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Martini F, Eckmair B, Štefanić S, Jin C, Garg M, Yan S, Jiménez-Castells C, Hykollari A, Neupert C, Venco L, Varón Silva D, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Highly modified and immunoactive N-glycans of the canine heartworm. Nat Commun 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30622255 PMCID: PMC6325117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is a mosquito-borne parasitic nematode whose range is extending due to climate change. In a four-dimensional analysis involving HPLC, MALDI-TOF–MS and MS/MS in combination with chemical and enzymatic digestions, we here reveal an N-glycome of unprecedented complexity. We detect N-glycans of up to 7000 Da, which contain long fucosylated HexNAc-based repeats, as well as glucuronylated structures. While some modifications including LacdiNAc, chitobiose, α1,3-fucose and phosphorylcholine are familiar, anionic N-glycans have previously not been reported in nematodes. Glycan array data show that the neutral glycans are preferentially recognised by IgM in dog sera or by mannose binding lectin when antennal fucose and phosphorylcholine residues are removed; this pattern of reactivity is reversed for mammalian C-reactive protein, which can in turn be bound by the complement component C1q. Thereby, the N-glycans of D. immitis contain features which may either mediate immunomodulation of the host or confer the ability to avoid immune surveillance. The glycome of parasites can have immunomodulatory properties or help to avoid immune surveillance, but details are unknown. Here, Martini et al. characterize the N-glycome of the canine heartworm, reveal an unprecedented complexity, particularly in anionic N-glycans, and determine recognition by components of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraße 266a, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs Universitet, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Monika Garg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Biomolekulare Systeme, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.,Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, 1210, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Luigi Venco
- Clinica Veterinaria Lago Maggiore, Arona, 28040, Italy
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Biomolekulare Systeme, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
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Bourguinat C, Lefebvre F, Sandoval J, Bondesen B, Moreno Y, Prichard RK. Dirofilaria immitis JYD-34 isolate: whole genome analysis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:494. [PMID: 29143663 PMCID: PMC5688507 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are used for chemoprophylaxis for heartworm infection in dogs and cats. Cases of dogs becoming infected with heartworms, despite apparent compliance to recommended chemoprophylaxis with approved preventives, has led to such cases being considered as suspected lack of efficacy (LOE). Recently, microfilariae collected from a small number of LOE isolates were used as a source of infection of new host dogs and confirmed to have reduced susceptibility to ML in controlled efficacy studies using L3 challenge in dogs. A specific Dirofilaria immitis laboratory isolate named JYD-34 has also been confirmed to have less than 100% susceptibility to ML-based preventives. For preventive claims against heartworm disease, evidence of 100% efficacy is required by FDA-CVM. It was therefore of interest to determine whether JYD-34 has a genetic profile similar to other documented LOE and confirmed reduced susceptibility isolates or has a genetic profile similar to known ML-susceptible isolates. METHODS In this study, the 90Mbp whole genome of the JYD-34 strain was sequenced. This genome was compared using bioinformatics tools to pooled whole genomes of four well-characterized susceptible D. immitis populations, one susceptible Missouri laboratory isolate, as well as the pooled whole genomes of four LOE D. immitis populations. Fixation indexes (FST), which allow the genetic structure of each population (isolate) to be compared at the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the genome, have been calculated. Forty-one previously reported SNP, that appeared to differentiate between susceptible and LOE and confirmed reduced susceptibility isolates, were also investigated in the JYD-34 isolate. RESULTS The FST analysis, and the analysis of the 41 SNP that appeared to differentiate reduced susceptibility from fully susceptible isolates, confirmed that the JYD-34 isolate has a genome similar to previously investigated LOE isolates, and isolates confirmed to have reduced susceptibility, and to be dissimilar to the susceptible isolates. CONCLUSIONS These results provide additional evidence for the link between genotype and the reduced susceptibility phenotype observed in such isolates as JYD-34. Further work on other isolates showing reduced susceptibility to ML is required to demonstrate the value of genetic analysis in predicting the response to ML chemoprophylaxis. The authors suggest that genetic analysis may be useful in helping to interpret the results of in vivo efficacy testing of ML heartworm preventives against D. immitis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bourguinat
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanna Sandoval
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Yovany Moreno
- Pharma Discovery & Research, Merial Inc, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Roger K Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada.
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Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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