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Urs AP, Goda C, Kulkarni R. Remodeling of the bone marrow microenvironment during acute myeloid leukemia progression. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2024; 12:63. [PMID: 39118939 PMCID: PMC11304419 DOI: 10.21037/atm-23-1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires a complex interplay between the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the cells of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). The BMM is heterogeneous, with different regions having distinct cellular, molecular, and metabolic composition and function. Studies have shown that this niche is disrupted in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which plays a crucial role in disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the components of vascular and endosteal niches and the molecular mechanisms by which they regulate normal hematopoiesis. We also discuss how these niches are modified in the context of AML, into a disease-promoting niche and how the modified niches in turn regulate AML blast survival and proliferation. We focus on mechanisms of modifications in structural and cellular components of the bone marrow (BM) niche by the AML cells and its impact on leukemic progression and patient outcome. Finally, we also discuss mechanisms by which the altered BM niche protects AML blasts from treatment agents, thereby causing therapy resistance in AML patients. We also summarize ongoing clinical trials that target various BM niche components in the treatment of AML patients. Hence, the BM niche represents a promising target to treat AML and promote normal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amog P. Urs
- The Division of Hematology and Hematological Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chinmayee Goda
- The Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- The Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Capo V, Abinun M, Villa A. Osteoclast rich osteopetrosis due to defects in the TCIRG1 gene. Bone 2022; 165:116519. [PMID: 35981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery that mutations in TCIRG1 (also known as Atp6i) gene are responsible for most instances of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) heralded a new era for comprehension and treatment of this phenotypically heterogeneous rare bone disease. TCIRG1 encodes the a3 subunit, an essential isoform of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump involved in acidification of the osteoclast resorption lacuna and in secretory lysosome trafficking. TCIRG1 defects lead to inefficient bone resorption by nonfunctional osteoclasts seen in abundance on bone marrow biopsy, delineating this ARO as 'osteoclast-rich'. Presentation is usually in early childhood and features of extramedullary haematopoiesis (hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia) due to bone marrow fibrosis, and cranial nerve impingement (blindness in particular). Impaired dietary calcium uptake due to high pH causes the co-occurrence of rickets, described as "osteopetrorickets". Osteoclast dysfunction leads to early death if untreated, and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the treatment of choice. Studies of patients as well as of mouse models carrying spontaneous (the oc/oc mouse) or targeted disruption of Atp6i (TCIRG1) gene have been instrumental providing insight into disease pathogenesis and development of novel cellular therapies that exploit gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Abinun
- Children's Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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de Kruijf EJFM, Fibbe WE, van Pel M. Cytokine-induced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization: unraveling interactions between stem cells and their niche. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1466:24-38. [PMID: 31006885 PMCID: PMC7217176 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), mobilized by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, are widely used as a source for both autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of mobilized HSPCs has several advantages over traditional bone marrow–derived HSPCs, including a less invasive harvesting process for the donor, higher HSPC yields, and faster hematopoietic reconstitution in the recipient. For years, the mechanisms by which cytokines and other agents mobilize HSPCs from the bone marrow were not fully understood. The field of stem cell mobilization research has advanced significantly over the past decade, with major breakthroughs in the elucidation of the complex mechanisms that underlie stem cell mobilization. In this review, we provide an overview of the events that underlie HSPC mobilization and address the relevant cellular and molecular components of the bone marrow niche. Furthermore, current and future mobilizing agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert-Jan F M de Kruijf
- Section of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Willem E Fibbe
- Section of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa van Pel
- Section of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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The JAK2V617F Point Mutation Increases the Osteoclast Forming Ability of Monocytes in Patients with Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Makes their Osteoclasts more Susceptible to JAK2 Inhibition. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10:e2018058. [PMID: 30416690 PMCID: PMC6223546 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK2V617F is a gain of function point mutation that occurs in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN) patients and deranges their hemopoiesis at cellular level. We speculate that hyperfunctioning JAK2 can modify osteoclast (OCL) homeostasis in MPN patients. We studied 18 newly diagnosed MPN patients and four age-matched normal donors (ND). Osteoclast forming assays started from selected monocytes also and under titrated concentrations of the JAK2 Inhibitor AG-490 (Tyrphostin). Genomic DNA was extracted from the formed osteoclasts, and the JAK2V617F/JAK2WT genomic DNA ratio was calculated. OCLs formed from monocytes derived from heterozygous (Het) for the JAK2V617F mutation MPN patients, were three times more compared to those from JAK2 wild type (WT) MPN patients (p=0,05) and from ND as well (p=0,03). The ratio of JAK2V617F/JAK2WT genomic DNA was increased in OCLs compared to the input monocyte cells showing a survival advantage of the mutated clone. In comparison to ND and JAK2 WT MPN patients, OCLs from patients JAK2V617F (Het) were more susceptible to JAK2 inhibition. These alterations in osteoclast homeostasis, attributed to mutated JAK2, can deregulate the hemopoietic stem cell niche in MPN patients.
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Montano Almendras CP, Thudium CS, Löfvall H, Moscatelli I, Schambach A, Henriksen K, Richter J. Forced expression of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor in CD34 + cells promotes monocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo but blunts osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Eur J Haematol 2017; 98:517-526. [PMID: 28160330 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we tested the hypothesis that human M-CSF (hM-CSF) overexpressed in cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells would induce differentiation and survival of monocytes and osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human M-CSF was overexpressed in cord blood CD34+ cells using a lentiviral vector. RESULTS We show that LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells expand 3.6- and 8.5-fold more with one or two exposures to the hM-CSF-expressing vector, respectively, when compared to control cells. Likewise, LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells show significantly higher levels of monocytes. In addition, these cells produced high levels of hM-CSF. Furthermore, they are able to differentiate into functional bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. However, osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption were blunted compared to control CD34+ cells receiving exogenous hM-CSF. NSG mice engrafted with LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells have physiological levels of hM-CSF production that result in an increase in the percentage of human monocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow as well as in the spleen, lung and liver. CONCLUSION In summary, ectopic production of human M-CSF in CD34+ cells promotes cellular expansion and monocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo and allows for the formation of functional osteoclasts, albeit at reduced levels, without an exogenous source of M-CSF, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Löfvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ilana Moscatelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Johan Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sánchez-Aguilera A, Méndez-Ferrer S. The hematopoietic stem-cell niche in health and leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:579-590. [PMID: 27436341 PMCID: PMC5272896 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research in the last decade has shown that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) interact with and are modulated by a complex multicellular microenvironment in the bone marrow, which includes both the HSC progeny and multiple non-hematopoietic cell types. Intense work is gradually throwing light on the composition of the HSC niche and the molecular cues exchanged between its components, which has implications for HSC production, maintenance and expansion. In addition, it has become apparent that bidirectional interactions between leukemic cells and their niche play a previously unrecognized role in the initiation and development of hematological malignancies. Consequently, targeting of the malignant niche holds considerable promise for more specific antileukemic therapies. Here we summarize the latest insights into HSC niche biology and recent work showing multiple connections between hematological malignancy and alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Sánchez-Aguilera
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Stem Cell Niche Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.
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Sim HJ, Kook SH, Yun CY, Bhattarai G, Cho ES, Lee JC. Brief Report: Consecutive Alendronate Administration-Mediated Inhibition of Osteoclasts Improves Long-Term Engraftment Potential and Stress Resistance of HSCs. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2601-2607. [PMID: 27300755 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts form a bone marrow (BM) cavity serving as a hematopoietic niche for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the role of osteoclasts in the BM has been controversially reported and remains to be further understood. In the present study, we investigated how osteoclasts affect the modulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the BM by administering bisphosphate alendronate (ALN) to B6 mice for 21 consecutive days to inhibit osteoclast activity. ALN treatment caused a reduction in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP)-positive osteoclast cells and an increase in bone mineral density, particularly in the trabecular zone, but not in the cortical zone of the BM. Osteoclast inhibition caused by ALN treatment decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and SA-β-gal activity of CD150+ CD48- Lineage-Sca-1+ c-Kit+ (LSK) cells, eventually leading to an improvement in the engraftment potential and self-renewal activity of HSCs. Moreover, ALN-treated mice exhibited an enhanced resistance of HSCs in response to the genotoxic stress of 5-fluorouracil, as determined by mitochondrial ROS generation, SA-β-gal activity, and p16INK4a expression in subsets of LSK and CD150+ CD48- LSK cells as well as competitive assay. Collectively, our findings indicate that inhibition of osteoclast activity improves the long-term engraftment potential and stress resistance of HSCs. Stem Cells 2016;34:2601-2607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jaung Sim
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.,Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.,Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Chi-Young Yun
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Govinda Bhattarai
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea. .,Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.
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Charles JF, Aliprantis AO. Osteoclasts: more than 'bone eaters'. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:449-59. [PMID: 25008556 PMCID: PMC4119859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the only cells definitively shown to degrade bone, osteoclasts are key mediators of skeletal diseases including osteoporosis. Bone-forming osteoblasts, and hematopoietic and immune system cells, each influence osteoclast formation and function, but the reciprocal impact of osteoclasts on these cells is less well appreciated. We highlight here the functions that osteoclasts perform beyond bone resorption. First, we consider how osteoclast signals may contribute to bone formation by osteoblasts and to the pathology of bone lesions such as fibrous dysplasia and giant cell tumors. Second, we review the interaction of osteoclasts with the hematopoietic system, including the stem cell niche and adaptive immune cells. Connections between osteoclasts and other cells in the bone microenvironment are discussed within a clinically relevant framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Charles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Blin-Wakkach C, Rouleau M, Wakkach A. Roles of osteoclasts in the control of medullary hematopoietic niches. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:29-37. [PMID: 24998177 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow is the major site of hematopoiesis in mammals. The bone marrow environment plays an essential role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by providing specialized niches in which these cells are maintained. Many cell types participate to the composition and regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches, integrating complex signals from the bone, immune and nervous systems. Among these cells, the bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) have been described as main regulators of HSC niches. They are not limited to carving space for HSCs, but they also provide signals that affect the molecular and cellular niche components. However, their exact role in HSC niches remains unclear because of the variety of models, signals and conditions used to address the question. The present review will discuss the importance of the implication of OCLs focusing on the formation of HSC niches, the maintenance of HSCs in these niches and the mobilization of HSCs from the bone marrow. It will underline the importance of OCLs in HSC niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
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Thudium CS, Moscatelli I, Flores C, Thomsen JS, Brüel A, Gudmann NS, Hauge EM, Karsdal MA, Richter J, Henriksen K. A comparison of osteoclast-rich and osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis in adult mice sheds light on the role of the osteoclast in coupling bone resorption and bone formation. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:83-93. [PMID: 24838599 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis due to lack of acid secretion by osteoclasts is characterized by abolished bone resorption, increased osteoclast numbers, but normal or even increased bone formation. In contrast, osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis appears to have less osteoblasts and reduced bone formation, indicating that osteoclasts are important for regulating osteoblast activity. To illuminate the role of the osteoclast in controlling bone remodeling, we transplanted irradiated skeletally mature 3-month old wild-type mice with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate either an osteoclast-rich or osteoclast-poor adult osteopetrosis model. We used fetal liver HSCs from (1) oc/oc mice, (2) RANK KO mice, and (3) compared these to wt control cells. TRAP5b activity, a marker of osteoclast number and size, was increased in the oc/oc recipients, while a significant reduction was seen in the RANK KO recipients. In contrast, the bone resorption marker CTX-I was similarly decreased in both groups. Both oc/oc and Rank KO recipients developed a mild osteopetrotic phenotype. However, the osteoclast-rich oc/oc recipients showed higher trabecular bone volume (40 %), increased bone strength (66 %), and increased bone formation rate (54 %) in trabecular bone, while RANK KO recipients showed only minor trends compared to control recipients. We here show that maintaining non-resorbing osteoclasts, as opposed to reducing the osteoclasts, leads to increased bone formation, bone volume, and ultimately higher bone strength in vivo, which indicates that osteoclasts are sources of anabolic molecules for the osteoblasts.
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