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Chadwick S, Donaldson L, Janin P, Darbar A, Sutherland R, Flower O, Hammond N, Parkinson J, Delaney A. The association between ventriculostomy - Related infection and clinical outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 110:80-91. [PMID: 36827759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventriculostomy - related infection (VRI) is a common complication of patients who require placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD). The clinical outcomes of people who are diagnosed with VRI is poorly characterised. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between VRI, and clinical outcomes and resource use, in patients treated with an EVD. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of clinical trials to identify clinical trial and cohort studies that reported outcomes including mortality, functional outcome, duration of EVD insertion, and intensive care and hospital length of stay. Inclusion criteria and data extraction were conducted in duplicate. Where sufficient data were available, data synthesis was conducted using a random effects model to provide a pooled estimate of the association between VRI and clinical outcomes and resource use. We also pooled data to provide an estimate of the incidence of VRI in this population. RESULTS Nineteen studies including 38,247 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There were twelve different definitions of VRI in the included studies. The pooled estimate of the incidence of VRI was 11 % (95 % confidence interval (CI), 9 % to 14 %). A diagnosis of VRI was not associated with an increase in the estimated odds ratio (OR) for mortality (OR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.59 to 1.92, p = 0.83 I2 = 83.5 %), nor was a diagnosis of VRI associated with changes in neurological outcome (OR 1.42, 95 % CI 0.36 to 5.56, p = 0.89, I2 = 0.3 %). Those diagnosed with VRI had longer intensive care unit length of stay (estimated pooled mean difference 8.4 days 95 % CI 3.4 to 13.4 days, p = 0.0009, I2 = 78.7 %) an increase in hospital length of stay (estimated mean difference 16.4 days. 95 % CI 11.6 to 21.2 days, p < 0.0005, I2 = 76.6 %), a prolonged duration of EVD placement (mean difference 5.24 days, 95 % CI 3.05 to 7.43, I2 = 78.2 %, p < 0.01), and an increased requirement for an internal ventricular shunt (OR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.32 to 2.46, I2 = 8.92 %, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Ventriculostomy related infection is not associated with increased mortality or an increased risk of poor neurological outcome, but is associated with prolonged duration of EVD placement, prolonged duration of ICU and hospital admission, and an increased rate of internal ventricular shunt placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chadwick
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, USA; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA.
| | - Lachlan Donaldson
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA; Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, USA
| | - Pierre Janin
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA
| | - Archie Darbar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA
| | - Rosie Sutherland
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA
| | - Oliver Flower
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, USA; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA
| | - Naomi Hammond
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, USA; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA; Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, USA
| | | | - Anthony Delaney
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, USA; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, USA; Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, USA
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Effect of a bundle approach on external ventricular drain-related infection. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:1135-1142. [PMID: 33427989 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) is one of the most frequently performed neurosurgical procedures. EVD-related infection continues to be a major challenge causing significant morbidity and costs. Bundle approaches have been shown to reduce infection rates; however, they are still not widely used, and observation periods often were rather short. METHODS The present study evaluated the effect of a multi-item bundle approach for EVD placement and care on the occurrence of EVD-related infection. A before/after approach was used to compare groups of consecutive patients over 5-year epochs to control for bias and secondary confounding variables. RESULTS The number of patients in the group before implementation of the bundle approach was 141 and 208 thereafter. There were no statistical differences in demographic and other variables. While 41/141 patients (29.1%) had an EVD-related infection before, this was the case in only 10/208 patients (4.8%) thereafter (p < 0.0001). The EVD-related infection rate was reduced from 13.7/1000 catheter days to 3.2/1000, and the 50% probability of an EVD-related infection in correlation to the mean duration of EVD placement was significantly lower (p < 0.0001). Routine EVD replacement was not helpful to reduce EVD-related infection. EVD-related infection rates remained low also over the next 8 years after the study was finished. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of a multi-item bundle approach for EVD insertion and care resulted in a marked reduction of EVD-related infection. Long observation periods over 5 years and beyond confirm that short-term changes are sustained with continued use of such protocols.
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Mohammadi E, Hanaei S, Azadnajafabad S, Tayebi Meybodi K, Habibi Z, Nejat F. The effect of external ventricular drain tunneling length on CSF infection rate in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, 3-arm controlled trial. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2021; 27:525-532. [PMID: 33740757 DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.peds20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of tunneling an external ventricular drain (EVD) more than the standard 5 cm for controlling device-related infections remains controversial. METHODS This is a randomized, double-blind, 3-arm controlled trial done in the Children's Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. Pediatric patients (< 18 years old) with temporary hydrocephalus requiring an EVD and no evidence of CSF infection or prior EVD insertion were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) into the following arms: 5-cm (standard; group A); 10-cm (group B); or 15-cm (group C) EVD tunnel lengths. The investigators, parents, and person performing the analysis were masked. The surgeon was informed of the length of the EVD by the monitoring board just before operation. Patients were followed until the EVD's fate was established. Infection rate and other complications related to EVDs were assessed. RESULTS A total of 105 patients were enrolled in three random groups (group A = 36, group B = 35, and group C = 34). The EVD was removed because there was no further need in most cases (67.6%), followed by conversion to a new EVD or ventriculoperitoneal shunt (15.2%), infection (11.4%), and spontaneous discharge without further CSF diversion requirement (5.7%). No statistical difference was found in infection rate (p = 0.47) or EVD duration (p = 0.81) between the three groups. No group reached the efficacy point sooner than the standard group (group B: hazard ratio 1.21, 95% CI 0.75-1.94, p = 0.429; group C: hazard ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.64-1.65, p = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS EVD tunnel lengths of 5 cm and longer did not show a difference in the infection rate in pediatric patients. Indeed, tunneling lengths of 5 cm and greater seem to be equally effective in preventing EVD infection. Clinical trial registration no.: IRCT20160430027680N2 (IRCT.ir).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hanaei
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Azadnajafabad
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Habib HA. Intraoperative precautionary insertion of external ventricular drainage catheters in posterior fossa tumors presenting with hydrocephalus. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cinibulak Z, Aschoff A, Apedjinou A, Kaminsky J, Trost HA, Krauss JK. Current practice of external ventricular drainage: a survey among neurosurgical departments in Germany. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:847-53. [PMID: 26928728 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-2747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are various recommendations, but no generally accepted guidelines, to reduce the risk of external ventricular drainage (EVD)-associated infections. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the current practice of EVD in a European country and to set the results in perspective to published data. METHOD A standardised questionnaire prepared by the Commission of Technical Standards and Norms of the German Society of Neurosurgery was sent to 127 neurosurgical units in Germany. RESULTS Data were analysed from 99 out of 127 neurosurgical units which had been contacted. Overall, more than 10,000 EVD procedures appear to be performed in Germany annually. There is disagreement about the location where the EVD is inserted, and most EVDs are still inserted in the operation theatre. Most units apply subcutaneous tunnelling. Impregnated EVD catheters are used regularly in only about 20 % of units. Single-shot antibiotic prophylaxis is given in more than half of the units, while continued antibiotic prophylaxis is installed in only 15/99 units at a regular basis. There are discrepancies in the management of prolonged EVD use with regard to replacement policies. Regular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling is still performed widely. There were no statistical differences in policies with regard to academic versus non-academic units. CONCLUSIONS This survey clearly shows that some newer recommendations drawn from published studies penetrate much slower into clinical routine, such as the use of impregnated catheters, for example. It remains unclear how different policies actually impact quality and outcome in daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Cinibulak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Commission of Technical Standards and Norms, German Society of Neurosurgery, Messe-Allee 1, 04356, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alfred Aschoff
- Commission of Technical Standards and Norms, German Society of Neurosurgery, Messe-Allee 1, 04356, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anani Apedjinou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Kaminsky
- Commission of Technical Standards and Norms, German Society of Neurosurgery, Messe-Allee 1, 04356, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sankt Gertrauden Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans A Trost
- Commission of Technical Standards and Norms, German Society of Neurosurgery, Messe-Allee 1, 04356, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bayreuth Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Commission of Technical Standards and Norms, German Society of Neurosurgery, Messe-Allee 1, 04356, Leipzig, Germany
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Ventriculostomy related infection in intensive care unit: Diagnostic criteria and related conditions. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ramanan M, Lipman J, Shorr A, Shankar A. A meta-analysis of ventriculostomy-associated cerebrospinal fluid infections. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25567583 PMCID: PMC4300210 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventriculostomy insertion is a common neurosurgical intervention and can be complicated by ventriculostomy-associated cerebrospinal fluid infection (VAI) which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This meta-analysis was aimed at determining the pooled incidence rate (number per 1000 catheter-days) of VAI. METHODS Relevant studies were identified from MEDLINE and EMBASE and from reference searching of included studies and recent review articles on relevant topics. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess quality and risk of bias. A random effects model was used to pool individual study estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the exact Poisson method. Heterogeneity was assessed using the heterogeneity χ2 and I-squared tests. Subgroup analyses were performed and a funnel plot constructed to assess publication bias. RESULTS There were a total of 35 studies which yielded 752 infections from 66,706 catheter-days of observation. The overall pooled incidence rate of VAI was 11.4 per 1000 catheter days (95% CI 9.3 to 13.5), for high quality studies the rate was 10.6 (95% CI 8.3 to 13) and 13.5 (95% CI 8.9 to 18.1) for low quality studies. Studies which had mean duration of EVD treatment of less than 7 days had a pooled VAI rate of 19.6 per 1000 catheter-days, those with mean duration of 7-10 days had VAI rate of 12.8 per 1000 catheter-days and those with mean duration greater than 10 days had VAI rate of 8 per 1000 catheter-days. There was significant heterogeneity for the primary outcome (p = 0.004, I-squared = 44%) and most subgroups. The funnel plot did not show evidence for publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of VAI is 11.4 per 1000 catheter-days. Further research should focus on analysis of risk factors for VAI and techniques for reducing the rate of VAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramanan
- Burns Trauma Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns Trauma Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia.
| | - Andrew Shorr
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Aparna Shankar
- Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Collins CDE, Hartley JC, Chakraborty A, Thompson DNP. Long subcutaneous tunnelling reduces infection rates in paediatric external ventricular drains. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:1671-8. [PMID: 25160496 PMCID: PMC4167071 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to report the efficacy of long subcutaneous tunnelling of external ventricular drains in reducing rates of infection and catheter displacement in a paediatric population. METHODS In children requiring external ventricular drainage, a long-tunnelled drain was placed and managed according to a locally agreed guideline. End points were novel CSF infection incurred during the time of drainage and re-operation to re-site displaced catheters. Data were compared to other published series. RESULTS One hundred eighty-one long-tunnelled external ventricular drains (LTEVDs) were inserted. The mean age was 6.6 years (range 0-15.5 years). Reasons for insertion included intraventricular haemorrhage (47 %), infection (27 %), tumour-related hydrocephalus (7.2 %), as a temporising measure (17 %) and trauma (2.2 %). The overall new infection rate for LTEVD was 2.76 %. If the 48 cases where LTEVDs were inserted to treat an existing infection are excluded, the infection rate was 3.8 % (5/133). The mean duration of insertion was 10 days (range 0-42 days). Four LTEVDs (2.2 %) were inadvertently dislodged, requiring reinsertion. Thirteen patients required removal of EVD alone. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing our infection rate to 14 publications of infection rates in short-tunnelled EVDs; however, there was no difference when comparing our data to three publications using LTEVDs. CONCLUSION The use of an antibiotic-impregnated LTEVD, managed according to a predefined guideline, is associated with significantly reduced infection and displacement rates when compared with contemporary series. It is suggested that this reduction is of both clinical and economic benefits.
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Castaño Ávila S, Corral Lozano E, Vallejo De La Cueva A, Maynar Moliner J, Martín López A, Fonseca San Miguel F, Urturi Matos J, Manzano Ramírez A. Intraventricular hemorrhage treated with intraventricular fibrinolysis. A 10-year experience. Med Intensiva 2013; 37:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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