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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh T, Schilling MW, White S, Ramachandran R, Sukumaran AT. Aerotolerance and Multi-Locus Sequence Typing of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Commercial Broiler Processing Plants. Foods 2023; 12:3305. [PMID: 37685237 PMCID: PMC10486707 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of acute diarrhea in the United States. Despite being a microaerophilic pathogen, C. jejuni continues to endure within the domain of food production, especially in poultry processing. Recent research on aerotolerance indicates that close monitoring of this pathogen is necessary. A total of 40 C. jejuni isolates previously obtained from commercial broiler processing plants were analyzed for aerotolerance and genetic diversity. In addition, the effect of aerotolerance and storage time (days) on the survival of C. jejuni on broiler drumsticks at refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing conditions (-20 °C) was also evaluated. Out of 40 isolates, 25 (62.5%) were aero-sensitive (AS), 10 (25%) were intermediately aerotolerant (IAT), and 5 (12.5%) were hyper aerotolerant (HAT). The isolates belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs) and six sequence types, with the majority of isolates assigned to the CC-353 clonal complex. C. jejuni counts were reduced by 0.40 log CFU/g after 7 days at 4 °C and by 1.50 log CFU/g after 14 days at -20 °C, respectively, irrespective of aerotolerance (p < 0.001). At both refrigeration (p < 0.013) and freezing (p < 0.001), HAT showed greater reductions as compared to AS and IAT. These findings suggest that both refrigeration and freezing reduce C. jejuni counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (D.P.); (H.T.T.); (L.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (D.P.); (H.T.T.); (L.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (D.P.); (H.T.T.); (L.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Thu Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA;
| | - M. Wes Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.W.S.)
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.W.S.)
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (D.P.); (H.T.T.); (L.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (D.P.); (H.T.T.); (L.Z.); (R.R.)
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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh TTN, Schilling W, White SB, Ramachandran R, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. Roles of Aerotolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Viable but Non-Culturable State in the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2165. [PMID: 36363757 PMCID: PMC9699079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne human gastroenteritis in the developed world. This bacterium colonizes in the ceca of chickens, spreads throughout the poultry production chain, and contaminates poultry products. Despite numerous on farm intervention strategies and developments in post-harvest antimicrobial treatments, C. jejuni is frequently detected on broiler meat products. This indicates that C. jejuni is evolving over time to overcome the stresses/interventions that are present throughout poultry production and processing. The development of aerotolerance has been reported to be a major survival strategy used by C. jejuni in high oxygen environments. Recent studies have indicated that C. jejuni can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state or develop biofilm in response to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and freezing stress and aerobic stress. This review provides an overview of different stressors that C. jejuni are exposed to throughout the poultry production chain and the genotypic and phenotypic survival mechanisms, with special attention to aerotolerance, biofilm formation, and development of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Thu T. N. Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya B. White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. Thermotolerant Campylobacter during Broiler Rearing: Risk Factors and Intervention. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:81-105. [PMID: 33401809 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacters are one of the most important bacterial causative agents of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In most European Union (EU) member states human campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli following consumption or inadequate handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. To date, no effective strategy to control Campylobacter colonization of broilers during rearing is available. In this review, we describe the public health problem posed by Campylobacter presence in broilers and list and critically review all currently known measures that have been researched to lower the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in broilers during rearing. We also discuss the most promising measures and which measures should be investigated further. We end this review by elaborating on readily usable measures to lower Campylobacter introduction and Campylobacter numbers in a broiler flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Robyn
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium.,the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Zhou P, Oyarzabal OA. Application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to type Campylobacter jejuni. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1301:139-156. [PMID: 25862055 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2599-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is generally accepted as one of the most discriminatory methods available for genotyping Campylobacter jejuni. PFGE has been extensively used in epidemiological studies, including outbreak investigation, persistence of genotypes in a human population, environmental diversity of sporadic infection isolates, dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains, and comparison of genotypes within and between hosts. The main purpose of this chapter is to present a working PFGE protocol for those interested in incorporating this technique in their laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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Lazou T, Dovas C, Houf K, Soultos N, Iossifidou E. Diversity ofCampylobacterin Retail Meat and Liver of Lambs and Goat Kids. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:320-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Soultos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Iossifidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Lazou T, Houf K, Soultos N, Dovas C, Iossifidou E. Campylobacter in small ruminants at slaughter: prevalence, pulsotypes and antibiotic resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 173:54-61. [PMID: 24412959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to address the prevalence, pulsotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species present in sheep and goat carcasses at slaughter. In total, 851 samples were collected (343 meat surfaces, 282 ileum contents, 226 liver surfaces) and 835 Campylobacter isolates were detected in 274 out of 343 carcasses (116 kids, 110 lambs, 63 goats and 54 sheep). The contamination rates per carcass category were 78.4% for kids, 94.5% for lambs, 63.5% for goats, and 72.2% for sheep. On average, 30% of the intestinal content samples and more than 70% of carcass and liver surfaces yielded the presence of campylobacters. Multiplex-PCR and RFLP analysis identified Campylobacter coli as the most prevalent species (76.2%) followed by Campylobacter jejuni (21.4%), albeit 2.4% of selected colonies yielded the concurrent presence of both these species. Macrorestriction profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied in order to characterise a subset of isolates. SmaI-PFGE successfully clustered 222 isolates in 82 SmaI-PFGE types indicating high heterogeneity among the campylobacter isolates (67 types among 174C. coli isolates and 15 types among 48C. jejuni isolates). No carcass-type (lamb, kid, sheep, and goat) specific PFGE clusters were recognised since there was a general overlapping of PFGE patterns regarding ovine and caprine isolates. Multiple pulsotypes were simultaneously present on single carcasses in the majority of tested animals. PFGE provided data regarding the potential routes of meat and liver contamination such as spillage of faecal material and cross-contamination during slaughter. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter isolates (n=240), determined by disk diffusion method, revealed resistance to tetracycline (47.9%) followed by streptomycin (22.9%) and ciprofloxacin along with nalidixic acid (18.3%). Isolates exhibited low resistance to erythromycin (2.5%) and were susceptible to gentamicin. The findings of the present study confirm the contamination of sheep and goats at slaughter with thermophilic campylobacters and underline their potential input in the epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Soultos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Iossifidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Ahmed MU, Dunn L, Ivanova EP. Evaluation of Current Molecular Approaches for Genotyping ofCampylobacter jejuniStrains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:375-85. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monir U. Ahmed
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Louise Dunn
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, Martel A, Van Immerseel F, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Van Deun K, Haesebrouck F. Poultry as a Host for the Zoonotic PathogenCampylobacter jejuni. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:89-98. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Hermans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Winy Messens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Deun
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bardoň J, Kolář M, Karpíšková R, Hricová K. Prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in broilers at retail in the Czech Republic and their antibiotic resistance. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lynch Ó, Cagney C, McDowell D, Duffy G. A method for the growth and recovery of 17 species of Campylobacter and its subsequent application to inoculated beef. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 83:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thakur S, Zhao S, McDermott PF, Harbottle H, Abbott J, English L, Gebreyes WA, White DG. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Genotypic Profile Comparison ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliIsolated from Humans and Retail Meats. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:835-44. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Patrick F. McDermott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Jason Abbott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Linda English
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David G. White
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
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Bardon J, Kolar M, Cekanova L, Hejnar P, Koukalova D. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and its resistance to antibiotics in poultry in the Czech Republic. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 56:111-6. [PMID: 18771516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., in particular Campylobacter jejuni, are among the most frequently identified pathogens, found to be causing human gastrointestinal infections in Europe, with the Czech Republic being no exception. The presented work aimed at assessing results of the first nationwide monitoring of prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks in the Czech Republic, including a comparison of antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates collected from poultry and the human community. The monitoring was carried out in poultry slaughterhouses in 2006 and 2007. From broilers, cloacal swabs were collected and examined. The human isolates of C. jejuni were acquired from rectal swabs in community patients with diarrhoeal diseases. Suspected isolates of both animal and human origin were confirmed by the PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance to selected anti-microbial agents was tested by the microdilution method. In the monitored period, the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in broilers in the Czech Republic reached almost 50%. In 2006, C. jejuni was detected in 46% and Campylobacter coli in 3% of the tested samples. In 2007, C. jejuni was found in 43% and C. coli in 2% of the samples. The results of anti-microbial susceptibility testing of C. jejuni showed higher resistance in animals when compared with humans. The only exception was tetracycline with higher resistance in isolates of human origin. The highest resistance detected was to quinolone antibiotics. Resistance to oxolinic acid was 77% in animal and 60% in human isolates, to ciprofloxacin 72% in isolates from poultry and 55% in those from humans. In ampicillin, 26% of poultry isolates and 16% of human isolates were resistant. Moreover, 9% of animal isolates demonstrated resistance to streptomycin, undetected in human isolates. In erythromycin, resistance was found in 6% of poultry and 1% of human isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bardon
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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