimized emergency care process to treat patients with mushroom poisoning can significantly reduce the rescue room treatment time and the first blood purification time and improve nursing satisfaction, but has a limited effect on improving the treatment efficiency.
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Predictors of poor outcome in mushroom poisoning: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.979166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ijoma GN, Heri SM, Matambo TS, Tekere M. Trends and Applications of Omics Technologies to Functional Characterisation of Enzymes and Protein Metabolites Produced by Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:700. [PMID: 34575737 PMCID: PMC8464691 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying and adopting industrial applications for proteins and enzymes derived from fungi strains have been at the focal point of several studies in recent times. To facilitate such studies, it is necessary that advancements and innovation in mycological and molecular characterisation are concomitant. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the necessary steps employed in both qualitative and quantitative research using the omics technologies that are pertinent to fungi characterisation. This stems from the understanding that data provided from the functional characterisation of fungi and their metabolites is important towards the techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of biological products. The review further describes how the functional gaps left by genomics, internal transcribe spacer (ITS) regions are addressed by transcriptomics and the various techniques and platforms utilised, including quantitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), hybridisation techniques, and RNA-seq, and the insights such data provide on the effect of environmental changes on fungal enzyme production from an expressional standpoint. The review also offers information on the many available bioinformatics tools of analysis necessary for the analysis of the overwhelming data synonymous with the omics approach to fungal characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace N. Ijoma
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.M.H.); (T.S.M.)
| | - Sylvie M. Heri
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.M.H.); (T.S.M.)
| | - Tonderayi S. Matambo
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (S.M.H.); (T.S.M.)
| | - Memory Tekere
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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Wennig R. In Reply. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:198. [PMID: 34024317 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Berndt S. Additional Information Necessary. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:197. [PMID: 34024315 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giusti A, Ricci E, Gasperetti L, Galgani M, Polidori L, Verdigi F, Narducci R, Armani A. Building of an Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Gene Dataset to Support the Italian Health Service in Mushroom Identification. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061193. [PMID: 34070525 PMCID: PMC8227961 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at building an ITS gene dataset to support the Italian Health Service in mushroom identification. The target species were selected among those mostly involved in regional (Tuscany) poisoning cases. For each target species, all the ITS sequences already deposited in GenBank and BOLD databases were retrieved and accurately assessed for quality and reliability by a systematic filtering process. Wild specimens of target species were also collected to produce reference ITS sequences. These were used partly to set up and partly to validate the dataset by BLAST analysis. Overall, 7270 sequences were found in the two databases. After filtering, 1293 sequences (17.8%) were discarded, with a final retrieval of 5977 sequences. Ninety-seven ITS reference sequences were obtained from 76 collected mushroom specimens: 15 of them, obtained from 10 species with no sequences available after the filtering, were used to build the dataset, with a final taxonomic coverage of 96.7%. The other 82 sequences (66 species) were used for the dataset validation. In most of the cases (n = 71; 86.6%) they matched with identity values ≥ 97–100% with the corresponding species. The dataset was able to identify the species involved in regional poisoning incidents. As some of these species are also involved in poisonings at the national level, the dataset may be used for supporting the National Health Service throughout the Italian territory. Moreover, it can support the official control activities aimed at detecting frauds in commercial mushroom-based products and safeguarding consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0502210204
| | - Enrica Ricci
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio and Tuscany M. Aleandri, UOT Toscana Nord, SS Abetone e Brennero 4, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Gasperetti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio and Tuscany M. Aleandri, UOT Toscana Nord, SS Abetone e Brennero 4, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Marta Galgani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Luca Polidori
- Tuscany Mycological Groups Association, via Turi, 8 Santa Croce sull’Arno, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Francesco Verdigi
- North West Tuscany LHA (Mycological Inspectorate), via A. Cocchi, 7/9, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Roberto Narducci
- Tuscany Mycological Groups Association, via Turi, 8 Santa Croce sull’Arno, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.); (A.A.)
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G. Haufs M. Ergot Alkaloids are Also Mushroom Poisons. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:197. [PMID: 34024316 PMCID: PMC8245863 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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