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Wang TY, Liang YY, Liu Q, Wang D, Sun Q, Li RT, Yang H, Jiang YM, Ye J. Effect of spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-15 on spinal nerve injury in rats. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:297-309. [PMID: 37668323 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently available therapies for neuropathic pain show limited efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of the spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-15 in spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rats and to explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests were used to evaluate the effects of LXM-15 in SNL rats. The expression of CaMKIIα, CREB, JAK2, STAT3, c-fos and TNF-α was detected by western blotting, ELISA or qRT-PCR analysis. Receptor blocking test was performed to explore possible target. RESULTS Administration of LXM-15 (1, 0.5, 0.25 mg/kg, i.g.) dose-dependently attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats subjected to SNL (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), and the effects were completely blocked by peripheral α7 nicotinic or M4 muscarinic receptor antagonist (p > 0.05). LXM-15 significantly decreased the overexpression of phosphorylated CaMKIIα, CREB, JAK2 and STAT3 proteins and the mRNA levels of TNF-α and c-fos (p < 0.01, p < 05). All of the effects could be blocked by α7 or M4 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, LXM-15 reduced the protein expression of TNF-α and c-fos (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). No significant acute toxicity or abnormal hepatorenal function was observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that LXM-15 exerts significant anti-nociceptive effect on SNL rats. This effect may occur by activating peripheral α7 nicotinic and M4 muscarinic receptors, further inhibiting the CaMKIIα/CREB and JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathways, and finally inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and c-fos. SIGNIFICANCE Existing treatments for neuropathic pain show limited efficacy with severe adverse reactions. This paper is the first to report that LXM-15, a new spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound, exerts a significant anti-nociception in SNL rats without obvious toxicity. The underlying mechanisms include activating peripheral α7 nicotinic and M4 muscarinic receptors, then inhibiting the signalling pathways of CaMKIIα/CREB and JAK2/STAT3 and the expressions of TNF-α and c-fos. This study sheds new light on the development of novel analgesic drugs with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ying Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Run Tao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Min Jiang
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Behroozi Z, Kookli K, Ghadaksaz A, Motavaf M, Fazeli SM, Nezhad AM, Ramezani F, Janzadeh A. Evaluation of epigenetic (HDAC, DNMT) and pain (Gad65, TGF) factors following photobiomodulation therapy in a neuropathic pain model. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:233-243. [PMID: 37332186 DOI: 10.1111/php.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is converted to the most common analgesic treatment before the whole mechanism is yet to be discovered. This study for the first time was designed to investigate alternations of epigenetic factors after pain and PBMT. The CCI model was chosen to induce pain. Pain evaluation tests including plantar, acetone, von Frey, and pinch were done weekly. Then spinal cord tissue was isolated for evaluating mRNA expression of DNMT3a, HDAC1, and NRSF using RT-qPCR method, and protein expression factors of HDAC2 and DNMT3a using western blotting. GAD65 and TGF-β proteins were assessed by the IHC method. PBMT increased the pain threshold up to the point where it roughly met the pain threshold of the control group. After three weeks of treatment, both PBMT protocols demonstrated a reduction in allodynia and hyperalgesia. While some molecules, such as TGF-β and Gad65, increased following PBMT, we observed no inhibition of NRSF, HDAC1, and DNMT3a expression despite implementing two different protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behroozi
- The Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Keihan Kookli
- International Campus, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Occupational Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghadaksaz
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mahsa Motavaf
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Comprehensive Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedalireza Moghaddas Fazeli
- International Campus, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Motamed Nezhad
- Cancer Control Research Center, Cancer Control Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lobos N, Lux S, Zepeda RJ, Pelissier T, Marcos JL, Bustos-Quevedo G, Hernández A, Constandil L. Rosuvastatin Synergistically Enhances the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Duloxetine in Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098359. [PMID: 37176065 PMCID: PMC10179025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agent, has high incidence of neurotoxicity associated with the production of neuropathic pain, for which only duloxetine has shown significant but moderate analgesic effect. Since statins, classically used to reduce hypercholesterolemia, have shown antinociceptive effect in preclinical studies on neuropathic pain, we studied whether the antinociceptive efficacy of duloxetine could be synergistically potentiated by rosuvastatin in a model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in mice. The astrocytic and microglial responses in the spinal cord of paclitaxel-treated mice were also assessed by measuring GFAP and CD11b proteins, respectively. Paclitaxel treatment did not impair motor coordination and balance in rotarod testing. Rosuvastatin, duloxetine, and the rosuvastatin/duloxetine combination (combined at equieffective doses) dose-dependently decreased mechanical allodynia (ED30, von Frey testing) and thermal hyperalgesia (ED50, hot plate testing) in paclitaxel-treated mice. Isobolographic analysis showed a superadditive interaction for rosuvastatin and duloxetine, as both the ED30 and ED50 for the rosuvastatin/duloxetine combination contained only a quarter of each drug compared to the individual drugs. The rosuvastatin/duloxetine combination reversed paclitaxel-induced GFAP overexpression, indicating that such effects might depend in part on astrocyte inactivation. Results suggest that statins could be useful in synergistically enhancing the efficacy of duloxetine in some chemotherapy-induced neuropathic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lobos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Sebastián Lux
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Critical Care Unit, Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital, Santiago 8900085, Chile
| | - Ramiro Javier Zepeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Teresa Pelissier
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - José Luis Marcos
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Veterinarias, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2572007, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Bustos-Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Luis Constandil
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
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Skiold LCJ, Estefania RPP, Carolina GPMP, Mery LMR, Fernando CHE, Jair LC. Synergistic interaction between B vitamins and statins to counter nociception in rats. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:440-447. [PMID: 33305435 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the antinociceptive activity of various drugs can be increased when administered in combination with B vitamins (BVs). The aim of this study was to examine the potential interaction between statins and BVs to counter nociception, the latter measured by the formalin test. Rats were orally administered atorvastatin (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), pravastatin (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), rosuvastatin (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), BVs (31, 56, 100 and 180 mg/kg) or calculated combinations of BVs with each drug. The effective dose 30 (ED30 ) was calculated for each statin and BVs and subjected to isobolographic analysis, thus finding the ED30 of the combinations. The antinociceptive experimental ED30 values for BVs administered with atorvastatin, pravastatin or rosuvastatin were 1.53 ± 0.38, 6.74 ± 0.04 and 4.26 ± 0.39, respectively, being lower (p < .05) than the corresponding theoretical ED30 : 28.02 ± 2.20, 28.17 ± 2.20 and 29.86 ± 2.21. Since BVs likely boost the antinociceptive effect of statins, these combinations could possibly be advantageous in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- López-Canales Jorge Skiold
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina de Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - García-Paz María Paola Carolina
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General de Zona Regional No. 25, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - López-Mayorga Ruth Mery
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina de Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Castillo-Henkel Enrique Fernando
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina de Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lozano-Cuenca Jair
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Razmi R, Zampogna G, Taylor R. Statins and Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther 2020; 9:97-111. [PMID: 32020545 PMCID: PMC7203325 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequently prescribed drug class of statins have pleiotropic effects and have been implicated in neuropathic pain syndromes. This narrative review examines studies of statin-induced neuropathic pain which to date have been conducted only in animal models. However, the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy in humans may shed some light on the etiology of neuropathic pain. Statins have exhibited a paradoxical effect in that statins appear to reduce neuropathic pain in animals but have been associated with neuropathic pain in humans. While there are certain postulated mechanisms offering elucidation as to how statins might be associated with neuropathic pain, there is, as the American Heart Association stated, to date no definitive association between statins and neuropathic pain. Statins are important drugs that reduce cardiovascular risk factors and should be prescribed to appropriate patients with these risk factors but some of this population is also at elevated risk for neuropathic pain from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Magnusson
- Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Research and Development, Region Gävleborg/Uppsala University, Gävle, Sweden
| | | | - Robin Razmi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Region Gävleborg/Uppsala University, Gävle, Sweden
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Elberry AA, Sharkawi SMZ, Wahba MR. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of N-acetylcysteine and verapamil in Wistar rats. Korean J Pain 2019; 32:256-263. [PMID: 31569917 PMCID: PMC6813896 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2019.32.4.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antinociceptive anti-inflammatory drugs have many adverse effects. The goal of this investigation is to study the probable anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of verapamil and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in experimental rats. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups in the antinociceptive study, each containing 6 rats; the normal control group, which received saline (1 mL/kg); the diclofenac group, which received diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg); the NAC group, which received NAC (125 mg/kg); and the verapamil group, which received verapamil (8 mg/kg). In the anti-inflammatory study, 5 groups were used, the 4 previous groups with the addition of an edema control group, received saline and were subjected to formalin test. Hot plate latency time was recorded for antinociceptive evaluation. Paw edema thickness and biochemical parameters were recorded for anti-inflammatory evaluation. Results Administration of NAC showed significant prolongation of hot plate latency time at 1 hour when compared to the control group while verapamil showed a significant prolongation of hot plate latency time at 1 and 2 hours when compared to the control group and NAC group values. Administration of NAC and verapamil significantly decreased paw edema thickness at 2, 4, and 8 hours when compared to edema control values. Regarding biochemical markers, NAC and verapamil significantly decreased serum nitric oxide synthase, C-reactive protein, and cyclooxygenase- 2 levels compared to the edema control value. In accordance, a marked improvement of histopathological findings was observed with both drugs. Conclusions NAC and verapamil have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to diclofenac sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariam Rofaiel Wahba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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