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Kourek C, Georgopoulou M, Kolovou K, Rouvali N, Panoutsopoulou M, Kinti C, Soulele T, Doubou D, Karanikas S, Elaiopoulos D, Karabinis A, Dimopoulos S. Intensive Care Unit Hyperglycemia After Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024; 38:162-169. [PMID: 37880037 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with hyperglycemia after cardiac surgery face increased morbidity and mortality due to postoperative complications. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative hyperglycemia, the hyperglycemia risk factors, and its association with clinical outcomes in patients admitted to the cardiac surgery intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING Single-center hospital. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred ten consecutive postoperative cardiac surgery patients admitted to the cardiac surgery intensive care unit. INTERVENTIONS Patients' blood glucose levels were evaluated immediately after cardiac surgery and every 3 hours daily for 7 days or earlier upon discharge. Intravenous insulin was administered as per the institution's protocol. Perioperative predisposing risk factors for hyperglycemia and clinical outcomes were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Postoperative hyperglycemia, defined as glucose level ≥180 mg/dL, occurred in 30% of cardiac surgery patients. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] 6.73; 95% CI [3.2-14.3]; p < 0.001), white blood cell count (OR 1.28; 95% CI [1.1-1.4]; p < 0.001), and EuroSCORE II (OR 1.20; 95% CI [1.1-1.4]; p = 0.004) emerged as independent prognostic factors for hyperglycemia. Moreover, patients with glucose ≥180 mg/dL had higher rates of acute kidney injury (34.9% v 18.9%, p = 0.013), longer duration of mechanical ventilation (959 v 720 min, p = 0.019), and sedation (711 v 574 min, p = 0.034), and higher levels of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired weakness (14% v 5.5%, p = 0.027) and rate of multiorgan failure (6.3% v 0.7%, p = 0.02) compared with patients with glucose levels <180 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS In the intensive care unit, hyperglycemia occurs frequently in patients immediately after cardiac surgery. Diabetes, high EuroSCORE II, and preoperative leukocytosis are independent risk factors for postoperative hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is associated with worse clinical outcomes, including a higher rate of acute kidney injury and ICU-acquired weakness, greater duration of mechanical ventilation, and a higher rate of multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kourek
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Magda Georgopoulou
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Kolovou
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Rouvali
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Panoutsopoulou
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampia Kinti
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Soulele
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Doubou
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Karanikas
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Elaiopoulos
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Karabinis
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Dimopoulos
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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Choi SH, Yoon GS, Lee MJ, Park SD, Ko YG, Ahn CM, Yu CW, Chun WJ, Jang WJ, Kim HJ, Kim BS, Bae JW, Lee SY, Kwon SU, Kim JS, Lee WS, Jeong JO, Lim SH, Cho S, Yang JH, Gwon HC. Prognostic Impact of Plasma Glucose on Patients With Cardiogenic Shock With or Without Diabetes Mellitus from the SMART RESCUE Trial. Am J Cardiol 2022; 175:145-151. [PMID: 35550823 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of hyperglycemia has been shown to affect the clinical outcome of patients with cardiogenic shock, the extent of hyperglycemia and its association with prognosis have not been fully addressed in a large population. A total of 1,177 consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock were enrolled from January 2014 to December 2018 at 12 hospitals in South Korea. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their initial plasma glucose level in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 752) and patients without DM (n=425); group 1 (≤8 mmol/L or 144 mg/100 ml), group 2 (8 to 12 mmol/L or 144 to 216 mg/100 ml), group 3 (12 to 16 mmol/L or 216 to 288 mg/100 ml), and group 4 (≥16 mmol/L or 288 mg/100 ml). The groups with higher admission plasma glucose were associated with lower systolic blood pressure and higher lactic acid levels in patients with and without DM. In-hospital mortality increased in groups with higher admission plasma glucose level in patients without DM (group 1:24.2%, group 2: 28.6%, group 3: 38.1%, group 4: 49.0%, p <0.01), whereas in patients with DM, mortality and admission plasma glucose level showed no significant association (group 1: 45%, group 2: 35.4%, group 3: 33.3%, group 4: 43.1%, p = 0.26). Even after multivariate analysis, high plasma glucose was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients without DM. In patients with cardiogenic shock, plasma glucose obtained at admission was associated with in-hospital mortality in patients without DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man-Jong Lee
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Hospital Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | | | - Young-Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Min Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Chun
- Department of Cardiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Jang
- Department of Cardiology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum Sung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Whan Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung Uk Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, University of Inje College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Sang Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Wang Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Jeong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Lim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Cho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Relationship between Random Blood Glucose, Fasting Blood Glucose, and Gensini Score in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9707513. [PMID: 31737681 PMCID: PMC6815616 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9707513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective To examine the relationship between admission random blood glucose (RBG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and Gensini score in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to clarify the effects of RBG and FBG on the severity of coronary artery disease. Method A total of 958 consecutive AMI patients who underwent emergency coronary angiography at the Cardiology Department of Zhongda Hospital (affiliated with Southeast University) were enrolled in this study from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. The Gensini score of each patient was calculated according to the results of coronary angiography. The RBG, FBG, baseline data, hematological indexes, echocardiography parameters, coronary angiography data, and the use of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) were recorded. Patients with an RBG level >11.1 mmol/L were classified into the stress hyperglycemia group, and those with an FBG level >7.0 mmol/L were classified into the elevated FBG group. The Gensini scores in the stress hyperglycemia and elevated FBG groups were compared to those in the control group, and correlations between the RBG and FBG levels and the Gensini scores of AMI patients were evaluated. Independent risk factors for the Gensini score were analyzed by multiple linear and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results The Gensini scores of the stress hyperglycemia group and the elevated FBG group were higher than those of the control group. RBG and FBG were positively correlated with the Gensini score, and there were significant differences between RBG and FBG in different Gensini score groups. After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple linear regression analysis showed that sex, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and FBG were independent risk factors for the Gensini score. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age and FBG were independent risk factors in group 2 compared to group 1, eGFR and FBG were independent risk factors in group 3, and eGFR and FBG were independent risk factors in group 4. Diabetes and RBG were not independent risk factors for the Gensini score. Conclusion The Gensini scores of patients in the stress hyperglycemia group and the elevated FBG group were significantly higher than those in the control group. RBG and FBG were positively correlated with the Gensini score in AMI patients, and FBG was an independent risk factor for the Gensini score in AMI patients.
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