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Wang F, Wang Z, Tang J. The interactions of Candida albicans with gut bacteria: a new strategy to prevent and treat invasive intestinal candidiasis. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 37370138 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health, as it can affect host immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Invasive intestinal candidiasis is strongly associated with gut microbiota homeostasis. However, the nature of the interaction between Candida albicans and gut bacteria remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to determine the nature of interaction and the effects of gut bacteria on C. albicans so as to comprehend an approach to reducing intestinal invasive infection by C. albicans. METHODS This review examined 11 common gut bacteria's interactions with C. albicans, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium difficile, and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS Most of the studied bacteria demonstrated both synergistic and antagonistic effects with C. albicans, and just a few bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Lactobacillus spp. demonstrated only antagonism against C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS Based on the nature of interactions reported so far by the literature between gut bacteria and C. albicans, it is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of invasive intestinal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zetian Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Hamamoto H, Ogasawara AA, Iwasa M, Sekimizu K. Establishment of a polymerase chain reaction-based method for strain-level management of Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 using species-specific sequences identified by whole genome sequences. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959063. [PMID: 36033901 PMCID: PMC9411961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development and manufacture of fermented foods, it is crucial to control and manage the bacterial species used in the products. We previously reported a complete genome sequence analysis of the Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 strain that was used for supplements. By comparing this sequence to the publicly available complete genome sequence of E. faecalis strains, we were able to identify specific sequences of the EF-2001 strain. We designed primer sets to amplify these specific regions and performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We confirmed that the DNA fragments were specifically amplified in the genome of the EF-2001 strain, but not those of other lactic acid bacteria (LABs) or strains of the same genus. Furthermore, these primers amplified DNA fragments even in genomic DNA extracted from heat-treated bacteria at 121°C and foods containing the EF-2001 strain. These results suggest that this method allows for simple and highly accurate identification of specific fermentation strains, such as LABs at the strain level, which will be useful for controlling the quality of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachio-ji shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Drug Discoveries by Silkworm Models, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Hachio-ji shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute, Ltd., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuhisa Sekimizu,
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Alshanta OA, Albashaireh K, McKloud E, Delaney C, Kean R, McLean W, Ramage G. Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm frenemies: When the relationship sours. Biofilm 2022; 4:100072. [PMID: 35313556 PMCID: PMC8933684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Khawlah Albashaireh
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McKloud
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Kean
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
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Alshanta OA, Alqahtani S, Shaban S, Albashaireh K, McLean W, Ramage G. Comparison of Three Endodontic Irrigant Regimens against Dual-Species Interkingdom Biofilms: Considerations for Maintaining the Status Quo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090634. [PMID: 32971912 PMCID: PMC7558056 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections are often interkingdom biofilms, though current clinical management rarely considers this phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate new and standard endodontic antimicrobial regimens against simple and complex Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms. C. albicans and E. faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms were grown upon Thermanox™ coverslips and treated for 5 min with 3% NaOCl, 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA, or 9% HEDP dissolved in 3% NaOCl. The number of cells remaining immediately after treatment at 0 h and after 72 h of regrowth were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR. All three treatment arms showed a similar positive antimicrobial effect on C. albicans and E. faecalis in both mono- and dual-species biofilms following initial treatment, resulting in ≥98% reduction in colony forming equivalent (CFE). Regardless of species or biofilm type (mono- or dual- species), the antimicrobial effect of NaOCl:HEDP mixture was comparable to that of NaOCl alone, with both showing significant regrowth after 72 h, whereas sequential treatment with NaOCl and EDTA consistently prevented significant regrowth. Our data suggest that sequential irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA remains the antimicrobial strategy of choice as it significantly reduces biofilm persistence and regrowth in our experimental dual-species biofilm conditions.
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Hu L, Zhou M, Young A, Zhao W, Yan Z. In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:140. [PMID: 31291932 PMCID: PMC6621984 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To systematically review and assess the in vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics for prophylaxis and treating oral candidiasis. Methods A literature search for studies published in English until August 1, 2018 was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled clinical trials and experimental mouse animal model studies comparing probiotics (at any dosage and in any form) with control groups (placebo, blank control or other agents) and reporting outcomes of the prophylactic and therapeutic effects were considered for inclusion. A descriptive study and, potentially, a meta-analysis were planned. Results Six randomized controlled clinical trials and 5 controlled experiments of mouse animal models were included in the systematic review. Four randomized controlled clinical trials comparing a probiotics group with a placebo/blank control group in 480 elderly and denture wearers were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined odds ratio of the (random effects) meta-analysis was 0.24 (95% CI =0.09–0.63, P < 0.01). The overall combined odds ratio of the (fixed effects) sensitivity analysis was 0.39 (95% CI =0.25–0.60, P < 0.01) by excluding a study with the smallest sample size. These analyses showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the effect of probiotics compared with the control groups in elderly and denture wearers. The remaining 2 studies compared probiotics with other agents in a population aged 18–75 years and children aged 6–14 years respectively, and were analyzed descriptively. Meta-analysis and descriptive analyses indicated that probiotics were potentially effective in reducing morbidity, improving clinical symptoms and reducing oral Candida counts in oral candidiasis. The biases of the included studies were low or uncertain. The relatively common complaints reported were gastrointestinal discomfort and unpleasant taste, and no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions Probiotics were superior to the placebo and blank control in preventing and treating oral candidiasis in the elderly and denture wearers. Although probiotics showed a favorable effect in treating oral candidiasis, more evidence is required to warrant their effectiveness when compared with conventional antifungal treatments. Moreover, data on the safety of probiotics are still insufficient, and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Zhou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Young
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Yan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Yamazaki T, Ushikoshi-Nakayama R, Shirone K, Suzuki M, Abe S, Matsumoto N, Inoue H, Saito I. Evaluation of the effect of a heat-killed lactic acid bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis 2001, on oral candidiasis. Benef Microbes 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a preparation of heat-killed Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) on oral candidiasis was evaluated by two studies. An in vitro study was performed to assess the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of Candida strains isolated from a patient with oral candidiasis, and a clinical study was done in patients with oral candidiasis. In the in vitro study, EF-2001 inhibited mycelial growth of IT-1, a Candida strain isolated from a patient with oral candidiasis, at concentrations ≥2.34×109 cells/ml. An open clinical study was performed in 13 patients with oral candidiasis. The subjects took a powder containing 7.5×1011 heat-killed EF-2001 once a day before bedtime for seven consecutive days. In 11 of the 12 patients available for analysis (92%), the oral Candida load (cfu/swab) showed a significant decrease (P=0.01079, d=-0.437). There was a 55% decrease of Candida albicans and a 93.8% decrease of Candida glabrata. The following symptoms showed significant improvement: tinnitus (P=0.048, d=-0.462), cold feeling (P=0.048, d=-0.463), and depression (P=0.019, d=-0.34). In addition, 4 out of 26 oral symptoms tended to improve. These results suggest that EF-2001 significantly decreased the oral Candida load in patients with oral candidiasis by inhibiting mycelial growth and that EF-2001 is an effective treatment for oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - R. Ushikoshi-Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - K. Shirone
- Shirone Dental Clinic, 276-1 Fushimi Shinmachi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa Prefecture 921-8172, Japan
| | - M. Suzuki
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - S. Abe
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - N. Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - H. Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - I. Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
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Fungi at the Scene of the Crime: Innocent Bystanders or Accomplices in Oral Infections? CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The three main oral diseases of humans, that is, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis, are associated with microbiome shifts initiated by changes in the oral environment and/or decreased effectiveness of mucosal immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss the role that microbial-based therapies may have in the control of these conditions. Most investigations on the use of microorganisms for management of oral disease have been conducted with probiotic strains with some positive but very discrete clinical outcomes. Other strategies such as whole oral microbiome transplantation or modification of community function by enrichment with health-promoting indigenous oral strains may offer more promise, but research in this field is still in its infancy. Any microbial-based therapeutics for oral conditions, however, are likely to be only one component within a holistic preventive strategy that should also aim at modification of the environmental influences responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of microbiome shifts associated with oral dysbiosis.
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Maekawa T, Ishijima AS, Ida M, Izumo T, Ono Y, Shibata H, Abe S. Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 on Candida Infection and Gastric Inflammation in a Murine Gastrointestinal Candidiasis Model [Errata]. Med Mycol J 2017; 57:E81-E92. [PMID: 27904074 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed a prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 against oral candidiasis in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of S-PT84 against Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. As the first step, we used an in vitro assay to compare the inhibitory effects of several lactobacilli (S-PT84 and Lactobacillus pentosus type strain JCM1558T, Lactobacillus gasseri type strain JCM1131T and Lactobacillus casei type strain JCM1134T) on mycelial growth of Candida albicans. S-PT84 directly adhered to Candida cells and showed the strongest growth-inhibitory activity among the tested Lactobacillus strains. In the second experiment, we used an in vivo assay to evaluate the effect of S-PT84 ingestion on severity score of stomach lesion and gastric inflammation in a mouse model of gastrointestinal candidiasis. The severity scores were significantly improved by oral administration of S-PT84 (6 mg/ 200 μL), consistent with decreased coverage of stomach lesions by patchy whitish plaques. The attenuation of stomach lesion severity by S-PT84 was more pronounced than that obtained with L. gasseri type strain JCM1131T, consistent with the results of the above in vitro study. Histological analysis also indicated that S-PT84 prevented the adhesion of C. albicans to the stomach surface and suppressed stomach inflammation caused by neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, S-PT84 also suppressed the vascular permeability observed in Candida-infected stomach. These results suggest that oral administration of S-PT84 might be effective not only in inhibiting Candida infection but also in preventing gastric inflammation induced by Candida infection.
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Abstract
Candida species are the most common infectious fungal species in humans; out of the approximately 150 known species, Candida albicans is the leading pathogenic species, largely affecting immunocompromised individuals. Apart from its role as the primary etiology for various types of candidiasis, C. albicans is known to contribute to polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial interactions, particularly between C. albicans and bacterial species, have gained recent interest in which polymicrobial biofilm virulence mechanisms have been studied including adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and development of antimicrobial resistance. These trans-kingdom interactions, either synergistic or antagonistic, may help modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of both Candida and bacteria while uniquely impacting the pathogen-host immune response. As antibiotic and antifungal resistance increases, there is a great need to explore the intermicrobial cross-talk with a focus on the treatment of Candida-associated polymicrobial infections. This article explores the current literature on the interactions between Candida and clinically important bacteria and evaluates these interactions in the context of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and disease management.
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Maekawa T, Ishijima AS, Ida M, Izumo T, Ono Y, Shibata H, Abe S. Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 on Candida Infection and Gastric Inflammation in a Murine Gastrointestinal Candidiasis Model. Med Mycol J 2016; 57:E81-E92. [PMID: 27904056 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed a prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 against oral candidiasis in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of S-PT84 against Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. As the first step, we used an in vitro assay to compare the inhibitory effects of several lactobacilli (S-PT84 and Lactobacillus pentosus type strain JCM1558T, Lactobacillus gasseri type strain JCM1131T and Lactobacillus casei type strain JCM1134T) on mycelial growth of Candida albicans. S-PT84 directly adhered to Candida cells and showed the strongest growth-inhibitory activity among the tested Lactobacillus strains. In the second experiment, we used an in vivo assay to evaluate the effect of S-PT84 ingestion on severity score of stomach lesion and gastric inflammation in a mouse model of gastrointestinal candidiasis. The severity scores were significantly improved by oral administration of S-PT84 (6 mg/ 200 μL), consistent with decreased coverage of stomach lesions by patchy whitish plaques. The attenuation of stomach lesion severity by S-PT84 was more pronounced than that obtained with L. gasseri type strain JCM1131T, consistent with the results of the above in vitro study. Histological analysis also indicated that S-PT84 prevented the adhesion of C. albicans to the stomach surface and suppressed stomach inflammation caused by neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, S-PT84 also suppressed the vascular permeability observed in Candida-infected stomach. These results suggest that oral administration of S-PT84 might be effective not only in inhibiting Candida infection but also in preventing gastric inflammation induced by Candida infection.
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Hayama K, Ishijima S, Ono Y, Izumo T, Ida M, Shibata H, Abe S. Protective Activity of S-PT84, a Heat-killed Preparation of Lactobacillus pentosus, against Oral and Gastric Candidiasis in an Experimental Murine Model. Med Mycol J 2014; 55:J123-9. [DOI: 10.3314/mmj.55.j123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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