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Kim JW, Kim HS, Kim HR, Chung KH. Next generation risk assessment of biocides (PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT)-induced pulmonary fibrosis using adverse outcome pathway-based transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134986. [PMID: 38944992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) has emerged as a promising alternative to non-animal studies owing to the increasing demand for the risk assessment of inhaled toxicants. In this study, NGRA was used to assess the inhalation risks of two biocides commonly used as humidifier disinfectants: polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) and chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT). Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptomic data were processed based on adverse outcome pathways and used to establish transcriptome-based points of departure (tPODs) for each biocide. tPOD values were 0.00500-0.0510 μg/cm2 and 0.0342-0.0544 μg/cm2 for PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT, respectively. tPODs may provide predictive power comparable to that of traditional animal-based PODs (aPODs). The tPOD-based NGRA determined that both PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT present a high inhalation risk. Moreover, the identified PHMG-p posed a higher risk than CMIT/MIT, and children were identified as more susceptible population compared to adults. This finding is consistent with observations from actual exposure events. Our findings suggest that NGRA with transcriptomics offers a reliable approach for risk assessment of specific humidifier disinfectant biocides, while acknowledging the limitations of current models and in vitro systems, particularly regarding uncertainties in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea.
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Park JE, Ryu SH, Ito S, Shin H, Kim YH, Jeon J. Metabolite analysis of 14C-labeled chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone for toxicological consideration of inhaled isothiazolinone biocides in lungs. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142666. [PMID: 38908450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) used as preservatives in various products, including humidifier disinfectants, presents substantial health hazards. This research delves into the toxicological assessments of CMIT/MIT in the respiratory system using animal models. Through the synthesis of radiolabeled [14C]CMIT and [14C]MIT, we investigated the biological uptake and in vivo behaviors of CMIT/MIT in the respiratory tissues following intratracheal exposure. Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) revealed significant persistence of CMIT/MIT in lung tissue. In addition, radio high-performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed for metabolite profiling and identification. Notably, around 28% of the radiolabel was retained in tissue after the extraction step, suggesting covalent binding of CMIT/MIT and their metabolites with pulmonary biomolecules. This observation demonstrates the propensity of the electrophilic isothiazolinone ring in CMIT/MIT to undergo chemical interactions with biothiols in proteins and enzymes, fostering irreversible alterations of biomolecules. Such accumulations of transformations could result in direct toxicity at both cellular and organ levels. Additionally, the detection of metabolites, including a MIT dimer conjugated with glutathione (GSH), as analyzed by mass spectrometry indicates the possible reduction of cellular GSH levels and subsequent oxidative stress. This investigation offers an in-depth insight into the toxic mechanisms of CMIT/MIT, underlying their capability to engage in complex formations with biomacromolecules and induce pronounced respiratory toxicity. These results highlight the imperative for stringent safety assessments of these chemicals, advocating for improved public health and safety measures in the use of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Ryu
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Drug Development Solutions Center, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., 2117 Muramatsu, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1182, Japan
| | - Hyunil Shin
- KRCC Co., Ltd, 193 Cheonggyesan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06802, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Jeon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Wang J, Wang L, Tian X, Luo L. N 6-methyladenosine reader YTHDF1 regulates the proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cells through m 6A/cyclin D1 in asthma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14951. [PMID: 36992945 PMCID: PMC10042154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, which is involved in multiple pathologic molecular mechanisms and presents a huge challenge to clinic nursing. Emerging evidence suggests that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in respiratory system disease. Thus, present work tried to investigate the functions of m6A reader YTHDF 1 in asthma. The results indicated that YTHDF1 significantly upregulated in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induced airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Functionally, overexpression of YTHDF1 promoted the proliferation and migration of ASMCs, while YTHDF1 knockdown repressed the proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, there was a m6A modification site on cyclin D1 RNA (CCND1 genome) and YTHDF1 combined with cyclin D1 mRNA, thereby enhancing its mRNA stability via m6A-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel axis of YTHDF1/m6A/cyclin D1 in asthma's airway remodeling, which may provide novel therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Fenyang Colleage of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingfeng Tian
- Department of Student Affairs, Fenyang Colleage of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Lingping Luo
- Department of Nursing, Fenyang Colleage of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
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Song JH, Ahn J, Park MY, Park J, Lee YM, Myong JP, Koo JW, Lee J. Health Effects Associated With Humidifier Disinfectant Use: A Systematic Review for Exploration. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e257. [PMID: 35996934 PMCID: PMC9424740 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been 10 years since the outbreak of lung disease caused by humidifier disinfectants in Korea, but the health effects have not yet been summarized. Therefore, this study aims to systematically examine the health effects of humidifier disinfectants that have been discovered so far. METHODS All literature with humidifier disinfectants and their representative components as the main words were collected based on the web, including PubMed, Research Information Sharing Service, and government publication reports. A total of 902 studies were searched, of which 196 were selected. They were divided into four groups: published human studies (group 1), published animal and cytotoxicology studies (group 2), technical reports (group 3), and gray literature (group 4). RESULTS Out of the 196 studies, 97 (49.5%) were published in peer-reviewed journals as original research. Group 1 consisted of 49 articles (50.5%), while group 2 consisted of 48 articles (49.5%). Overall, respiratory diseases such as humidifier disinfectant associated lung injury, interstitial lung disease, and asthma have a clear correlation, but other effects such as liver, heart, thymus, thyroid, fetal growth, metabolic abnormalities, and eyes are observed in toxicological experimental studies, but have not yet been identified in epidemiologic studies. CONCLUSION The current level of evidence does not completely rule out the effects of humidifier disinfectants on extrapulmonary disease. Based on the toxicological evidence so far, it is required to monitor the population of humidifier disinfectant exposure continuously to see if similar damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonho Ahn
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Min Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Pyo Myong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Koo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongin Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Disruption of Membrane Integrity as a Molecular Initiating Event Determines the Toxicity of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Depending on the Routes of Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063289. [PMID: 35328708 PMCID: PMC8955148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), a cationic biocide, is widely used in household products due to its strong bactericidal activity and low toxicity. However, it causes fatal lung damage when inhaled. In this study, we investigated why PHMG-P causes fatal lung injury when inhaled, and demonstrated that the disruption of membrane integrity through ionic interaction—a molecular initiating event of PHMG-P—determines toxicity. Mice were injected intravenously with 0.9 or 7.2 mg/kg PHMG-P (IV group), or instilled intratracheally with 0.9 mg/kg PHMG-P (ITI group); they were euthanatized at 4 h and on days 1 and 7 after treatment. Increased total BAL cell count and proinflammatory cytokine production, along with fibrotic changes in the lungs, were detected in the ITI group only. Levels of hepatic enzymes and hepatic serum amyloid A mRNA expression were markedly upregulated in the 7.2 mg/kg IV and ITI groups at 4 h or day 1 after treatment, but returned to baseline. No pathological findings were detected in the heart, liver, or kidneys. To simulate the IV injection, A549, THP-1, and HepG2 cells were treated with PHMG-P in cell culture media supplemented with different serum concentrations. Increased serum concentration was associated with an increase in cell viability. These results support the idea that direct contact between PHMG-P and cell membranes is necessary for PHMG-induced toxicity.
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Need for individual-based evaluation to determine the association between humidifier disinfectants and health injuries. Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e21. [PMID: 34754482 PMCID: PMC8264121 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injuries caused by humidifier disinfectants (HDs) can no longer be grouped under the concept of HD lung injury. Focusing on individual cases, we were able to evaluate the relevance not only of diseases for which epidemiological correlation is recognized but also all diseases and symptoms that the victims complain of. Methods In-depth interviews and reassessment of 113 HD-exposed patients who had not been acknowledged as victims by the government were conducted, and their medical records were reviewed. Based on these processes, an assessment questionnaire for the injuries related to HDs was completed and the involvement of HDs was assessed either as “strong association,” “association,” or “no association.” Results In this study, of the 113 patients included who claimed damages, 78 (69.0%) had HD-related injuries. Among the cases of 22 patients who applied for injury acknowledgment due to upper respiratory inflammation that was not included among the acknowledged diseases, 17 (77.3%) were judged to be HD-related injuries (strong association vs. association: 10 [45.5%] vs. 7 [31.8%]). When the cases of 12 rhinitis patients were reassessed, 9 were HD-related injuries (strong association vs. association: 4 [33.3%] vs. 5 [41.7%]). When the cases of 18 asthma patients unacknowledged as a victim were reassessed, 17 (94.4%) were humidifier-related injuries (strong association vs. association: 12 [66.6%] vs. 5 [27.8%]). Among 4 interstitial lung disease patients unacknowledged as a victim, 2 (50.0%) were HD-related injuries. Conclusions HD-related health injuries should be assessed through both individual interviews and detailed chart reviews for more accurate injury acknowledgment. In the future, efforts should go beyond existing methods based on the adherence to acknowledgment criteria to directly listen to the victims.
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Song J, Jung KJ, Cho JW, Park T, Han SC, Park D. Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100253. [PMID: 34678949 PMCID: PMC8540838 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) is one of the causative agents of humidifier disinfectant-induced lung injury. Direct exposure of the lungs to PHMG-P causes interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis. Epidemiological studies showed that patients with humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuries have suffered from restrictive lung function five years after the onset of the lung injuries. We investigated whether lung damage was sustained after repeated exposure to PHMG-P followed by a long-term recovery and evaluated the adverse effects of PHMG-P on mice lungs. Mice were intranasally instilled with 0.3 mg/kg PHMG-P six times at two weeks intervals, followed by a recovery period of 292 days. Histopathological examination of the lungs showed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung parenchyma, proteinaceous substances in the alveoli and bronchiolar–alveolar hyperplasia. From RNA-seq, the gene expression levels associated with the inflammatory response, leukocyte chemotaxis and fibrosis were significantly upregulated, whereas genes associated with epithelial/endothelial cells development, angiogenesis and smooth muscle contraction were markedly decreased. These results imply that persistent inflammation and fibrotic changes caused by repeated exposure to PHMG-P led to the downregulation of muscle and vascular development and lung dysfunction. Most importantly, this pathological structural remodeling induced by PHMG-P was not reversed even after long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-8553 (J.S.); +82-42-610-8844 (D.P.)
| | - Kyung-Jin Jung
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Tamina Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-8553 (J.S.); +82-42-610-8844 (D.P.)
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Kim JH, Park S, Ha EK, Yon DK, Lee SW, Koh HY, Han MY. Association between humidifier disinfectant exposure during infancy and subsequent neuropsychiatric outcomes during childhood: a nation-wide cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:340. [PMID: 34384371 PMCID: PMC8359605 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose was to determine the association between infant exposure to humidifier disinfectant (HD) with neuropsychiatric problems in pre-school children. Methods A total of 2,150 children (age 4–11 months) were enrolled in the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) study. The Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used for assessments of neuropsychiatric problems. 1,113 children who participated in all the first to third PSKC studies and answered a question about HD exposure were finally enrolled. Results There were 717 (64.5%) children in non-HD group who were not exposed to HD and 396 (35.5%) in HD group with former exposure to HD. Exposure to HD was associated with total neuropsychiatric problems (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15–2.06), being emotionally reactive (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.00–2.39), having attention problems (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.10–3.47), having oppositional defiant problems (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.07–2.71), and having attention deficit/hyperactivity problems (aOR = 11.57, 95% CI = 1.03–2.38). The risks for neuropsychiatric problems were clearly increased in boy, firstborn, and secondary smoker. Conclusions Exposure to HD during early childhood had a potential association with subsequent behavioral abnormalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02825-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sihyeong Park
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Yong Koh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, 13496, Korea.
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Humidifier Disinfectant Consumption and Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury in South Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116136. [PMID: 34204162 PMCID: PMC8201190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humidifier disinfectant (HD) is a household biocidal product used in humidifier water tanks to prevent the growth of microorganisms. In 2011, a series of lung injury cases of unknown causes emerged in children and pregnant women who had used HD in Korea. This study investigated changes in the nationwide number of cases of humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) in concordance with nationwide HD consumption using data covering the entire Korean population. More than 25 kinds of HD products were sold between 1994 and 2011. The number of diagnosed HDLI, assessed by S27.3 (other injuries of lungs) of the Korea National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data, sharply increased by 2005, subsequently decreased after 2005, and almost disappeared after 2011 in concordance with the annual number of HD sales. The number of self-reported HDLIs, assessed using data from all suspected HDLI cases registered in the Korea Ministry of Environment, changed with the annual number of HD sales, with a delay pattern, potentially induced by the late awareness of lung injury diseases. The present study suggests that changes in the nationwide annual consumption of HD products were consistent with changes in the annual number of HDLI cases in Korea.
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Yang S, Heo Y, Gautam R, Lee J, Maharjan A, Jo J, Acharya M, Kim C, Kim H. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine and triclosan and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the human Cell Line Activation Test. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 37:1-8. [PMID: 33295265 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720974131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Household products often contain an antimicrobial agent such as biocides, polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), triclosan (TCS), and propylene glycol (PG) as an excipient to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potentials of each of these substances or mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG have not been investigated through in vitro alternative test methods. The in vitro alternative assay called human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) served to address these issues. The h-CLAT assay was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 442E. On three independent runs, all the three substances were predicted to be sensitizers according to the SS positivity with relative fluorescence intensity of CD86 ≥ 150% and/or CD54 ≥ 200% at any tested concentrations. Mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, or 1:4 weight/volume were all positive in terms of SS potential. Since humans can be occupationally or environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients of biocides, the present study may give insights into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The 37128Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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