[The role of glycation end products in the development and progression of diabetic neuroarthropathy]

Diabetic neuroarthropathy (DNOAP, Charcot's foot) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, the genesis of which is not fully understood. In most cases, this pathology is diagnosed late, which leads to the development of severe deformities of the foot, up to the loss of support ability of the limb. There is no single hypothesis for the formation of Charcot's foot, but there are factors predisposing to its development, as well as a few likely provoking events. Excessive formation and accumulation of end products of glycation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this complication of diabetes. End products of glycation (AGE) are a variety of compounds formed as a result of a non-enzymatic reaction between carbohydrates and free amino groups of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. There are various factors that lead to the accumulation of AGE in the human body. Allocate endogenous and exogenous factors. The former include certain diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, renal failure, which accelerate glycation processes. Exogenous factors leading to the formation of lipo-oxidation and glyco-oxidation products include tobacco smoke and prolonged heat treatment of food.This review provides information on the role of glycation end products in the development and progression of complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.

COLLAGEN: STRUCTURE, METABOLISM, PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

This review presents the current scientific literature data about structure, properties, and functions of collagen, which is known as one of the most abundant human and animal proteins. The building of collagen molecule from the primary structure to submolecular formations, the main stages of its synthesis and biodegradation are briefly described. The information about collagen diversity, its features and metabolic ways in various tissues, including skin, tendons, bones, etc. is presented. The problems of pathologies caused by collagen synthesis and breakdown disorders as well as age-related changes in collagen properties and their causes are discussed. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of collagen and its derivatives obtaining from various sources (animals, marine, and recombinant) is given. The most productive methods for collagen extraction from various tissues are shown. The concept of collagen hydrolysis conditions influence on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of the obtained products is described. The applications of collagen and its products in various fields of industrial activity, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic industry and medicine, are discussed. Further prospective directions of fundamental and applied investigations in this area of research are outlined.

[Etiopathogenetic factors of wound healing in chronic post-intubation cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea]

Despite the existing modern high-tech methods of examination and a variety of surgical treatment methods, the problem of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with chronic post-intubation cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea still requires further study. Improving the understanding and correction of cellular, molecular genetic and biochemical disorders in a chronic wound is a key condition for increasing the efficiency of diagnosis, individual prognosis of the clinical course and the conduct of adequate therapeutic and preventive measures for post-intubation cicatricial laryngotracheal stenoses. In this regard, it seemed appropriate to analyze the existing etiopathogenetic factors of pathological wound healing in chronic post-intubation cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea. Our attempt to summarize the available literature data demonstrated that laryngotracheal scars are a fibro-proliferative disease caused by aberrant wound healing after a damaging effect on the tissues of the larynx and trachea. The article describes the most pathogenetically significant healing, repair, and scarring factors in post-intubation laryngotracheal stenoses, including transforming growth factor β1, vascular growth factor A, type I and III collagen, and matrix metalloproteinases. An assessment of the features of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these markers will increase the effectiveness of the treatment of patients with chronic cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea, and will also serve as a prerequisite for the development of strategies for diagnostic, treatment, prophylactic and rehabilitation measures that will improve the quality of medical care and the quality of life of patients with chronic cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea.