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Yang H, Guo K, Ding P, Ning J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Shao C, Pan M, Ma Z, Yan X, Han J. Histone deacetylases: Regulation of vascular homeostasis via endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and the role in vascular pathogenesis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101216. [PMID: 39281836 PMCID: PMC11396065 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2024.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are proteases that play a key role in chromosome structural modification and gene expression regulation, and the involvement of HDACs in cancer, the nervous system, and the metabolic and immune system has been well reviewed. Our understanding of the function of HDACs in the vascular system has recently progressed, and a significant variety of HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of vascular diseases. However, few reviews have focused on the role of HDACs in the vascular system. In this study, the role of HDACs in the regulation of the vascular system mainly involving endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells was discussed based on recent updates, and the role of HDACs in different vascular pathogenesis was summarized as well. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects and prospects of HDAC inhibitors were also addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710086, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Jiayi Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710086, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710086, China
| | - Yuanyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Guanglin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Changjian Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Minghong Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
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Ibragimova AG, Stanishevskiy YM, Plakkhin AM, Zubko AV, Darvish NA, Koassary AK, Shindyapina AV. Comparative analysis of calcified soft tissues revealed shared deregulated pathways. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1131548. [PMID: 37441678 PMCID: PMC10335799 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcification of soft tissues is a common age-related pathology that primarily occurs within vascular tissue. The mechanisms underlying pathological calcification in humans and tissue specificity of the process is still poorly understood. Previous studies examined calcified tissues on one to one basis, thus preventing comparison of deregulated pathways across tissues. Purpose This study aimed to establish common and tissue-specific changes associated with calcification in aorta, artery tibial, coronary artery and pituitary gland in subjects from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset using its RNA sequencing and histological data. Methods We used publicly available data from the GTEx database https://gtexportal.org/home/aboutGTEx. All GTEx tissue samples were derived by the GTEx consorcium from deceased donors, with age from 20 to 79, both men and women. GTEx study authorization was obtained via next-of-kin consent for the collection and banking of de-identified tissue samples for scientific research. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of arteries were manually graded based on the presence of calcification on a scale from zero to four, where zero designates absence of calcification and four designates severe calcification. Samples with fat contamination and mislabeled tissues were excluded, which left 430 aorta, 595 artery tibial, 124 coronary artery, and 283 pituitary samples for downstream gene expression analysis. Transcript levels of protein-coding genes were associated with calcification grade using sex, age bracket and cause of death as covariates, and tested for pathway enrichment using gene set enrichment analysis. Results We identified calcification deposits in 28 (6.5%) aortas, 121 (20%), artery tibials, 54 (43%), coronary arteries, and 24 (8%) pituitary glands of GTEx subjects. We observed an age-dependent increase in incidence of calcification in all vascular tissues, but not in pituitary. Subjects with calcification in the artery tibial were significantly more likely to have calcification in the coronary artery (OR = 2.56, p = 6.3e-07). Markers of calcification previously established in preclinical and in vitro studies, e.g., BMP2 and RUNX2, were deregulated in the calcified tibial and coronary arteries, confirming the relevance of these genes to human pathology. Differentially expressed genes associated with calcification poorly overlapped across tissues suggesting tissue-specific nuances in mechanisms of calcification. Nevertheless, calcified arteries unanimously down-regulated pathways of intracellular transport and up-regulated inflammatory pathways suggesting these as universal targets for pathological calcification. In particular, PD-1 and PD-L1 genes were up-regulated in calcified tissues but not in the blood of the same subjects, suggesting that localized inflammation contributes to pathological calcification. Conclusion Pathological calcification is a prevalent disease of aging that shares little changes in expression in individual genes across tissues. However, our analysis suggests that it potentially can be targeted by alleviating local inflammation of soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nidal Akhmedovich Darvish
- Bakoulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Karenovich Koassary
- Bakoulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Shindyapina
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Retro Biosciences Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
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Shi Y, Zheng Z, Luo J, Li Y, He S, Shen X, Liu J. Possible effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 on vascular calcification via suppressing activating transcription factor 4 mediated apoptosis and osteogenic transformation in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:349-358. [PMID: 35531910 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), a significant risk factor of many cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, is a perplexing issue with no effective treatment in clinical work up to now. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptosis has been proved to be a significant mechanism for initiating VC process. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a key transcription factor of ERS, is most closely associated with VC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an atypical member of the FGFs family, has a protective biological function in various metabolic diseases by ERS pathways. However, the possible effects of FGF21 on VC by regulating ERS, especially through the ATF4 pathway, is still unclear. Our research provides the first evidence that exogenous FGF21 treatment can alleviate the vitamin D3 plus nicotine-induced VC at least in part via suppressing ATF4 mediated apoptosis and osteogenic transformation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Zheng
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jesse Luo
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingkai Li
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Songyuan He
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Shen
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Niu Z, Su G, Li T, Yu H, Shen Y, Zhang D, Liu X. Vascular Calcification: New Insights Into BMP Type I Receptor A. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:887253. [PMID: 35462911 PMCID: PMC9019578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.887253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a complex ectopic calcification process and an important indicator of increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and other diseases. Therefore, clarifying the pathogenesis of VC is of great clinical significance. Numerous studies have shown that the onset and progression of VC are similar to bone formation. Members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins are considered key molecules in the progression of vascular calcification. BMP type I receptor A (BMPR1A) is a key receptor of BMP factors acting on the cell membrane, is widely expressed in various tissues and cells, and is an important “portal” for BMP to enter cells and exert their biological effect. In recent years, many discoveries have been made regarding the occurrence and treatment of ectopic ossification-related diseases involving BMP signaling targets. Studies have confirmed that BMPR1A is involved in osteogenic differentiation and that its high expression in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells can lead to vascular calcification. This article reviews the role of BMPR1A in vascular calcification and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms to provide clues for the clinical treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanyue Su
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongchi Yu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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Dube P, DeRiso A, Patel M, Battepati D, Khatib-Shahidi B, Sharma H, Gupta R, Malhotra D, Dworkin L, Haller S, Kennedy D. Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Diversity in the Vessel Wall. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040404. [PMID: 33917965 PMCID: PMC8068383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a complex process expressing similarity to bone metabolism in onset and progression. VC in CKD is promoted by various factors not limited to hyperphosphatemia, Ca/Pi imbalance, uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the various kinds of VC, the clinical significance and available therapies, significant contributions from multiple cell types, and the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms for the VC process in the setting of CKD. Thus, we seek to highlight the key factors and cell types driving the pathology of VC in CKD in order to assist in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients burdened with this disease.
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Skibba M, Drelich A, Poellmann M, Hong S, Brasier AR. Nanoapproaches to Modifying Epigenetics of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition for Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:607689. [PMID: 33384604 PMCID: PMC7770469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronically progressive interstitial lung that affects over 3 M people worldwide and rising in incidence. With a median survival of 2-3 years, IPF is consequently associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Although two antifibrotic therapies, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are approved for human use, these agents reduce the rate of decline of pulmonary function but are not curative and do not reverse established fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the prevailing epithelial injury hypothesis, wherein pathogenic airway epithelial cell-state changes known as Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) promotes the expansion of myofibroblast populations. Myofibroblasts are principal components of extracellular matrix production that result in airspace loss and mortality. We review the epigenetic transition driving EMT, a process produced by changes in histone acetylation regulating mesenchymal gene expression programs. This mechanistic work has focused on the central role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 in mediating EMT and myofibroblast transition and initial preclinical work has provided evidence of efficacy. As nanomedicine presents a promising approach to enhancing the efficacy of such anti-IPF agents, we then focus on the state of nanomedicine formulations for inhalable delivery in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and exosomes. These nanoscale agents potentially provide unique properties to existing pulmonary therapeutics, including controlled release, reduced systemic toxicity, and combination delivery. NP-based approaches for pulmonary delivery thus offer substantial promise to modify epigenetic regulators of EMT and advance treatments for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Skibba
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adam Drelich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael Poellmann
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Zaker B, Ardalan M. Vascular calcification; Stony bridge between kidney and heart. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2020; 12:165-171. [PMID: 33123321 PMCID: PMC7581848 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a high prevalent complication that arises as a consequence of impaired calcium and phosphate balance amongst cardiovascular patients. Multiple inducer/ inhibitory molecules and pathways as well as genetic background and lifestyle play role in this phenomenon. According to which vessel layer (intima, media or both) is involved different types of vascular calcification take place. Actual mechanism and consensus pathways have not been elucidated yet and needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Zaker
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Zhou J, Zhou H, Liu C, Huang L, Lu D, Gao C. HDAC1-mediated deacetylation of LSD1 regulates vascular calcification by promoting autophagy in chronic renal failure. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8636-8649. [PMID: 32596952 PMCID: PMC7412400 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is commonly associated with various adverse consequences including pathological vascular calcification (VC), which represents a significant clinical concern. Existing literature has suggested the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the progression of CRF‐induced VC. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with HDACs remain largely unknown. Therefore, we established the adenine‐induced CRF rat model and in vitro VC models based on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to examine HDAC1/lysine demethylase 1A (LSD1)/SESN2 as a novel molecular pathway in CRF‐induced VC. Our initial results demonstrated that HDAC1 reduced the formation of VC in vivo and in vitro. HDAC1 was found to deacetylate LSD1, which subsequently led to impaired transcriptional activity in CRF‐induced VC. Moreover, our results illustrated that LSD1 diminished the enrichment of H3K4me2 at the SESN2 promoter. Autophagy was identified as a vasculo‐protective element against calcification in VC. Finally, we found that the inhibitory effects of HDAC1 overexpression on VC were partially abolished via over‐expressed LSD1 in adenine‐induced CRF model rats and in high phosphate‐induced VSMCs. Taken together, these results highlight the crucial role of HDAC1 as an antagonistic factor in the progression of VC in CRF, and also revealed a novel regulatory mechanism by which HDAC1 operates. These findings provide significant insight and a fresh perspective into promising novel treatment strategies by up‐regulating HDAC1 in CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Kidney Department, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Caixin Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Kidney Department, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Dongmei Lu
- Kidney Department, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chaoqing Gao
- Kidney Department, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Roles of Histone Acetylation Modifiers and Other Epigenetic Regulators in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093246. [PMID: 32375326 PMCID: PMC7247359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by calcium deposition inside arteries and is closely associated with the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). VC is now widely known to be an active process occurring in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) involving multiple mechanisms and factors. These mechanisms share features with the process of bone formation, since the phenotype switching from the contractile to the osteochondrogenic phenotype also occurs in VSMCs during VC. In addition, VC can be regulated by epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. Although VC is commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease and CVD, specific drugs for VC have not been developed. Thus, discovering novel therapeutic targets may be necessary. In this review, we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the role of epigenetic regulators including histone deacetylases and propose the therapeutic implication of these regulators in the treatment of VC.
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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The Epigenetic Landscape of Vascular Calcification: An Integrative Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030980. [PMID: 32024140 PMCID: PMC7037112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an important complication among patients of advanced age, those with chronic kidney disease, and those with diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of VC encompasses passive occurrence of physico-chemical calcium deposition, active cellular secretion of osteoid matrix upon exposure to metabolically noxious stimuli, or a variable combination of both processes. Epigenetic alterations have been shown to participate in this complex environment, through mechanisms including DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications, and chromatin changes. Despite such importance, existing reviews fail to provide a comprehensive view of all relevant reports addressing epigenetic processes in VC, and cross-talk between different epigenetic machineries is rarely examined. We conducted a systematic review based on PUBMED and MEDLINE databases up to 30 September 2019, to identify clinical, translational, and experimental reports addressing epigenetic processes in VC; we retrieved 66 original studies, among which 60.6% looked into the pathogenic role of non-coding RNA, followed by DNA methylation (12.1%), histone modification (9.1%), and chromatin changes (4.5%). Nine (13.6%) reports examined the discrepancy of epigenetic signatures between subjects or tissues with and without VC, supporting their applicability as biomarkers. Assisted by bioinformatic analyses blending in each epigenetic component, we discovered prominent interactions between microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification regarding potential influences on VC risk.
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miR32-5p promoted vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by upregulating TNFα in the microenvironment. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:3. [PMID: 31952480 PMCID: PMC6967090 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is often associated with chronic inflammation and is a risk factor for brain arterial stiffness. Our previous results showed that miR32-5p was positively correlated with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) calcification, but it is unclear whether miR32-5p promoted VSMC calcification by regulating inflammatory factor production. RESULTS In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to select tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) as a candidate inflammatory factor associated with calcification. Moreover, alizarin red staining and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TNFα produced by BV2 cells was the key promoting factor of VSMC calcification. Interestingly, the expression of TNFα was significantly increased at the mRNA and protein levels after miR32-5p mimic treatment but significantly decreased after miR32-5p antagomir treatment. To explore the mechanism of the regulation of TNFα expression by miR32-5p, bioinformatics analysis indicated that PIKfyve was a candidate target gene of miR32-5p, and luciferase assays verified that the expression of PIKfyve was significantly repressed by miR32-5p mimics. Importantly, rescue experiments showed that the expression of TNFα in BV2 cells treated with miR32-5p antagomir and the PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS The production of TNFα in microglia could be affected by miR32-5p targeting PIKfyve, and these results will be beneficial to reveal the mechanism of brain arterial calcification.
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Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases as targets for cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:96-115. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Voelkl J, Lang F, Eckardt KU, Amann K, Kuro-O M, Pasch A, Pieske B, Alesutan I. Signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2077-2091. [PMID: 30887097 PMCID: PMC6502780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification has emerged as a putative key factor contributing to the excessive cardiovascular mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperphosphatemia is considered a decisive determinant of vascular calcification in CKD. A critical role in initiation and progression of vascular calcification during elevated phosphate conditions is attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are able to change their phenotype into osteo-/chondroblasts-like cells. These transdifferentiated VSMCs actively promote calcification in the medial layer of the arteries by producing a local pro-calcifying environment as well as nidus sites for precipitation of calcium and phosphate and growth of calcium phosphate crystals. Elevated extracellular phosphate induces osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs through complex intracellular signaling pathways, which are still incompletely understood. The present review addresses critical intracellular pathways controlling osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and, thus, vascular calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Elucidating these pathways holds a significant promise to open novel therapeutic opportunities counteracting the progression of vascular calcification in CKD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Phosphates/chemistry
- Calcium Phosphates/metabolism
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hyperphosphatemia/complications
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- RANK Ligand/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/genetics
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Calcification/complications
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, Aarbergstrasse 5, 2560, Nidau-Biel, Switzerland
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Shi Y, Wang S, Peng H, Lv Y, Li W, Cheng S, Liu J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Attenuates Vascular Calcification by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:138-147. [PMID: 30662354 PMCID: PMC6329919 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone with multiple metabolic properties, has proven to be pleiotropic biological effects and may play pivotal role in numerous cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the future. Vascular calcification (VC) is a concomitant pathological process of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the effects of FGF21 on VC remain unclear. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of FGF21 in VC induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment rats. After 28 days VDN treatment, the calcium overload was confirmed by blood pressure, ultrasound imaging, calcium content, ALP activity and aortic pathological characteristics. In terms of FGF21, exogenous FGF21 can ameliorate the elevation of blood pressure, aortic calcification and related injury in VC rats. To investigate the mechanisms of FGF21 on VC, the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptosis pathways were tested. As a method to detect apoptosis, the increased positive TUNEL staining cells were alleviated by FGF21 treatment. Furthermore, exogenous FGF21 can suppress the increased ERS chaperone, GRP78, in the calcified aortas. In the three pathways of ERS mediated apoptosis, we found CHOP pathway and caspase-12 pathway were involved in the treatment of FGF21, but not p-JNK/JNK pathway. Our study proved for the first time that FGF21 can inhibit the progress of VC by alleviating ERS mediated apoptosis in rats. FGF21 might be a new target for preventing and treating VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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16
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Fu Z, Li F, Jia L, Su S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Xiang M. Histone deacetylase 6 reduction promotes aortic valve calcification via an endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated osteogenic pathway. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 158:408-417.e2. [PMID: 30579537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic valve (AoV) calcification occurs via a pathophysiologic process that includes osteoblastic differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs). Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we investigated the role of HDAC6 in AoV calcification. METHODS AoV cusps from patients with aortic stenosis (n = 7) and normal controls (n = 7) were subjected to determination of calcified nodules and HDAC6 expression. Human VICs were cultured in osteogenic media and treated with 10 uM tubacin or HDAC6 small interfering RNA silencing to inhibit HDAC6. Treatment with 100 uM tauroursodeoxycholic acid was used to suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) small interfering RNA was used to knock down ATF4. Alizarin red staining was used to evaluate calcified nodules formation of VICs cultured with osteogenic media for 14 days. RESULTS HDAC6 expression was significantly reduced in AoV tissue of patients with aortic stenosis compared with controls. Tubacin treatment or HDAC6 silencing markedly promoted osteoblastic differentiation accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress activation in VICs. The HDAC6 inhibition-induced osteogenic pathway was mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress/ATF4 pathway as indicated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid pretreatment or ATF4 silencing. Finally, alizarin red staining showed that HDAC6 inhibition promoted osteoblastic differentiation of VICs, which could be suppressed by tauroursodeoxycholic acid. CONCLUSIONS HDAC6 inhibition promotes AoV calcification via an endoplasmic reticulum stress/ATF4-mediated osteogenic pathway. HDAC6 may be a novel target for AoV calcification prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangliang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengan Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Apostolakis M, Armeni E, Bakas P, Lambrinoudaki I. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Maturitas 2018; 115:1-22. [PMID: 30049340 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, a soluble steroid hormone synthesized in the skin after sun exposure, plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism and is also involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence (a) on the association between endogenous vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease, and (b) on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. Most studies have shown an inverse association between vitamin D levels and cardiovascular outcomes. Randomized controlled trials, however, do not consistently support a beneficial effect of vitamin D administration on cardiovascular health. Population characteristics, comorbid conditions such as diabetes, the overall population prevalence of cardiovascular disease, vitamin D status and the regimen of vitamin D supplementation may account for the conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Apostolakis
- Menopause Clinic, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Armeni
- Menopause Clinic, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bakas
- Menopause Clinic, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- Menopause Clinic, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Shi Y, Lu W, Hou Y, Fu K, Gan F, Liu J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 ameliorates vascular calcification by inhibiting osteogenic transition in vitamin D3 plus nicotine-treated rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2448-2455. [PMID: 29273504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FGF21, a special member of FGF superfamily, has been proven to have pleiotropic metabolic effects and many potential therapeutic action in various metabolic disorders. Vascular calcification (VC), a perplexing clinical issue, is a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, especially for patients with some metabolic diseases. However, the role of FGF21 on VC in vivo remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we observed the effect and mechanism of FGF21 on VC induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treated rats. After four weeks' treatment, the calcium overload is mainly manifested in the increased blood pressure, aortic calcium content and ALP activity. Also, the HE and Alizarin-red S staining showed the structural damage of calcified vessel walls. In addition, the level of endogenous FGF21/β-Klotho/FGFR1 axis was up-regulated in the aortas of VC rats. Furthermore, exogenous FGF21 treatment significantly ameliorated the aortic injury and calcification in VC rats, and the level of β-Klotho and FGFR1 were furtherly increase. Moreover, FGF21 inhibited the osteogenic transition of VSMCs by down-regulating the expression of bone-associated proteins such as osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), together with restored the expression of SM22α and SM α-actin, which are two of lineage markers in VSMCs. We provide the first evidence that FGF21 can inhibit the development of VC by inhibiting the osteogenic transition of VSMCs in rats. FGF21 might be an efficient endogenous vasoprotective factor for calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuelong Hou
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
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