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Seroprevalence and Molecular Investigation of Toxoplasmosis among Working Children in Tehran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect-129575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis and spreads worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis by serological and molecular methods in working children and a control group in Tehran. Methods: The study participants comprised 460 children aged 7 - 14 years, including 278 working children and 182 age-matched controls. Blood samples were collected, and a serological test was performed to evaluate IgM and IgG antibodies against T. gondii. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood specimens by gradient centrifugation method. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primer B1 on PBMC samples in children’s blood to determine the status of Toxoplasma infection. Results: Seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii was 24.8% and 0.7%, respectively, in working children; however, in the control group, 12.1% and 2.2% had IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii, respectively. The mean IgG titer was 160 ± 86.39 IU/mL and 69.36 ± 88 IU/mL for working children and the control group, respectively (P < 0.0001); however, the mean IgM titer was 4.65 ± 3.04 IU/mL and 3.85 ± 4 IU/mL for working children and control group, respectively (P = 0.8187). Real-time PCR results indicated two (0.7%) positive cases among working children and three (1.65%) samples in the control group. The present study showed a significant difference between working children and the control group regarding the frequency of IgG antibodies (P = 0.0012). However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of IgM antibodies in the two mentioned groups. Conclusions: Seroprevalence of IgG antibody against T. gondii was more in working children than in the control group in Tehran. This investigation revealed a significant difference in frequency and titer of IgG antibodies between working children and the control group. More exposure to the soil and contaminated hands before drinking water or food may be considered factors in the development of toxoplasmosis infection in these children.
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Kim JY, Kwak YS, Lee IY, Yong TS. Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:327-331. [PMID: 32615747 PMCID: PMC7338900 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular protozoa that can cause neurological disease or death in fetuses and even in immunocompromised human adults. Ticks are recognized as vectors of many microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Recent studies detected T. gondii in various tick species in many countries. In this study, we performed PCR detection of the T. gondii B1 gene from Haemaphysalis ticks collected from vegetation in 4 localities, Wonju, Gunsan, Miryang, and Yangsan, in Korea. We analyzed DNA from 314 ticks (268 Haemaphysalis longicornis and 46 Haemaphysalis flava) and the B1 gene of T. gondii was detected in 13 of these. The detection of T. gondii in ticks differed significantly by region (P=0.021). T. gondii was detected in the following percentages of collected ticks: 3.7% (7 of 189) in Gunsan, 10% (5 of 50) in Wonju, 16.7% (1 of 6) in Yangsan, and 0% (0 of 69) in Miryang. The detection of T. gondii in ticks was not associated with tick species or development stage. This is the first report of T. gondii detection in ticks in Korea. Our results provide important information necessary to understand toxoplasmosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - You Shine Kwak
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Khattab HM, El Bassiouni SO, Abuelela MH, Abd Elsalam DO. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among a group of Egyptian patients with type I diabetes mellitus. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2019; 43:20. [DOI: 10.1186/s42269-019-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Sharif M, Daryani A, Ebrahimnejad Z, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E, Borhani S, Lamsechi N. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. J Infect Public Health 2015; 9:75-80. [PMID: 26159578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in humans. However, there is no current data regarding Toxoplasma infection among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in Mazandaran province (northern Iran). Therefore, we performed a population-based study of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in this region. A total of 1832 sera samples (from 654 men and 1178 women) were collected from people who were referred to medical laboratories in different cities throughout Mazandaran province between March and July 2012. The serum titers of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG was 55.5%; and 14.4% of the positive samples were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgM. The highest seroprevalence was observed among people who were >50 years old (90.6%), and the lowest seroprevalence was observed among children who were 0-9 years old (9.4%; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the seroprevalences for each sex in the study population. However, a regional sex-specific difference in seroprevalence was observed between men (54.1%) and women (70.6%; P=0.003) in the western cities of Mazandaran. As the seroprevalence of T. gondii in western and eastern Mazandaran was higher than that in the central cities, there is a need to evaluate the nature of the infection chain in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Borhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Narges Lamsechi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Gyang VP, Akinwale OP, Lee YL, Chuang TW, Orok A, Ajibaye O, Liao CW, Cheng PC, Chou CM, Huang YC, Fan KH, Fan CK. Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:56-63. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0310-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pam Gyang
- Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China; Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria
| | | | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chia-Mei Chou
- Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Kuo-Hua Fan
- Owner & Patent Attorney Zoomlaw IP Attorneys, People's Republic of China; Shih-Hsin University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China; Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China; Taipei Medical University, People's Republic of China
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Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in France in 1998: Is there a difference between men and women? At what age do children become infected? Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2013; 61:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lim H, Lee SE, Jung BK, Kim MK, Lee MY, Nam HW, Shin JG, Yun CH, Cho HI, Shin EH, Chai JY. Serologic survey of toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a brief review of its seroprevalence in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:287-93. [PMID: 23230325 PMCID: PMC3514419 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Lim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Fan CK, Lee LW, Liao CW, Huang YC, Lee YL, Chang YT, da Costa ÂDSRJ, Gil V, Chi LH, Nara T, Tsubouchi A, Akinwale OP. Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:141. [PMID: 22794195 PMCID: PMC3425088 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (DRSTP), West Africa, remains unknown to date. Methods A serologic survey and risk factors associated T. gondii infection among PSC in the DRSTP was assessed by the latex agglutination (LA) test and a questionnaire interview including parents’ occupation, various uncomfortable symptoms, histories of eating raw or undercooked food, drinking unboiled water, and raising pets, was conducted in October 2010. Schoolchildren from 4 primary schools located in the capital areas were selected, in total 255 serum samples were obtained by venipuncture, of which 123 serum samples were obtained from boys (9.8 ± 1.4 yrs) and 132 serum samples were obtained from girls (9.7 ± 1.3 yrs). Results The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 63.1% (161/255). No significant gender difference in seroprevalence was found between boys (62.6%, 77/123) and girls (63.6%, 84/132) (p = 0.9). The older age group of 10 years had insignificantly higher seroprevalence (69.9%, 58/83) than that of the younger age group of 8 year olds (67.7%, 21/31) (p = 0.8). It was noteworthy that the majority of seropositive PSC (75.8%, 122/161) had high LA titers of ≥1: 1024, indirectly indicating acute or repeated Toxoplasma infection. Parents whose jobs were non-skilled workers (73.1%) showed significantly higher seroprevalence than that of semiskilled- (53.9%) or skilled workers (48.8%) (p < 0.05). Children who had a history of raising cats also showed significantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p < 0.001). Children who claimed to have had recent ocular manifestation or headache, i.e. within 1 month, seemed to have insignificantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p > 0.05). Conclusions Parents’ educational level and cats kept indoors seemed to be the high risk factors for PSC in acquisition of T. gondii infection. While, ocular manifestation and/or headache of PSC should be checked for the possibility of being T. gondii elicited. Measures such as improving environmental hygiene and intensive educational intervention to both PSC and their parents should be performed immediately so as to reduce T. gondii infection of DRSTP inhabitants including PSC and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Liao CW, Lee YL, Sukati H, D'lamini P, Huang YC, Chiu CJ, Liu YH, Chou CM, Chiu WT, Du WY, Hung CC, Chan HC, Chu B, Cheng HC, Su J, Tu CC, Cheng CY, Fan CK. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2010; 103:731-6. [PMID: 20030998 DOI: 10.1179/000349809x12554106963474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C W Liao
- Department of Parasitology, Taipei Medical University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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Saleh MMS, AL-Shamiri AH, Qaed AA. Seroprevalence and incidence of Toxoplasma gondii among apparently healthy and visually or hearing disabled children in Taiz City, Yemen. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:71-3. [PMID: 20333289 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This cross sectional study was conducted in the city of Taiz, Yemen, during the period from August 2006 to August 2007 in order to investigate the seroprevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis among apparently healthy children (AHC) and visually and/or hearing disabled children (DC). The seroprevalence was 16.0% among AHC compared to 32.5% among DC. The effect of gender was clear as the seroprevalence rate was significantly higher among females (18.3 and 43.8% for AHC and DC, respectively) than males (13.8 and 25% for AHC and DC, respectively). The seroprevalence was proportionally increased with the age, and the highest rates (20.9 and 53.0%) were reported among the oldest age group (> 10-14 years) for AHC and DC groups, respectively. The incidence rate was also higher (4.2%) in DC group compared to AHC group (2.4%) during 1 year period. These data indicate that the seroprevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis are significantly higher in DC group than those of AHC group. We need to check further relationship between toxoplasmosis and visual and/or hearing disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madha Mohammed Sheet Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
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Youn H. Review of zoonotic parasites in medical and veterinary fields in the Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 47 Suppl:S133-41. [PMID: 19885329 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasites are animal parasites that can infect humans. The major zoonotic protozoa in the Republic of Korea are Babesia bovis, Chilomastix mesnili, Cryptosporidium parvum, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hitolytica, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Pneumocystis carinii, Sarcocystis cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii. The major zoonotic helminths in Korea include trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. Trematodes are Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Heterophyes nocens, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Paragonimus westermani. Cestodes are Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepis nana, Raillietina tetragona, sparganum (Spirometra spp.), Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica. Nematodes are Ancylostoma caninum, Brugia malayi, Capillaria hepatica, Dirofilaria immitis, Gnathostoma dololesi, Gnathostoma spinigerum, Loa loa, Onchocerca gibsoni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Thelazia callipaeda, Trichinella spiralis, Trichostrongylus orientalis, Trichuris trichiura, and Trichuris vulpis. The one arthropod is Sarcoptes scabiei. Many of these parasites have disappeared or were in decline after the 1990's. Since the late 1990's, the important zoonotic protozoa have been C. parvum, E. nana, E. coli, E. hitolytica, G. lamblia, I. buetschlii, P. carinii and T. gondii. The important zoonotic helminths have been C. sinensis, H. nocens, M. yokogawai, P. westermani, D. latum, T. asiatica, sparganum, B. malayi, T. orientalis, T. callipaeda and T. spiralis. However, outbreaks of these parasites are only in a few endemic areas. The outbreaks of Enterobius vermicularis and head lice, human parasites, have recently increased in the kindergartens and primary schools in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Youn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Shin DW, Cha DY, Hua QJ, Cha GH, Lee YH. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and characteristics of seropositive patients in general hospitals in Daejeon, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:125-30. [PMID: 19488418 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To figure out the epidemiological status and relevance with other diseases in toxoplasmosis, we checked serum IgG antibody titers of 1,265 patients and medical records of seropositive patients. Seropositive rates were 6.6% by latex agglutination test (LAT) and 6.7% by ELISA. No significant differences were detected between sexes and age groups. The peak seroprevalence was detected in the 40-49-year-old age group. According to clinical department, Toxoplasma-positive rates were high in patients in psychiatry, ophthalmology, health management, emergency medicine, and thoracic surgery. Major coincidental diseases in seropositive cases were malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic renal diseases, schizophrenia, and acute lymphadenitis, in the order of frequency. In particular, some patients with chronic hepatitis B and malignant neoplasms had high antibody titers. These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a general hospital-based study was similar to that in a community-based study, and T. gondii seropositivity may be associated with neoplasms, diabetes, and other chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Whan Shin
- Department of Infection Biology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Shin EH, Kim DH, Lin A, Lee JWY, Kim HJ, Ahn MH, Chai JY. Evaluation of the Korean isolate-1 tachyzoite antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2008; 46:45-8. [PMID: 18344678 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shin EH, Guk SM, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Chai JY. Trends in parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hung CC, Fan CK, Su KE, Sung FC, Chiou HY, Gil V, da Conceicao dos Reis Ferreira M, de Carvalho JM, Cruz C, Lin YK, Tseng LF, Sao KY, Chang WC, Lan HS, Chou SH. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:134-9. [PMID: 17113117 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe (DRSTP) from November 2003 to March 2004 was determined by detection of serum anti-T. gondii antibodies. A short questionnaire interview for pregnant women was performed to investigate risk factors associated with T. gondii infection, including consumption of raw meat or unwashed vegetables, drinking unboiled water and keeping pets (cats and dogs). The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was high (75.2%; 375/499). The older age group of > or =35 years had a significantly higher seroprevalence (85.7%; 54/63) than that of the younger age group of 15-25 years (70.4%; 178/253) (odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.4; P=0.01). No significant difference in the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was found between the pregnant women with and without exposure to the risk factors studied. However, among pregnant women with high antibody titers of > or =1:1024, it seemed likely that continual contact with pets and consumption of oocyst-contaminated water or raw unwashed vegetables rather than tissue cysts in meat was the primary route of infection. The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in unborn babies should be intensively monitored in the DRSTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fan CK, Hung CC, Su KE, Sung FC, Chiou HY, Gil V, da Conceicao dos Reis Ferreira M, de Carvalho JM, Cruz C, Lin YK, Tseng LF, Sao KY, Chang WC, Lan HS, Chou SH. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pre-schoolchildren aged 1–5 years in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Western Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:446-9. [PMID: 16260015 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Revised: 07/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence status of Toxoplasma gondii infection in children of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe (DRSTP), Western Africa, is unknown to date. A serologic survey of T. gondii infection among pre-schoolchildren aged <5 years in the DRSTP was assessed by the latex agglutination (LA) test from November 2003 to March 2004. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was not low, reaching 21.49% (26/121). No significant gender difference in seroprevalence was found between boys (19.30%; 11/57) and girls (23.44%; 15/64) (chi2 = 0.31, P = 0.58). The older age group of 4-5 years had significantly higher seroprevalence (36.67%; 11/30) than the younger age group of <2 years (10.34%; 3/29) (chi2 = 5.64, P = 0.02). It was noteworthy that the majority of seropositive boys (90.91%; 10/11) or older children aged > or = 2 years (82.61%; 19/23) had high LA titres of > or = 1:1024, indirectly indicating acute Toxoplasma infection. This study is the first report indicating that T. gondii infection is not low in pre-schoolchildren aged <5 years in the DRSTP. Whether the DRSTP pre-schoolchildren acquire T. gondii infection through constant exposure to the parasite from their daily activities owing to poor environmental hygiene should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Parasitology, Taipei Medical University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shin EH, Kim SB, Nam HW, Han ET, Park JH, Ahn HJ, Chai JY. USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETECTION OF INTRACELLULAR TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN MURINE SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTES. J Parasitol 2004; 90:161-6. [PMID: 15040684 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Various monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Toxoplasma gondii RH tachyzoites were used for flow cytometric detection of intracellular parasites in murine splenic lymphocytes. Tg110 and Tg563 (reacting with the major surface protein SAG1), Tg505 (with another surface protein SAG2), Tg695 and Tg786 (with rhoptry proteins), Tg507, Tg621, and Tg317 (with dense granule proteins), Tg536 (with a microneme protein), and Tg685 (with a cytosol antigen) were the mAbs used. After an in vitro infection of lymphocytes with tachyzoites and reactions with the different mAbs, flow cytometry was performed using an indirect immunofluorescent technique. The proportions of whole infected lymphocytes and of each infected lymphocyte phenotype, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells, were determined, and their fluorescent intensities were quantified. The best reaction was seen when Tg110 or Tg695 was used as the mAbs. The results suggest that mAbs against surface or rhoptry proteins are highly useful for the flow cytometric detection of intracellular T. gondii in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Chai JY, Lin A, Shin EH, Oh MD, Han ET, Nan HW, Lee SH. Laboratory passage and characterization of an isolate of Toxoplasma gondii from an ocular patient in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2003; 41:147-54. [PMID: 12972728 PMCID: PMC2717499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Accepted: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were isolated from the blood of an ocular patient, and have been successfully passaged in the laboratory, for over a year, by peritoneal inoculation in mice. The isolated parasite was designated the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) and its characteristics were compared with those of the RH strain, a wellknown virulent strain originating from a child who suffered from encephalitis. The morphology, pathogenicity, infectivity and cell culture characteristics of the KI-1 were similar to those of the RH strain. Both RH and KI-1 antigens were detected by an anti-T. gondii monoclonal antibody (mAb), Tg563, against the major surface protein SAG1 (30 kDa), whereas no reaction was observed against an anti-Neospora caninum mAb, 12B4. The KI-1 was confirmed as an isolate of T. gondii. A long-term laboratory maintenance and characterization of a local T. gondii isolate is reported for the first time in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Abu-Zeid YA. Serological evidence for remarkably variable prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in children of major residential areas in United Arab Emirates. Acta Trop 2002; 83:63-9. [PMID: 12062794 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence rate of Toxoplasma gondii in children citizens of United Arab Emirates (UAE) main residential areas. Questionnaire information, clinical data and blood samples were obtained from 1006 primary school children residence of seven out of nine districts of UAE. ELISA was used for detection of antibodies against the immunodominant surface antigen (SAG1) of T. gondii. The sensitivity and specificity of the employed ELISA were 98.4 and 99.1%, respectively using 'Eiken' latex agglutination test as a reference test. The seroprevalence rates were remarkably variable in different residential areas and ranged between 3.5% for Dubai and 34.6% for Sharjah, with an overall prevalence of 12.5% for the seven districts. Rear of ruminants at home and consumption of raw milk associated significantly (P<0.05) with exposure to T. gondii. UAE children exposed to T. gondii infection had a significantly higher hepatomegaly rate (P<0.05) and complained more of various symptoms at the time of sampling (P<0.01) compared to unexposed children. This study urges for more population studies to further elucidate the prevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in UAE in relation to age, gender, place of residence and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Abu-Zeid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Lee YH, Noh HJ, Hwang OS, Lee SK, Shin DW. Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2000; 38:251-6. [PMID: 11138318 PMCID: PMC2721207 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2000] [Accepted: 11/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There have been some reports about the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among Koreans, and most of all data were taken from patients visiting hospitals. However, the epidemiological data of the community-based study in Korea are rare. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the inhabitants of the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. A total of 1,109 serum samples (499 males, 610 females) were examined for the IgG antibodies by ELISA. To set up the cut-off point for ELISA, we used a commercial latex agglutination (LA) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against LA test were 89.5%, and 98.6% respectively. Among 1,109 sera, 6.9% showed seropositivity by ELISA. The positive rates of males and females were 6.0% and 7.2%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between sexes. Comparing the age groups, the highest seropositive rate showed in the seventies or higher, and their rates had a tendency to increase with age (0.05 < p < 0.3). These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in rural inhabitants is similar to previous reports in Korea; however we need further investigation to clarify the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Taejon 301-131, Korea.
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