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Ding C, Li Y, Li X, Meng L, Fu R, Wang X, Li Y, Ma Y, Dong Z. QiShenYiQi pills, a Chinese patent medicine, increase bioavailability of atorvastatin by inhibiting Mrp2 expression in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:185-194. [PMID: 35001796 PMCID: PMC8745373 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.2021949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Atorvastatin (ATV) and QiShenYiQi pills (QSYQ), a Chinese patent medicine, are often co-prescribed to Chinese cardiovascular patients. The effects of QSYQ on the pharmacokinetics of ATV have not been studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of QSYQ on the pharmacokinetics of ATV and its metabolites upon oral or intravenous administration of ATV to rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5/group) were pre-treated with oral QSYQ (675 mg/kg) or vehicle control for 7 days and then orally administrated ATV (10 mg/kg) or intravenously administrated ATV (2 mg/kg). Serum concentrations of ATV and metabolites were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in jejunum and ileum were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS QSYQ resulted in an increase of AUC0-12 h of ATV from 226.67 ± 42.11 to 408.70 ± 161.75 ng/mL/h and of Cmax of ATV from 101.46 ± 26.18 to 198.00 ± 51.69 ng/mL and in an increased of para-hydroxy atorvastatin from 9.07 ± 6.20 to 23.10 ± 8.70 ng/mL in rats administered ATV orally. No change was observed in rats treated intravenously. The expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 mRNA and protein decreased in ileum, and the mRNA of P-glycoprotein decreased in jejunum, though no change in protein expression was found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS QSYQ increased bioavailability of ATV administered orally through inhibiting the expression of Mrp2 in ileum. Clinicians should pay close attention to potential drug-drug interactions between ATV and QSYQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Ding
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yajing Li
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ran Fu
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinling Ma
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanjun Dong
- National Clinical Drug Monitoring Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Liu J, Shi Y, Wu C, Hong B, Peng D, Yu N, Wang G, Wang L, Chen W. Comparison of Sweated and Non-Sweated Ethanol Extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Danshen) Effects on Human and rat Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase and Preclinic Herb-Drug Interaction Potential Evaluation. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:473-483. [PMID: 35585828 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220517115845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ethanol of Danshen (DEE) preparation has been widely used to treat cardiac-cerebral disease and cancer. Sweating is one of the primary processing methods of Danshen, which greatly influenced its quality and pharmacological properties. Sweated and non-sweated DEE preparation combining with various synthetic drugs, adding up the possibility of herbal-drug interactions. OBJECTIVE This study explored the effects of sweated and non-sweated DEE on human and rat hepatic UGT enzymes expression and activity and proposed a potential mechanism. METHODS The expression of two processed DEE on rat UGT1A, UGT2B and nuclear receptors including pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) were investigated after intragastric administration in rats by Western blot. Enzyme activity of DEE and its active ingredients (Tanshinone I, Cryptotanshinone, and Tanshinone I) on UGT isoenzymes was evaluated by quantifying probe substrate metabolism and metabolite formation in vitro using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. RESULTS The two processed DEE (5.40 g/kg) improved UGT1A (P<0.01) and UGT2B (P<0.05) protein expression, and the non-sweated DEE (2.70 g/kg) upregulated UGT2B expression protein (P<0.05), compared with the CMCNa group. On day 28, UGT1A protein expression was increased (P<0.05) both in two processed DEE groups, meanwhile the non-sweated DEE significantly enhanced UGT2B protein expression (P<0.05) on day 21, compared with the CMCNa group. The process underlying this mechanism involved with the activation of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPARα; In vitro, sweated DEE (0-80 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the activity of human UGT1A7 (P<0.05) and rat UGT1A1, 1A8, and 1A9 (P<0.05). Non-sweated DEE (0-80 μg/mL) dramatically suppressed the activity of human UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 2B4, and 2B15, and rat UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, and 1A9 (P<0.05); Tanshinone I (0-1 μM) inhibited the activity of human UGT1A3, 1A6, and 1A7 (P<0.01) and rat UGT1A3, 1A6, 1A7, and 1A8 (P<0.05). Cryptotanshinone (0-1 μM) remarkably inhibited the activity of human UGT1A3 and 1A7 (P<0.05) and rat UGT1A7, 1A8, and 1A9 (P<0.05). Nonetheless, Tanshinone IIA (0-2 μM) is not a potent UGT inhibitor both in humans and rats; Additionally, there existed significant differences between two processed DEE in expression of PXR, and the activity of human UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, and 2B15 and rat UGT1A3 and 2B15 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The effects of two processed DEE on hepatic UGT enzyme expression and activity were different. Accordingly, the combined usage of related UGTs substrates with DEE and its monomer components preparations may call for caution, depending on the drug's exposure-response relationship and dose adjustment. Besides, it is vital to pay attention to the distinction between sweated and non-sweated Danshen in clinic, which exerted an important influence on its pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Bangzhen Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Guokai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui Hefei 230012, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui,230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui Hefei 230012, China
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Sun Q, Li L, Zhou Q. Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Schisandra sphenanthera on the Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin in Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1473-1481. [PMID: 35607596 PMCID: PMC9123906 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Wuzhi capsule (WZ) is a proprietary Chinese medicine prepared from the ethanolic extract of Schisandra sphenanthera that is commonly used to treat liver injury. Statins are widely used in patients with hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Co-administration of statins with WZ is possible in clinical practice. WZ has obvious inhibitory effects on the bioavailability of atorvastatin and simvastatin; however, the drug–herb interactions between WZ and rosuvastatin have not been addressed. We explored the effects of WZ on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in Sprague-Dawley rats to promote a rational use of statins. Methods Eighteen male rats were randomly and evenly divided into three groups: control group (gavage feeding of rosuvastatin 10 mg·kg−1), single dose group (gavage feeding of a single dose of WZ 150 mg·kg−1 followed by rosuvastatin 10 mg·kg−1) and multiple doses group (gavage feeding of WZ 150 mg·kg−1 for 7 days followed by rosuvastatin 10 mg·kg−1 on the seventh day). Plasma samples were collected at different times before and after rosuvastatin administration. The other 18 female rats were tested the same way as the male rats. All samples were analyzed by a validated LC-MS/MS method, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model. Results In both male and female rats, there were no statistically significant differences in rosuvastatin pharmacokinetic parameters between the control group, the single dose group, and the multi-dose group. Conclusion Acute or long-term intake of WZ had no obvious effect on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, and therefore rosuvastatin could be used as an alternative to atorvastatin and simvastatin when WZ is clinically required in conjunction with statins. An appropriate pharmacodynamic study is needed to encourage the safe use of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Li Li, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, No. 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Quan Zhou, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road No. 88, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 571 89713473, Email
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Wang T, Hou J, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Yuan L, Yin X, Chen X, Hu Y. Chinese medicinal plants for the potential management of high-altitude pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:815-827. [PMID: 32883127 PMCID: PMC8641673 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1804407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the abundance of knowledge regarding high-altitude pulmonary edoema (HAPE) and high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), their prevalence continues to be on the rise. Thus, there is an urgent need for newer safe, effective, and relatively economic drug candidates. China is particularly known for the use of medicinal plants. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the medicinal plants used for HAPE and HAPH in the past 30 years, as well as some potential plants. METHODS Publications on HAPE and HAPH from 1990 to 2020 were identified using Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Springer Link, Google Scholar databases, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and CNKI with the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'hypoxia,' 'high altitude pulmonary edema,' 'high altitude pulmonary hypertension,' 'pathophysiology,' 'mechanisms,' 'prevention,' 'treatment,' 'human,' 'clinical,' 'safety,' and 'pharmacokinetics.' RESULTS We found 26 species (from 20 families) out of 5000 plants which are used for HAPE and HAPH prevention or treatment. Rhodiola rosea Linn. (Crassulaceae) is the most widely utilized. The most involved family is Lamiaceae, which contains 5 species. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We mainly reviewed the medicinal plants and mechanisms for the treatment of HAPE and HAPH, and we also assessed related toxicology experiments, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Potential medicinal plants were also identified. Further research is needed to determine the pharmacological effects and active ingredients of these potential medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Faculty of Medical, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Longfu Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- Faculty of Medical, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest, Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Hirota T, Fujita Y, Ieiri I. An updated review of pharmacokinetic drug interactions and pharmacogenetics of statins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:809-822. [PMID: 32729746 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1801634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) lower cholesterol synthesis in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Increased statin exposure is an important risk factor for skeletal muscle toxicity. Potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 significantly increase plasma concentrations of the active forms of simvastatin, lovastatin, and atorvastatin. Fluvastatin is metabolized by CYP2C9, whereas pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin are unaffected by inhibition by either CYP. Statins also have different affinities for membrane transporters involved in processes such as intestinal absorption, hepatic absorption, biliary excretion, and renal excretion. AREAS COVERED In this review, the pharmacokinetic aspects of drug-drug interactions with statins and genetic polymorphisms of CYPs and drug transporters involved in the pharmacokinetics of statins are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms underlying statin interactions can help minimize drug interactions and reduce the adverse side effects caused by statins. Since recent studies have shown the involvement of drug transporters such as OATP and BCRP as well as CYPs in statin pharmacokinetics, further clinical studies focusing on the drug transporters are necessary. The establishment of biomarkers based on novel mechanisms, such as the leakage of microRNAs into the peripheral blood associated with the muscle toxicity, is important for the early detection of statin side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuito Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
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