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Wainer Z, Wright GM, Gough K, Daniels MG, Choong P, Conron M, Russell PA, Alam NZ, Ball D, Solomon B. Impact of sex on prognostic host factors in surgical patients with lung cancer. ANZ J Surg 2016; 87:1015-1020. [PMID: 27625078 DOI: 10.1111/ans.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has markedly poorer survival in men. Recognized important prognostic factors are divided into host, tumour and environmental factors. Traditional staging systems that use only tumour factors to predict prognosis are of limited accuracy. By examining sex-based patterns of disease-specific survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients, we determined the effect of sex on the prognostic value of additional host factors. METHODS Two cohorts of patients treated surgically with curative intent between 2000 and 2009 were utilized. The primary cohort was from Melbourne, Australia, with an independent validation set from the American Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate analyses of validated host-related prognostic factors were performed in both cohorts to investigate the differences in survival between men and women. RESULTS The Melbourne cohort had 605 patients (61% men) and SEER cohort comprised 55 681 patients (51% men). Disease-specific 5-year survival showed men had statistically significant poorer survival in both cohorts (P < 0.001); Melbourne men at 53.2% compared with women at 68.3%, and SEER 53.3% men and 62.0% women were alive at 5 years. Being male was independently prognostic for disease-specific mortality in the Melbourne cohort after adjustment for ethnicity, smoking history, performance status, age, pathological stage and histology (hazard ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.16, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in non-small cell lung cancer are important irrespective of age, ethnicity, smoking, performance status and tumour, node and metastasis stage. Epidemiological findings such as these should be translated into research and clinical paradigms to determine the factors that influence the survival disadvantage experienced by men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Wainer
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cancer Experiences Research, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin M Wright
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgical Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karla Gough
- Department of Cancer Experiences Research, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marissa G Daniels
- Thoracic Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Choong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Conron
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naveed Z Alam
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Ball
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhang X, Meng A, Wang H, Yan X. High serum macrophage inflammatory protein-3α is associated with the early recurrence or metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer following primary pulmonary resection. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:948-952. [PMID: 25013520 PMCID: PMC4081402 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to characterize the role of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with early recurrence or metastasis after primary pulmonary resection. Follow-up examinations were conducted for 203 NSCLC patients with primary pulmonary resection for two years post-operatively, and data was also collected for 20 healthy subjects. Serum MIP-3α levels were determined prior to surgery and at post-operative days (PODs) 30, 90 and 180, and the relevant clinical and operative variables were collected. Serum MIP-3α was measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were no significant differences in age, gender and histological type among all groups (P>0.05). Serum MIP-3α levels on POD 180 were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group and healthy subjects (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the serum MIP-3α level at PODs 90 and 180 in the patients with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (P>0.05). The recurrence rate in the high serum MIP-3α level group was 41.67%, much higher than the 23.53% observed in the low level group (P=0.006). The patients with high serum levels of MIP-3α had a significantly shorter overall recurrence-free time compared with those with low levels (P=0.004). Multivariate Cox’s regression analyses showed that only serum MIP-3α level was significant, with a hazard ratio of 1.061, a 95% confidence interval of 1.044–1.078 and a P-value of 0.001. The serum MIP-3α level in the patients with liver and bone metastases were remarkably higher than those with recurrence at other sites. The high post-operative serum MIP-3α levels were associated with an increased risk of post-operative early recurrence or metastasis in the lung cancer patients, specifically in those with bone or liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei Province General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Aihong Meng
- Respiratory Division, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Huien Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei Province General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xixin Yan
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China ; Respiratory Division, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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Chen SC, Shih CM, Tseng GC, Cheng WE, Chiou J, Hsiao M, Kuo ML, Su JL, Chen CY. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C as a Predictor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Resected Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2011. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v40n7p319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is potentially curable after completely resection, but early recurrence may influence prognosis. This study hypothesises that vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in predicting early recurrence and poor survival of patients with stage I NSCLC. Materials and Methods: The expression of VEGF-C was immuno-histochemically (IHC) analysed in tumour samples of primary stage I NSCLC and correlated to early recurrence (< 36 months), disease-free survival, and overall survival in all 49 patients. Results: Early recurrence was identified in 16 patients (33%), and the early recurrence rate in strong and weak VEGF-C activity was significantly different (P = 0.016). VEGF-C was also an independent risk factor in predicting early recurrence (HR = 3.98, P = 0.02). Patients with strong VEGF-C staining also had poor 3-year disease-free survival (P = 0.008) and overall survival (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Strong VEGF-C IHC staining could be a biomarker for predicting early recurrence and poor prognosis of resected stage I NSCLC, if the results of the present study are confirmed in a larger study. A more aggressive adjuvant therapy should be used in this group of patients.
Key words: Early recurrence, Stage I NSCLC, Survival, VEGF-C
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min Liang Kuo
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine and Angiogenesis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih Yi Chen
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kita H, Shiraishi Y, Watanabe K, Suda K, Ohtsuka K, Koshiishi Y, Goya T. Does postoperative serum interleukin-6 influence early recurrence after curative pulmonary resection of lung cancer? Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 17:454-60. [PMID: 21881374 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.10.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the influence of inflammatory cytokine levels on postoperative early recurrence in patients who underwent curative lung cancer surgery. METHODS In 107 patients who underwent curative pulmonary resections for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from November 2007 to June 2008, we measured serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels preoperatively, and on postoperative day (POD) 0, 1, and 2. Between July 2009 and August 2009, 1 year after the date of enrollment of the last patient, we investigated survival status of each patient and identified a group with recurrence. RESULTS Among 107 patients, 29 patients developed recurrence with a mean follow-up of 18.1 months (range 14 to 21). P-stage was significantly more advanced in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.005). Serum IL-6 levels on POD 1 were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.007). In Cox's proportional hazards regression, P-stage and serum IL-6 levels on POD 1 were significant independent predicting factors for postoperative early recurrence (p = 0.006, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The higher the serum IL-6 levels on POD 1, the higher the risk of early postoperative recurrence, even when curative pulmonary resection can be accomplished in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Kita
- Section of Chest Surgery, Fukujuji Hospital, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.
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