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Fan W, Zhang C, Ge L, Su N, Chen J, Song S, Wang Y, Yuan S. Prediction model for elevated intraocular pressure risk after silicone oil filling based on clinical features. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1340198. [PMID: 38264037 PMCID: PMC10803451 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1340198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate risk factors and further develop prediction models for intraocular pressure elevation (IOP) after vitreoretinal surgery with silicone oil tamponade to support clinical management. Methods A retrospective study analyzed 1,061 eyes of 1,061 consecutive patients that presented to the Jiangsu Province Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020, the IOP was measured from the preoperative visit and at the 1-week, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month visits, and the final postoperative visit before silicone oil removal. Four machine learning methods were used to carried out the prediction of IOP elevation: Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Gradient-Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) based on features including demographic and clinical characteristics, preoperative factors and surgical factors. Predictors were selected based on the p-value of the univariate analysis. Results Elevated intraocular pressure developed in 26.01% of the eyes postoperatively. Elevated intraocular pressure primarily occurred within 1-2 weeks after surgery. Additionally, the majority of IOP values were distributed around 25-40 mmHg. GBDT utilizing features with p-values less than 0.5 from the hypothesis testing demonstrated the best predictive performance for 0.7944 in accuracy. The analysis revealed that age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, myopia, retinal detachment, lens status and biological parameters have predictive value. Conclusion Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, myopia, retinal detachment, lens status and biological parameters have influence on postoperative intraocular pressure elevation for patients with silicone oil tamponade after pars plana vitrectomy. The prediction model showed promising accuracy for the occurrence of IOP elevation. This may have some reference significance for reducing the incidence of high intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy combined with silicone oil filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaohe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lexin Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyao Song
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yasha Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Outcomes of Anterior Chamber, Sulcus, and Pars Plana Glaucoma Drainage Device Placement in Glaucoma Patients. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:5947992. [PMID: 35909463 PMCID: PMC9328986 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5947992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess outcomes of anterior chamber (AC), sulcus, and pars plana (PP) glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placement in glaucoma patients. Patients and Methods. Retrospective evaluation of glaucoma patients who underwent GDD insertion in the AC, sulcus, or PP at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between November 2016 and May 2021. Patients who received AC, sulcus, and pars plana tubes were selected using simple random sampling, and the first 40 patients meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed. Main outcome measures were cumulative success probabilities from Kaplan-Meier (KM) analyses, intraocular pressure (IOP), medication burden, and complication rates. Results The PP group had a larger proportion of Ahmed GDDs and was younger on average with less severe glaucoma compared to patients with AC or sulcus tubes. The PP group had a higher proportion of mixed-mechanism glaucoma and lower proportion of primary open-angle glaucoma. With success defined as IOP reduction ≥20% and 5 < IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg, the Kaplan-Meier cumulative success probabilities for all three GDD locations were not significantly different. No significant differences were found in complication rates between all groups after 3 months. Patients with PP GDD had significantly lower medication burden than those with AC or sulcus GDDs up to 1.5 years postoperatively (1.7 ± 1.1, 3.0 ± 1.4, and 2.8 ± 1.2 for PP, AC, and sulcus, respectively; P=0.017). Conclusion PP GDDs may be more effective in lowering medication burden than AC or sulcus tubes without compromising long-term safety.
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Cabuk KS, Cekic O. Intraocular Pressure Change and Sustained Intraocular Pressure Elevation After Pars Plana Vitrectomy. BEYOGLU EYE JOURNAL 2021; 6:96-101. [PMID: 35005501 PMCID: PMC8651024 DOI: 10.14744/bej.2021.92408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and influential factors of changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and sustained IOP elevation (SIOPE) after an uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). METHODS In all, 41 eyes of 41 patients who underwent PPV due to the presence of epiretinal membrane, macular hole, or vitreomacular traction syndrome were included in the study. In the vitrectomized eye, an elevated IOP of ≥21 mmHg or an increase of ≥6 mmHg from the preoperative IOP on 2 or more postprocedure visits or the addition of a new IOP-lowering medication during follow-up was defined as sustained IOP elevation. The results of procedures performed with a 20-G instrument and a 23-G instrument were compared. RESULTS The mean postoperative IOP was significantly higher than the preoperative IOP in vitrectomized eyes (preoperative IOP: 15.2±3.1 mmHg; postoperative 1st month: 17.4±5.8 mmHg, p=0.018; 6th month: 17.3±2.6 mmHg, p=0.02; 12th month: 16.7±2.6 mmHg, p=0.020). While no significant difference in IOP was detected between the vitrectomized and fellow eyes preoperatively, the IOP was significantly higher in the vitrectomized eyes in the 1st, 6th, and 12th months (p=0.040, p <0.001, p <0.001, respectively). SIOPE was detected in 15 vitrectomized eyes (37%) and 1 fellow eye (2%). The postoperative first day IOP was significantly lower in the vitrectomized eyes (11.1±6.1 vs 15.4±2mmHg; p<0.001) and significantly lower in the 23-G group than the 20-G group (9.3±5.2 vs 15.7±5.8; p=0.001). CONCLUSION IOP may rise significantly in comparison with the fellow eye or the preoperative IOP, even after an uncomplicated PPV. SIOPE and preoperative IOP values should be taken into consideration in addition to cross-sectional IOP findings in the evaluation of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Serefoglu Cabuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Cekic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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First postoperative day review in eyes undergoing pars plana vitrectomy, encirclement and endotamponade to check intraocular pressure: Is it necessary? Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2577-2583. [PMID: 32488595 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the proportion of patients with raised intraocular pressure (IOP) (≥ 30 mmHg) on the first postoperative day following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), encirclement and endotamponade and assess the number requiring alteration in management to address elevated IOP. To establish whether review on day one is required. METHODS Retrospective case note review of consecutive patients who underwent 23-gauge PPV, 276-encirclement and endotamponade under the care of a single surgeon. All patients as standard received prophylactic anti-glaucoma medication post-surgery (eye drops) to take home but initiate only after day-one review. Statistical analysis was carried out using student t tests and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were examined over a 2-year period. Mean day-one IOP was 22.2 mmHg (SD 7.3, 95% CI 20.4-24.0). Eleven patients (16.7%) had IOP ≥ 30 mmHg. Five patients (7.6%) had management changing decisions made at the day-one postoperative visit. Lens status, endotamponade, preoperative IOP, surgeon grade, cryopexy versus laser retinopexy or preoperative administration of once only 500 mg dose of intravenous acetazolamide did not influence IOP, with no significant difference between these subgroups. No cases of hypotony occurred. CONCLUSIONS A significant minority of patients had elevation of IOP above 30 mmHg, a number of whom required treatment changes to address this. No preoperative risk factors were identified indicating those at risk of high IOP. It is important to identify these potentially harmful IOP elevations, and therefore day-one review is imperative and should be continued.
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Kovacic H, Wolfs RCW, Kılıç E, Ramdas WD. Changes in intraocular pressure after intraocular eye surgery-the influence of measuring technique. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:967-973. [PMID: 31236354 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after intraocular surgery measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and pascal dynamic contour tonometry (PDCT), and assessed their agreement. METHODS Patients who underwent trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV) with or without cataract extraction (CE) were included. The IOP was measured in both eyes with GAT and PDCT pre- and postoperatively, where the non-operated eyes functioned as control. RESULTS Preoperatively, mean IOP measurements were 16.3±6.0 mm Hg for GAT and 12.0±2.8 mm Hg for PDCT for the operated eyes. Postoperatively, the mean IOP dropped to 14.3±5.6 mm Hg for GAT (P=0.011) and rose up to 12.7±2.6 mm Hg for PDCT (P=0.257). Bland-Altman analysis showed a poor agreement between GAT and PDCT with a mean difference of 2.9 mm Hg preoperatively and 95% limits of agreement ranging from -3.2 to 9.0 mm Hg. Postoperatively, the mean difference was 1.2 mm Hg with 95% limits of agreement ranging from -8.3 to 10.7 mm Hg. There were no significant differences between the TPPV and TPPV+CE group, except when measured with PDCT postoperatively (P=0.012). CONCLUSION The IOP is reduced after surgery when measured with GAT and remained stable when measured with PDCT. However, the agreement between GAT and PDCT is poor. Although PDCT may be a more accurate predictor of the true IOP, it seems less suitable for daily use in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Kovacic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Roger C W Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Emine Kılıç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
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Fang Y, Long Q, Wang X, Jiang R, Sun X. Intraocular pressure 1 year after vitrectomy in eyes without a history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:2091-2097. [PMID: 29200822 PMCID: PMC5703171 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s144985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors, and treatment of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) 1 year after vitrectomy in eyes without a history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Patients and methods This retrospective study comprised 256 eyes from 256 consecutive patients without a history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension who underwent vitrectomy and were followed up for 1 year. The incidence of elevated IOP at 1 year after vitrectomy was calculated. We compared the characteristics of patients with or without elevated IOP to identify possible risk factors for elevated IOP. The treatments used to control IOP were recorded and analyzed. Results A total of 50 patients (19.5%) had elevated IOP after vitrectomy at the 1-year follow-up. Tamponade was a significant risk factor for elevated IOP (P<0.05). The cumulative rates of elevated IOP in eyes with air, balanced salt solution, sulfur hexafluoride, perfluoropropane (C3F8), and silicone oil as the tamponade were 0, 10.8%, 5.9%, 19.8%, and 28.4%, respectively (P<0.05). About 68% of cases of elevated IOP occurred within 1 month after vitrectomy. At 1 year after vitrectomy, 29 patients (58.0%) had stopped their IOP-lowering drugs and 21 (42.0%) patients were continuing these drugs. About 65% of ocular hypertension patients who received silicone oil tamponade had not stopped IOP-lowering drugs; this rate was significantly greater than that of ocular hypertension patients who received C3F8 tamponade (18.2%, P<0.05). Conclusion Elevated IOP is a common complication after vitrectomy. Silicone oil tamponade was associated with greater risk of elevated IOP and had long-term effects on IOP. Drugs and surgery were used to control IOP, and some patients required long-term IOP-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Qingqing Long
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangyin Bright Eye Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, NHFPC (Fudan University).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Brennan N, Reekie I, Ezra E, Barton K, Viswanathan A, Muqit MMK. The role of day one postoperative review of intraocular pressure in modern vitrectomy surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1281-1284. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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A Comparative Study of Rebound Tonometry With Tonopen and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Following Vitreoretinal Surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 161:22-8.e1-8. [PMID: 26408266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate agreement in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements among Icare rebound tonometry, Tonopen tonometry, and Goldmann applanation tonometry following vitreoretinal surgery. DESIGN Reliability analysis of tonometers. METHODS Fifty-eyes of 50 adults undergoing vitreoretinal surgery were enrolled. IOP was measured on first postoperative day using Icare (Tiolat, Helsinki, Finland), followed by Tonopen (Reichert, Depew, New York, USA) and Goldmann (Haag-Streit USA, Mason, Ohio, USA) in randomized order. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were calculated for all subcategories. RESULTS Icare successfully measured IOP in all eyes, while Goldmann was unmeasurable in 6 eyes (12%) and Tonopen in 1 eye (2%). Mean IOP by Icare, Tonopen, and Goldmann was 15.9 ± 8.9, 16.9 ± 6.2, and 16.0 ± 7.3 mm Hg, respectively (P = .76). Type of intraocular tamponade, status of lens, status of cornea, gauge of instrumentation, and history of prior vitrectomy did not result in significant differences among the 3 tonometers. ICC was excellent (>0.75) in all subgroups, except at IOP <10 and ≥ 23 mm Hg (based on Icare). In eyes with IOP <10 mm Hg, Icare underestimated IOP (mm Hg; P = .01) compared to Goldmann (2.0 ± 2.1) and Tonopen (3.5 ± 2.4), whereas at IOP ≥ 23 mm Hg Icare was overestimated (P = .01) compared to Goldmann (3.77 ± 3.49) and Tonopen (4.97 ± 3.33). Overall, differences in IOP were ≤ 3 mm Hg in 58% of eyes for Icare-Tonopen, 72% for Tonopen-Goldmann, and 62% for Icare-Goldmann. CONCLUSION IOP measurements using Icare rebound tonometry, Tonopen, and Goldmann tonometry are in excellent agreement following vitreoretinal surgery. However, Icare overestimates at IOP ≥ 23 and underestimates at IOP <10 mm Hg.
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Moon H, Sohn HJ, Lee DY, Lee JY, Nam DH. Combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:122-7. [PMID: 25709921 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the outcomes of combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS This was a retrospective, consecutive, non-comparative, interventional case series of 30 eyes of 30 patients who underwent combined sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal cataract surgery for the repair of RRD. The principal outcome measures were primary anatomical success rate, reasons for redetachment, final visual acuity, and surgical complications. RESULTS Primary reattachment was achieved in 27 eyes (90.0%). The reasons for redetachment (3 eyes, 10%) were incomplete laser retinopexy, persistent chronic subretinal fluid, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, respectively. The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (mean±SD) improved from 0.76±0.74 preoperatively to 0.21±0.37 6 months' postoperatively (P<0.0001). Postoperative hypotony was not detected, but 1 eye (3.3%) had increased intraocular pressure (30mmHg) with spontaneous resolution. No endophthalmitis developed during follow-up. Macular pucker was detected in 3 eyes (10.0%). CONCLUSION Combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation for RRD repair was proven safe and effective. It may provide not only the known advantages of conventional combined surgery, but also additional advantages such as less conjunctival fibrosis and the maintenance of stable intraocular pressure with low risks of postoperative hypotony and intraocular pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseok Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, No. 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-ku, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hongik Hospital, No. 899-1, Sinjung-4-dong, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul 158-857, Korea
| | - Dea Yeong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, No. 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-ku, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Jong Yeon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, No. 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-ku, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Dong Heun Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, No. 1198, Kuwol-dong, Namdong-ku, Incheon 405-760, Korea
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Kim HA, Park KH, Park TK, Ohn YH. Combined Operation Assosciated with Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2014.55.4.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Reply: To PMID 23503339. Retina 2013; 33:1996-7. [PMID: 23903789 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e31829e77ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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EARLY POSTOPERATIVE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE STABILITY AFTER COMBINED 23-GAUGE SUTURELESS VITRECTOMY AND CATARACT SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. Retina 2012; 32:1767-74. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3182475ad6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee GW, Na SJ, Lee YH, Jin SY, Lee TG. Complication Incidence of Day Surgeries with 23 Gauge Vitrectomy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2012.53.12.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun Woong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejon, Korea
| | | | - Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejon, Korea
| | - Sun Young Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejon, Korea
| | - Tae Gon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejon, Korea
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