Enhanced Hypoxia-Associated Genes in Impaired Contractility From Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Changes of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes affect sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli in impaired contractility due to long term bladder outlet obstruction

INTRODUCTION

The normal biological process that necessitates cell removal greatly depends on apoptosis. Long term bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) causes damaged smooth muscle cells to undergo apoptosis. However, smooth muscle cell apoptosis that BOO causes is not well known in impaired bladder contractility. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate whether long-term BOO could induce apoptosis activities and to obtain an expression profile of apoptosis related genes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used 10 Sprague-Dawley six-week-old female rats. We separated them equally into two groups: a sham intervention group (group 1) and an eight-week BOO group (group 2). We conducted cystometric evaluation eight weeks following BOO onset, with processing of bladder tissue for PCR array. Every array comprised 84 genes, which were established to contribute to an apoptosis response, cell differentiation and metabolism, and 12 sequences were established for the regulation of loading and the quality of cDNA. We performed real-time PCR. Changes in gene expression presented as a fold increase/decrease. Alterations of more than two-fold constituted the cut-off determining expression.

RESULTS

Group 2 had a greater bladder weight and Impaired bladder contractility. Immunofluorescent staining with CAS3, TUNEL showed increased in the BOO group. In comparison to group 1, group 2 exhibited an at least two-fold upregulation in five genes, the Bcl-2 (15.1), Birc5 (5.8), Cd40lg (7.5), Il10 (16.2), and Naip2 (13.2). They also demonstrated at least a two-fold downregulation in the PRLR (-18.1) gene. Genes Bcl2ald, Circ5, Cd40lg, Il10, Naip2, and PRLR were among the genes with activity against apoptosis. TNF, STAT3 and TP53 mediated the effect that genes had on one another.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that the relative ratios of pro- and antiapoptotic genes determine bladder cell sensitivity cells to apoptotic stimuli in impaired contractility caused by long term BOO. Although we cannot confirm whether this finding is the result of the decompensated phase of the bladder or the process, the gene expression profiles could explain molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in impaired bladder contractility caused by long-term BOO with further studies.

Effect of Sun exposure-induced ferroptosis mechanisms on pathology and potential biological processes of primary melanoma by microarray data analysis

Objectives: Sunlight exposure is an important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). Ultraviolet (UV) from sunlight can cause excessive intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in damage from oxidative stress to cells. As a major iron-rich and ROS-producing organelle, mitochondria are considered as an important place for cell ferroptosis. Thus, the pathology and potential biological process of UV exposure-induced ferroptosis in the development of SKCM has aroused our strong interest.

Methods: Gene expression profile datasets of melanoma cell line datasets (GSE31909) and UV-irradiated mitochondria dataset (GSE3632) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and ferroptosis-related genes were obtained from the FerrDb v2 database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprehensive analyzes were performed, including functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, hub gene identification, and gene and tissue protein expression levels, survival analysis, and immune cell infiltration analysis.

Results: A total of 14 common DEGs was identified for subsequent analyses. Seven DEGs, including PSMB4, CRELD2, CDKN2A, TIMP1, NDRG1, ATF3 and JUND, have consistent performance in mRNA and protein expression in normal skin and SKCM tissues can be regarded as a good biomarker with SKCM diagnostic effectiveness. Functional enrichment analysis results indicate that HIF-1 signaling pathway and angiogenesis involved in the pathogenesis and development of SKCM. Induction of ferroptosis in tumor cells by enhancing the function of CD8+ T cells is expected to be an effective intervention to promote tumor therapy.

Conclusion: Our study reveals the pathogenesis and potential biological processes of UV exposure-induced ferroptosis in the development of SKCM, which may provide potential immunotherapy targets for SKCM treatment via tumor cell ferroptosis mechanisms.