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Cheok T, Smith T, Siddiquee S, Jennings MP, Jayasekera N, Jaarsma RL. Synovial fluid calprotectin performs better than synovial fluid polymerase chain reaction and interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J 2022; 104-B:311-320. [PMID: 35227091 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.104b3.bjj-2021-1320.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The preoperative diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a challenge due to a lack of biomarkers that are both sensitive and specific. We investigated the performance characteristics of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), interleukin-6 (IL6), and calprotectin of synovial fluid in the diagnosis of PJI. METHODS We performed systematic search of PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Science Direct from the date of inception of each database through to 31 May 2021. Studies which described the diagnostic accuracy of synovial fluid PCR, IL6, and calprotectin using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria as the reference standard were identified. RESULTS Overall, 31 studies were identified: 20 described PCR, six described IL6, and five calprotectin. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.86) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.99), respectively, for synovial PCR;, 0.86 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.92), and 0.94 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.96), respectively, for synovial IL6; and 0.94 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.98) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.97), respectively, for synovial calprotectin. Likelihood ratio scattergram analyses recommended clinical utility of synovial fluid PCR and IL6 as a confirmatory test only. Synovial calprotectin had utility in the exclusion and confirmation of PJI. CONCLUSION Synovial fluid PCR and IL6 had low sensitivity and high specificity in the diagnosis of PJI, and is recommended to be used as confirmatory test. In contrast, synovial fluid calprotectin had both high sensitivity and specificity with utility in both the exclusion and confirmation of PJI. We recommend use of synovial fluid calprotectin studies in the preoperative workup of PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(3):311-320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Cheok
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Thomas Smith
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Shihab Siddiquee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew P Jennings
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Narlaka Jayasekera
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Ruurd L Jaarsma
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Sugery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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2
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Li C, Li H, Yang X, Zhu FZ, Xu C, Trampuz A. Meta-analysis of synovial fluid polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing periprosthetic hip and knee infection. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:3. [PMID: 34983589 PMCID: PMC8725348 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the diagnostic performance of synovial fluid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in periprosthetic hip and knee infection, and whether synovial fluid PCR has greater diagnostic significance than conventional methods. Methods The literature databases PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science were searched for English articles describing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) diagnosis by synovial fluid PCR. Articles were limited to the period between January 1990 and December 2019. Subsequently, conventional methods that were used on at least two occasions were included for further analysis. Data analysis was performed using the Meta-DiSc and Stata software. Results Eleven studies with 1360 cases were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of synovial fluid PCR were 0.70 (95% CI 0.66–0.74), 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.93), and 37.4 (95% CI 17.77–78.74), respectively. Conclusions Synovial fluid PCR provides an effective tool for rapid diagnosis of PJI, and also in the early stages of culture-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery (CMSC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery (CMSC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Verdecia J, Ramsubeik KP, Ravi M. Pseudoseptic Arthritis in a Patient With Psoriasis. Cureus 2021; 13:e19185. [PMID: 34873525 PMCID: PMC8635465 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-year-old male with a history of untreated psoriasis and a previous episode of presumed left knee septic arthritis developed sudden onset of left knee pain, swelling, and a moderate effusion. The pathogen could not be isolated despite extensive inflammation seen in synovial fluid (SF) and synovial tissue biopsy. Whether this is culture-negative septic arthritis or pseudo-septic arthritis is the enigma, given the limited sensitivity of current available SF microbiologic testing. We present a challenging and stimulating case with no current guidelines for an optimal empiric antibiotic regimen or anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdecia
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Karishma P Ramsubeik
- Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Malleswari Ravi
- Infectious Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA.,Infectious Disease, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
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Diagnostic accuracy of multiplex polymerase chain reaction on tissue biopsies in periprosthetic joint infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19487. [PMID: 34593961 PMCID: PMC8484603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) currently relies on cultures, which are time-consuming and often fail. Multiplex PCR assays promise reliable and prompt results, but have been heterogeneously evaluated. In this study, we analyse multiplex PCR in pathogen identification using only tissue biopsies. 42 patients after revision arthroplasty of the hip or knee were evaluated using multiplex PCR to identify microorganisms. The patients were classified according to the diagnostic criteria published by Zimmerli et al. and the results were compared to the respective microbiological cultures. PJI was detected in 15 patients and 27 revisions were aseptic. The multiplex PCR of tissue biopsies had a sensitivity of 0.3 (95% CI 0.12-0.62), a specificity of 1.0 (0.87-1.0), a positive predictive value of 1.0 (0.48-1.0) and a negative predictive value of 0.73 (0.56-0.86). The diagnostic accuracy of multiplex PCR on tissue biopsy samples is low in comparison to routine microbiological cultures. The evaluation of tissue biopsies using multiplex PCR was prone to false negative results. However, multiplex PCR assays have the advantage of rapid pathogen identification. We therefore recommend further investigation of multiplex PCR in the setting of suspected PJI with a careful choice of specimens.
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Giovannini-Sanguineti G, Hanze-Villavicencio K, Sanchez-Vegas C. Moraxella nonliquefaciens septic arthritis in an immunocompetent child: A case report. IDCases 2021; 24:e01145. [PMID: 34026535 PMCID: PMC8134733 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old, previously healthy, male presented with an insidious history of intermittent left knee pain and edema who had been evaluated in the emergency department on multiple occasions with unremarkable imaging and normal laboratory results. On the day of presentation, he had mild edema of the left knee and inability to bear weight. Synovial fluid analysis showed an elevated white cell count with neutrophil predominance and mildly elevated inflammatory markers, consistent with septic arthritis. He underwent knee arthrotomy with irrigation and debridement and was initiated on broad spectrum antibiotics. Cultures were negative, polymerase chain reaction for MRSA and Kingella kingae were negative. He was started on a fifth-generation cephalosporin with resolution of symptoms, marked clinical improvement and normalization of inflammatory markers. The identification of the etiologic agent was possible due to detection of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification by PCR for Moraxella nonliquefaciens in the synovial fluid. He completed a course of 3 weeks of parenteral antibiotics at home with full recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Sanchez-Vegas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL 33155, USA
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6
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Zhang Y, Feng S, Chen W, Zhang QC, Shi SF, Chen XY. Advantages of 16S rRNA PCR for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3104-3113. [PMID: 32855678 PMCID: PMC7444347 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) PCR has been reported to be an effective diagnostic means in patients with prosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of the present meta-analysis is to establish the overall diagnostic accuracy of the measurement of 16S rRNA PCR for diagnosing PJI. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Wiley Online Library were searched for studies on 16S rRNA PCR in the diagnosis of PJI. The search incorporated all literature published up until December 2018 and the QUADAS-2 checklist were used for quality assessment. The sensitivity, specificity and other measures of accuracy of 16S rRNA PCR in the diagnosis of PJI were pooled. Statistical analysis was performed by employing Meta-Disc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 software. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary estimates for 16S rRNA PCR in the diagnosis of PJI in these studies were pooled: Sensitivity, 0.70 (95% CI, 0.67-0.73); specificity, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.91-0.94); positive likelihood ratio, 10.93 (95% CI, 5.55-21.51); negative likelihood ratio, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.28-0.40); diagnostic odds ratio, 41.77 (95% CI, 19.90-87.68); and the area under the curve, 0.89. Subgroup analysis showed that the use of sonicate fluid and periprosthetic tissue has higher sensitivity (0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.82; and 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78, respectively), specificity (0.93, 95% CI, 0.90-0.96; and 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-0.98, respectively) and area under the curve (0.93 and 0.98, respectively). 16S rRNA PCR assay plays an important role in the diagnosis of PJI. The results of 16S rRNA PCR assays should be interpreted in parallel with clinical findings, the results of microbiological, and other laboratory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Si-Feng Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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7
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Suren C, Feihl S, Cabric S, Banke IJ, Haller B, Trampuz A, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Prodinger PM. Improved pre-operative diagnostic accuracy for low-grade prosthetic joint infections using second-generation multiplex Polymerase chain reaction on joint fluid aspirate. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:1629-1637. [PMID: 32296908 PMCID: PMC7452934 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major obstacle for the treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is the identification of the underlying causative organism. While the diagnostic criteria ruling PJI in or out have become ever more accurate, the detection of the causative pathogen(s) still relies mostly on conventional and time-consuming microbial culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a second-generation multiplex PCR assay (Unyvero ITI G2, Curetis AG, Holzgerlingen, Germany) used on synovial fluid specimens. Our hypothesis was that the method would yield a higher diagnostic accuracy in the pre-operative workup than synovial fluid culture. Thus, a more precise classification of septic and aseptic prosthesis failure could be achieved before revision surgery. METHODS Prospectively collected frozen joint fluid specimens from 26 patients undergoing arthroplasty revision surgery of the hip or knee were tested as per the manufacturer's protocol. Sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values as well as positive and negative likelihood ratios with corresponding confidence intervals were estimated using the statistical software R. A combination of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level, leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, joint fluid culture, tissue biopsy culture, and tissue biopsy histology served as the gold standard. RESULTS Of the 26 patients included in the study, 15 were infected and 11 were aseptic. Conventional joint fluid culture showed a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.91. Joint fluid multiplex PCR yielded a sensitivity of 0.8 and a specificity of 1.0. CONCLUSIONS Using the second-generation Unyvero ITI cartridge on joint fluid aspirate for the detection of prosthetic joint infection, we were able to achieve a higher diagnostic accuracy than with conventional culture. We conclude that to improve pathogen detection before revision surgery, this method represents a valuable and practicable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Suren
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Susanne Feihl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Cabric
- Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie (CMSC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo J Banke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institut für medizinische Informatik, Statistik und Epidemiologie, Technische Universität München, Grillparzerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie (CMSC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter M Prodinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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8
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Sebastian S, Malhotra R, Dhawan B. Prosthetic Joint Infection: A Major Threat to Successful Total Joint Arthroplasty. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:475-487. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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