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Ribeiro D, Latancia M, de Souza I, Ariwoola AB, Mendes D, Rocha CRR, Lengert A, Menck C. Temozolomide resistance mechanisms: unveiling the role of translesion DNA polymerase kappa in glioblastoma spheroids in vitro. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20230667. [PMID: 38717250 PMCID: PMC11139666 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the leading therapeutic agent for combating Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Nonetheless, the persistence of chemotherapy-resistant GBM cells remains an ongoing challenge, attributed to various factors, including the translesion synthesis (TLS) mechanism. TLS enables tumor cells to endure genomic damage by utilizing specialized DNA polymerases to bypass DNA lesions. Specifically, TLS polymerase Kappa (Polκ) has been implicated in facilitating DNA damage tolerance against TMZ-induced damage, contributing to a worse prognosis in GBM patients. To better understand the roles of Polκ in TMZ resistance, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and genotoxic effects of TMZ on GBM (U251MG) wild-type (WTE) and TLS Polκ knockout (KO) cells, cultivated as three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids in vitro. Initial results revealed that TMZ: (i) induces reductions in GBM spheroid diameter (10-200 µM); (ii) demonstrates significant cytotoxicity (25-200 μM); (iii) exerts antiproliferative effects (≤25 μM) and promotes cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) in Polκ KO spheroids when compared with WTE counterparts. Furthermore, Polκ KO spheroids exhibit elevated levels of cell death (Caspase 3/7) and display greater genotoxicity (53BP1) than WTE following TMZ exposure. Concerning antimetastatic effects, TMZ impedes invadopodia (3D invasion) more effectively in Polκ KO than in WTE spheroids. Collectively, the results suggest that TLS Polκ plays a vital role in the survival, cell death, genotoxicity, and metastatic potential of GBM spheroids in vitro when subjected to TMZ treatment. While the precise mechanisms underpinning this resistance remain elusive, TLS Polκ emerges as a potential therapeutic target for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Teatin Latancia
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izadora de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abu-Bakr Adetayo Ariwoola
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Mendes
- Departament of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Van Helvoort Lengert
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Perini G, Palmieri V, Papait A, Augello A, Fioretti D, Iurescia S, Rinaldi M, Vertua E, Silini A, Torelli R, Carlino A, Musarra T, Sanguinetti M, Parolini O, De Spirito M, Papi M. Slow and steady wins the race: Fractionated near-infrared treatment empowered by graphene-enhanced 3D scaffolds for precision oncology. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100986. [PMID: 38375317 PMCID: PMC10875229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgically addressing tumors poses a challenge, requiring a tailored, multidisciplinary approach for each patient based on the unique aspects of their case. Innovative therapeutic regimens combined to reliable reconstructive methods can contribute to an extended patient's life expectancy. This study presents a detailed comparative investigation of near-infrared therapy protocols, examining the impact of non-fractionated and fractionated irradiation regimens on cancer treatment. The therapy is based on the implantation of graphene oxide/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) three-dimensional printed scaffolds, exploring their versatile applications in oncology by the examination of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, immune response, and in vitro and in vivo tumor therapy. The investigation into cell death patterns (apoptosis vs necrosis) underlines the pivotal role of protocol selection underscores the critical influence of treatment duration on cell fate, establishing a crucial parameter in therapeutic decision-making. In vivo experiments corroborated the profound impact of protocol selection on tumor response. The fractionated regimen emerged as the standout performer, achieving a substantial reduction in tumor size over time, surpassing the efficacy of the non-fractionated approach. Additionally, the fractionated regimen exhibited efficacy also in targeting tumors in proximity but not in direct contact to the scaffolds. Our results address a critical gap in current research, highlighting the absence of a standardized protocol for optimizing the outcome of photodynamic therapy. The findings underscore the importance of personalized treatment strategies in achieving optimal therapeutic efficacy for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Perini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papait
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Salute Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Augello
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Fioretti
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, CNR, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Iurescia
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, CNR, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rinaldi
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, CNR, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elsa Vertua
- Centro di Ricerca Eugenia Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Silini
- Centro di Ricerca Eugenia Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Carlino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Internazionale San Camillo per la Salute e le Scienze Mediche (Unicamillus), 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Musarra
- Unità di Patologia Testa e Collo, Polmone e Endocrinologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Salute Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Shramova EI, Frolova AY, Filimonova VP, Deyev SM, Proshkina GM. System for Self-excited Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Based on the Multimodal Protein DARP-NanoLuc-SOPP3. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:100-110. [PMID: 38234600 PMCID: PMC10790359 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a minimally invasive treatment modality, the use of this method in oncology has remained limited due to two serious problems: 1) limited penetration of the excitation light in tissues, which makes it impossible to affect deep-seated tumors and 2) use of chemical photosensitizers that slowly degrade in the body and cause photodermatoses and hyperthermia in patients. To solve these problems, we propose a fully biocompatible targeted system for PDT that does not require an external light source. The proposed system is based on bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) from the oxidized form of the luciferase substrate to the photosensitizing protein SOPP3. The BRET-activated system is composed of the multimodal protein DARP-NanoLuc-SOPP3, which contains a BRET pair NanoLuc-SOPP3 and a targeting module DARPin. The latter provides the interaction of the multimodal protein with tumors overexpressing tumor-associated antigen HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor type II). In vitro experiments in a 2D monolayer cell culture and a 3D spheroid model have confirmed HER2-specific photo-induced cytotoxicity of the system without the use of an external light source; in addition, experiments in animals with subcutaneous HER2-positive tumors have shown selective accumulation of DARP-NanoLuc-SOPP3 on the tumor site. The fully biocompatible system for targeted BRET-induced therapy proposed in this work makes it possible to overcome the following limitations: 1) the need to use an external light source and 2) the side phototoxic effect from aberrant accumulation of chemical photosensitizers. The obtained results demonstrate that the fully protein-based self-excited BRET system has a high potential for targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Shramova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Academy of science, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - A. Yu. Frolova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Academy of science, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - V. P. Filimonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Academy of science, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - S. M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Academy of science, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- ”Biomarker” Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russian Federation
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
| | - G. M. Proshkina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Academy of science, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
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Obozina AS, Komedchikova EN, Kolesnikova OA, Iureva AM, Kovalenko VL, Zavalko FA, Rozhnikova TV, Tereshina ED, Mochalova EN, Shipunova VO. Genetically Encoded Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for the Targeted Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010231. [PMID: 36678860 PMCID: PMC9861179 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticles of different origins are considered as new-generation diagnostic and therapeutic tools. However, there are no targeted drug formulations within the composition of nanoparticles approved by the FDA for use in the clinic, which is associated with the insufficient effectiveness of the developed candidates, the difficulties of their biotechnological production, and inadequate batch-to-batch reproducibility. Targeted protein self-assembling nanoparticles circumvent this problem since proteins are encoded in DNA and the final protein product is produced in only one possible way. We believe that the combination of the endless biomedical potential of protein carriers as nanoparticles and the standardized protein purification protocols will make significant progress in "magic bullet" creation possible, bringing modern biomedicine to a new level. In this review, we are focused on the currently existing platforms for targeted self-assembling protein nanoparticles based on transferrin, lactoferrin, casein, lumazine synthase, albumin, ferritin, and encapsulin proteins, as well as on proteins from magnetosomes and virus-like particles. The applications of these self-assembling proteins for targeted delivery in vitro and in vivo are thoroughly discussed, including bioimaging applications and different therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, gene delivery, and photodynamic and photothermal therapy. A critical assessment of these protein platforms' efficacy in biomedicine is provided and possible problems associated with their further development are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna M. Iureva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vera L. Kovalenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Zavalko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | | | - Elizaveta N. Mochalova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Nanobiomedicine Division, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Victoria O. Shipunova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Nanobiomedicine Division, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Brown HM, Juanes MA. Automated Quantitative Analysis of Shape Features in Human Epithelial Monolayers and Spheroids Generated from Colorectal Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:261-271. [PMID: 37310638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in microscopy techniques permit us to acquire endless datasets of images. A major bottleneck in cell imaging is how to analyze petabytes of data in an effective, reliable, objective, and effortless way. Quantitative imaging is becoming crucial to disentangle the complexity of many biological and pathological processes. For instance, cell shape is a summary readout of a myriad of cellular processes. Changes in cell shape use to reflect changes in growth, migration mode (including speed and persistence), differentiation stage, apoptosis, or gene expression, serving to predict health or disease. However, in certain contexts, e.g., tissues or tumors, cells are tightly packed together, and measurement of individual cellular shapes can be challenging and laborious. Bioinformatics solutions like automated computational image methods provide a blind and efficient analysis of large image datasets. Here we describe a detailed and friendly step-by-step protocol to extract various cellular shape parameters quickly and accurately from colorectal cancer cells forming either monolayers or spheroids. We envision those similar settings could be extended to other cell lines, colorectal and beyond, either label/unlabeled or in 2D/3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Brown
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK
| | - M Angeles Juanes
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK.
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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Two-Step Targeted Drug Delivery via Proteinaceous Barnase-Barstar Interface and Doxorubicin-Loaded Nano-PLGA Outperforms One-Step Strategy for Targeted Delivery to HER2-Overexpressing Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010052. [PMID: 36678681 PMCID: PMC9861000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based chemotherapy is considered to be an effective approach to cancer diagnostics and therapy in modern biomedicine. However, efficient tumor targeting remains a great challenge due to the lack of specificity, selectivity, and high dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs required. A two-step targeted drug delivery strategy (DDS), involving cancer cell pre-targeting, first with a first nontoxic module and subsequent targeting with a second complementary toxic module, is a solution for decreasing doses for administration and lowering systemic toxicity. To prove two-step DDS efficiency, we performed a direct comparison of one-step and two-step DDS based on chemotherapy loaded PLGA nanoparticles and barnase*barstar interface. Namely, we developed and thoroughly characterized the two-step targeting strategy of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. The first targeting block consists of anti-HER2 scaffold polypeptide DARPin9_29 fused with barstar. Barstar exhibits an extremely effective binding to ribonuclease barnase with Kaff = 1014 M-1, thus making the barnase*barstar protein pair one of the strongest known protein*protein complexes. A therapeutic PLGA-based nanocarrier coupled to barnase was used as a second targeting block. The PLGA nanoparticles were loaded with diagnostic dye, Nile Blue, and a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin. We showed that the two-step DDS increases the performance of chemotherapy-loaded nanocarriers: IC50 of doxorubicin delivered via two-step DDS was more than 100 times lower than that for one-step DDS: IC50 = 43 ± 3 nM for two-step DDS vs. IC50 = 4972 ± 1965 nM for one-step DDS. The obtained results demonstrate the significant efficiency of two-step DDS over the classical one-step one. We believe that the obtained data will significantly change the direction of research in developing targeted anti-cancer drugs and promote the creation of new generation cancer treatment strategies.
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Shipunova VO, Belova MM, Kotelnikova PA, Shilova ON, Mirkasymov AB, Danilova NV, Komedchikova EN, Popovtzer R, Deyev SM, Nikitin MP. Photothermal Therapy with HER2-Targeted Silver Nanoparticles Leading to Cancer Remission. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1013. [PMID: 35631598 PMCID: PMC9145338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles exhibiting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon are promising tools for diagnostics and cancer treatment. Among widely used metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess the strongest light scattering and surface plasmon strength. However, the therapeutic potential of Ag NPs has until now been underestimated. Here we show targeted photothermal therapy of solid tumors with 35 nm HER2-targeted Ag NPs, which were produced by the green synthesis using an aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Light irradiation tests demonstrated effective hyperthermic properties of these NPs, namely heating by 10 °C in 10 min. To mediate targeted cancer therapy, Ag NPs were conjugated to the scaffold polypeptide, affibody ZHER2:342, which recognizes a clinically relevant oncomarker HER2. The conjugation was mediated by the PEG linker to obtain Ag-PEG-HER2 nanoparticles. Flow cytometry tests showed that Ag-PEG-HER2 particles successfully bind to HER2-overexpressing cells with a specificity comparable to that of full-size anti-HER2 IgGs. A confocal microscopy study showed efficient internalization of Ag-PEG-HER2 into cells in less than 2 h of incubation. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated effective cell death upon exposure to Ag-PEG-HER2 and irradiation, caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Xenograft tumor therapy with Ag-PEG-HER2 particles in vivo resulted in full primary tumor regression and the prevention of metastatic spread. Thus, for the first time, we have shown that HER2-directed plasmonic Ag nanoparticles are effective sensitizers for targeted photothermal oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O. Shipunova
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Mariia M. Belova
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
| | - Polina A. Kotelnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Olga N. Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Aziz B. Mirkasymov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Natalia V. Danilova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena N. Komedchikova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
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