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Losa M, Albano L, Barzaghi LR, Bailo M, Mortini P. Gamma knife radiosurgery is effective in patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1923-1930. [PMID: 38244141 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is a rare cause of TSH-dependent hyperthyroidism. The first therapeutic option is surgery. Medical treatment with somatostatin analogs is also effective. To obviate the need for lifelong drug therapy, gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) might be considered in selected patients. We report the largest series of patients with TSHoma treated by GKRS at a single center. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of 18 consecutive patients with TSHoma treated by GKRS between 1994 and 2022. Normalization of hyperthyroidism, when present at the time of surgery, and control of tumor growth were the main outcomes of the study. RESULTS The median follow-up after GKRS treatment was 114 months (IQR, 57-213 months; range 17-285 months). No patients had growth of the residual tumor after GKRS. Remission of hyperthyroidism occurred in 9 of the 11 (81.8%) patients who were hyperthyroid before GKRS. The probability of hyperthyroidism remission three years after GKRS was 59.1% (95% CI 27.9-90.3%). No major side effects occurred after GKRS. One patient out of the 15 patients (6.7%) with normal baseline adrenal function and follow-up longer than 3 years developed new onset hypoadrenalism, while hypogonadism did not occur in the 13 patients with baseline normal function. CONCLUSION Our study shows that GKRS is an effective and safe adjuvant treatment for selected patients with residual or recurring TSHoma. The option of GKRS as an alternative treatment to lifelong medical treatment with somatostatin analogs should be thoroughly discussed with the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Losa
- Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - L Albano
- Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - L R Barzaghi
- Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bailo
- Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - P Mortini
- Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Ljubimov VA, Rychen J, Lee CK, Cobos Sillero MI, Xu Y, Fernandez-Miranda JC. Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of a Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma With Invasion of the Medial Wall of the Cavernous Sinus. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2024:01787389-990000000-01197. [PMID: 38888332 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting adenomas (TSH-oma) are exceptionally rare.1 The primary treatment is surgical resection with radiation and pharmacotherapy postoperatively if subtotal resection, especially with cavernous sinus invasion.2 We present the case of a 29-year-old man with TSH-oma with cavernous sinus medial wall invasion. This is the first documented case with selective resection of the cavernous sinus medial wall to achieve a complete resection and biochemical remission in TSH-oma through endoscopic endonasal approach. The patient had elevated TSH and thyroid hormones with symptoms of weight loss, palpitations, excess sweating, and decreased endurance. MRI revealed a 1.3 × 2.1 × 1.2 cm contrast-enhancing sellar mass with rightward pituitary gland displacement without evidence of cavernous sinus invasion (Knosp 2). The patient consented to procedure/publication. No institutional review board approval needed per institution. We performed standard resection of the firm sellar tumor portion and noted that there was tumor invasion into the left cavernous sinus medial wall dura. The bony opening was expanded to expose the anterior wall of the cavernous sinus, which was opened to identify the cavernous internal carotid artery and the medial wall attachments. The thickened medial wall was completely resected. We achieved a complete tumor resection, and the patient's TSH and thyroid hormone dropped to a desired threshold.3 Tumor stained for GATA3 and PIT1, characterizing the TSH-oma.4,5 Understanding cavernous sinus vascular and ligamentous anatomy allows for safe separation of invaded medial wall dura from the cavernous internal carotid artery,6 allowing for a more complete tumor resection, improving surgical cure rates, and sparing the patient from future radiation and pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Rychen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christine K Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Heo J, Suh YL, Kim SH, Kong DS, Nam DH, Lee WJ, Kim ST, Hong SD, Ryu S, Lee YB, Kim G, Jin SM, Kim JH, Hur KY. Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor (TSH PitNET): A Single-Center Experience. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:387-396. [PMID: 38311828 PMCID: PMC11066452 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (TSH PitNET) is a rare subtype of PitNET. We investigated the comprehensive characteristics and outcomes of TSH PitNET cases from a single medical center. Also, we compared diagnostic methods to determine which showed superior sensitivity. METHODS A total of 17 patients diagnosed with TSH PitNET after surgery between 2002 and 2022 in Samsung Medical Center was retrospectively reviewed. Data on comprehensive characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected. The sensitivities of diagnostic methods were compared. RESULTS Seven were male (41%), and the median age at diagnosis was 42 years (range, 21 to 65); the median follow-up duration was 37.4 months. The most common (59%) initial presentation was hyperthyroidism-related symptoms. Hormonal co-secretion was present in four (23%) patients. Elevated serum alpha-subunit (α-SU) showed the greatest diagnostic sensitivity (91%), followed by blunted response at thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation (80%) and elevated sex hormone binding globulin (63%). Fourteen (82%) patients had macroadenoma, and a specimen of one patient with heavy calcification was negative for TSH. Among 15 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months, 10 (67%) achieved hormonal and structural remission within 6 months postoperatively. A case of growth hormone (GH)/TSH/prolactin (PRL) co-secreting mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma (MGPA) was discovered. CONCLUSION The majority of the TSH PitNET cases was macroadenoma, and 23% showed hormone co-secretion. A rare case of GH/TSH/PRL co-secreting MGPA was discovered. Serum α-SU and TRH stimulation tests showed great diagnostic sensitivity. Careful consideration is needed in diagnosing TSH PitNET. Achieving remission requires complete tumor resection. In case of nonremission, radiotherapy or medical therapy can improve the long-term remission rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Heo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yeon-Lim Suh
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Duk Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Bin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Khan AA, Ibrahim SI, Ata F, Wazwaz B, Hanoun MA, Belkhair S, Rohani ZS, Dabbous Z. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma and Graves' disease - a case report and systematic review. Thyroid Res 2024; 17:3. [PMID: 38311752 PMCID: PMC10840192 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-023-00184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexistence of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) and Graves' disease (GD) is rare and complicates the management decision. METHODS We present a case of the co-existence of TSHoma and GD. In addition, we systematically searched articles describing TSHoma and GD in the same patient published until 20th March 2023, using Pubmed, Scopus and Embase. CASE PRESENTATION A 46-year-old man presented with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. His thyroid function tests showed serum TSH 3.35 (reference range 0.3-4.2) mIU/L, FT3 19.7 (3.7-6.4) pmol/L, and FT4 68.9 (11-23.3) pmol/L. The serum TSH receptor antibody was 11.5 mIU/L (positive at ≥ 1.75 mIU/L). Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed macroadenoma compressing the optic chiasm. The patient underwent trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma. Postoperatively, he remained on maintenance carbimazole and octreotide. RESULTS Fourteen articles comprising 15 patients were identified from the systemic search. A total of 16 patients (including the current case) were included in the systematic review. The mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 41 ± 13.6 years. The majority were females (75%). The median (IQR) TSH was 1.95 (0.12-5.5) mIU/L, the median (IQR) free T3 was 11.7 (7.6-19.7) pmol/L and the median (IQR) free T4 level was 47.6 (33.3-64.4) pmol/L. Ten (76.9%) patients had positive TSH receptor antibody levels. 84.6% had pituitary macroadenoma. Pituitary surgery was performed in 12 (75%) patients. At the last follow-up, 4 (25%) patients had complete resolution of symptoms after pituitary surgery, 3 (18.7%) were on maintenance treatment with thionamides for GD, 1 (6.25%) on beta-blockers and 1 (6.25%) on somatostatin analog. CONCLUSION TSHoma and GD can co-exist, and it is essential to identify this rare association as it can significantly impact treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ahmad Khan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shahd I Ibrahim
- Department of Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fateen Ata
- Department of Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bara Wazwaz
- Department of Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Zeinab Dabbous
- Department of Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Sen HE, Ceylan EC, Atayev S, Sozen M, Bayrak BY, Cetinarslan B, Anik Y, Icli AD, Cabuk B, Anik I, Ceylan S. The Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach for Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Single-Center Experience and Clinical Outcomes of 49 Patients. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e1275-e1283. [PMID: 36096394 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze surgical outcomes and tumor characteristics of 49 patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma, a rare functional pituitary adenoma subtype with challenging surgery, who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS In this single-center study, clinical, radiological, surgical, and endocrinological data of 49 patients diagnosed with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Mean tumor size was 21.12 mm (6 microadenomas, 41 macroadenomas, 2 giant adenomas). Cavernous sinus invasion was present in 12 (24.48%) patients. Tumor consistency was firm in 23 (46.93%) patients. Plurihormonal secretion characteristics were present in 9 patients (5 growth hormone + thyrotropin and 4 growth hormone + prolactin + thyrotropin). Mean follow-up duration was 51.73 months. Of the cases with firm tumors, 14 patients had a history of antithyroid drug use; there was no statistically significant correlation between the antithyroid medication and the firmness of the tumor. Gross total resection was achieved in 32 (65.30%) cases, near-total resection was achieved in 14 (28.57%) cases, and subtotal resection was achieved in 3 (6.12%) cases. The analysis showed that the negative effect of >2 cm tumor size and cavernous sinus invasion on resection rate was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Although early remission was achieved in 33 (67.34%) patients, 44 (89.79%) patients were in euthyroid state at >3 months' follow-up. Complications were 4 new-onset pituitary deficiencies, 3 cases of permanent diabetes insipidus, 1 thyrotoxic crisis, and 1 cerebrospinal fluid leak. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is the first-line treatment in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma and should be performed in a tertiary center. Gross total resection is the goal, and early diagnosis is essential for surgical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Emre Sen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ecem Cemre Ceylan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sazak Atayev
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sozen
- Department of Endocrinology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Yaprak Bayrak
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Berrin Cetinarslan
- Department of Endocrinology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yonca Anik
- Department of Radiology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Arife Dilek Icli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Burak Cabuk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Anik
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Savas Ceylan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Research Center, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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