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Shrestha R, Duwal R, Wagle S, Pokhrel S, Giri B, Neupane BB. A smartphone microscopic method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008560. [PMID: 32898180 PMCID: PMC7500626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food and water-borne illness caused by ingestion of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is one of the major health problems globally. Several methods are available to detect Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst in food and water. Most of the available methods require a good laboratory facility and well-trained manpower and are therefore costly. There is a need of affordable and reliable method that can be easily implemented in resource limited settings. Methodology/Principle findings We developed a smartphone based microscopic assay method to screen (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination of vegetable and water samples. The method consisting of a ball lens of 1 mm diameter, white LED as illumination source and Lugols's iodine staining provided magnification and contrast capable of distinguishing (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The analytical performance of the method was tested by spike recovery experiments. The spike recovery experiments performed on cabbage, carrot, cucumber, radish, tomatoes, and water resulted in 26.8±10.3, 40.1±8.5, 44.4±7.3, 47.6±11.3, 49.2 ±10.9, and 30.2±7.9% recovery for Cryptosporidium, respectively and 10.2±4.0, 14.1±7.3, 24.2±12.1, 23.2±13.7, 17.1±13.9, and 37.6±2.4% recovery for Giardia, respectively. The spike recovery results are comparable with data obtained using commercial brightfield and fluorescence microscope methods. Finally, we tested the smartphone microscope system for detecting (oo)cysts on 7 types of vegetable (n = 196) and river water (n = 18) samples. Forty-two percent vegetable and thirty-nine percent water samples were found to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst. Similarly, thirty-one percent vegetable and thirty-three percent water samples were contaminated with Giardia cyst. Conclusions The newly developed smartphone microscopic method showed comparable performance to commercial microscopic methods. The new method can be a low-cost and easy to implement alternative method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cysts in vegetable and water samples in resource limited settings. Food and water-borne illness arising from the consumption of contaminated food and water are serious health hazards globally. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are the major food and water‒borne parasites. The infection occurs mainly by (oo)cyst phase of the parasites. People in developing countries are more vulnerable to these parasites where infection is more likely underdiagnosed and underreported due to limited resources for detection. There is need of a method that is affordable and easy to implement. In this study, we developed and optimized a novel smartphone microscope method that can detect and quantify the (oo)cyst of the parasites in food and water samples. The developed method is easy to implement and affordable and provides similar performance to the other commercially available microscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retina Shrestha
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rojina Duwal
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sajeev Wagle
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Samiksha Pokhrel
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Environmental Science, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basant Giri
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail: (BG); (BBN)
| | - Bhanu Bhakta Neupane
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail: (BG); (BBN)
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Hamilton KA, Waso M, Reyneke B, Saeidi N, Levine A, Lalancette C, Besner MC, Khan W, Ahmed W. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater and Surface Water Environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1006-1023. [PMID: 30272766 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
and spp. are significant contributors to the global waterborne disease burden. Waterways used as sources of drinking water and for recreational activity can become contaminated through the introduction of fecal materials derived from humans and animals. Multiple studies have reported the occurence or concentrations of these pathogens in the environment. However, this information has not been comprehensively reviewed. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for and can be beneficial, but it often relies on the concentrations in environmental sources reported from the literature. A thorough literature review was conducted to develop an inventory of reported and concentrations in wastewater and surface water available in the literature. This information can be used to develop QMRA inputs. and (oo)cyst concentrations in untreated wastewater were up to 60,000 oocysts L and 100,000 cysts L, respectively. The maximum reported concentrations for and in surface water were 8400 oocysts L and 1000 cysts L, respectively. A summary of the factors for interpretation of concentration information including common quantification methods, survival and persistence, biofilm interactions, genotyping, and treatment removal is provided in this review. This information can help in identifying assumptions implicit in various QMRA parameters, thus providing the context and rationale to guide model formulation and application. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for water quality practitioners striving to meet the recreational water quality or treatment criteria. The goal is for the information provided in the current review to aid in developing source water protection and monitoring strategies that will minimize public health risks.
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Allende A, Datta AR, Smith WA, Adonis R, MacKay A, Adell AD. Implications of new legislation (US FSMA) and guidelines (EC) on the establishment of management systems for agricultural water. Food Microbiol 2017; 75:119-125. [PMID: 30056956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This report summarizes key messages related to agricultural water quality as discussed by an ad hoc panel at the 1st International Symposium of Food Safety in Santiago, Chile. Participating representatives of the academia, industry and government of diverse geographical backgrounds and the audience discussed topics such as (1) implications of the US Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA: www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm277706.htm) on the Agricultural Water Quality, (2) comparisons between MPN and CFU in analyzing water quality, (3) alternatives to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to be used as indicators to evaluate water quality, and (4) vegetative buffers as an alternative to reduce pathogen loads in agricultural surface waters. Panelists identified the following key messages for each topic discussed that are related to agricultural water quality: (1) the FSMA regulation and the new guidance document elaborated by the EC are highly relevant as they provide a definition of agricultural water and specific criteria for different water uses and circumstances; (2) FSMA supports modification from MPN to CFU; (3) Growers require more alternatives for treatment of agricultural water; (4) Vegetative buffers are a potential practical and feasible alternative for agriculture producers to reduce the pathogen and fecal pollution loads of in their agricultural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - A R Datta
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - W A Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R Adonis
- Fundacion para el Desarrollo Fruticola (FDF), Av Pedro de Valdivia 0193 of 22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A MacKay
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Safety Science Directorate, 1400Merivale, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0Y9, Canada
| | - A D Adell
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 440, 8370251 Santiago, Chile.
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Matsuura Y, Matsubayashi M, Nukata S, Shibahara T, Ayukawa O, Kondo Y, Matsuo T, Uni S, Furuya M, Tani H, Tsuji N, Sasai K. Report of fatal mixed infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in neonatal calves. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:214-220. [PMID: 28030344 PMCID: PMC7089474 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the production and management of beef and dairy cattle, controlling diarrhea is one of the important concerns. Pathogenic agents of the disease, protozoan parasites including Cryptosporidium spp., are difficult to control, making prevention, diagnoses, and treatment of diarrhea. In the present study, we investigated a farm with a history of calf deaths over a period of 10 years in order to determine the cause of disease and to clarify the detailed distribution of the pathogens. In four examined calves that were reared in calf pens, all were positive with Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia, while the other breeding stock and adult cattle were negative. Molecular analyses revealed that the isolates from calves were C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 as a zoonotic and G. intestinalis assemblage E. Other pathogenic bacteria and diarrhea-causing viruses were not detected. After treating the calf pens with boiling water and milk of lime (Ca[OH]2), oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. intestinalis were not found and no additional calves died. This is the first report to describe the mixed infection of both parasites in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Matsuura
- Toubu Veterinary Clinic, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326 Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531 Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531 Japan
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Satoko Nukata
- Toubu Veterinary Clinic, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Osamu Ayukawa
- Toubu Veterinary Clinic, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326 Japan
| | - Yasuko Kondo
- Toubu Veterinary Clinic, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326 Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan
| | - Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masaru Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531 Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531 Japan
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Rapid concentration and sensitive detection of hookworm ova from wastewater matrices using a real-time PCR method. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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EBRAHIMZADE E, SHAYAN P, ASGHARI Z, JAFARI S, OMIDIAN Z. Isolation of Small Number of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Using Immunochromatography. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 9:482-90. [PMID: 25759729 PMCID: PMC4345087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium parvum causes severe gastroenteritis in immunocompromised human and new borne animals. The organism can be transmitted through water. Since small number of C. parvum is infectious, the aim of the present study was to develop a chromatography method for the isolation of C. parvum oocyst in samples with limited number of oocysts. METHODS Antibody was prepared against whole antigen from C. parvum oocysts, the achieved Ab bound to the sepharose 4B and used for the isolation of oocysts. Antibody against P23 bound to the sepharose 4B, used also for the isolation of C. parvum oocyst. In comparison to these both methods, 2 traditional methods (Salt floatation and 55% sucrose floatation) were also performed. RESULTS Both chromatography methods could bind oocysts with capacity depends on the column size. The isolated oocysts were free of bacteria. Our results showed that the traditional methods are useful for the isolation of oocysts from feces, in its smear stained with ziehl-nelsen, at least 3 oocyts are detectable in each microscopic field under 1000 X magnification. In contrast to the chromatography methods, the bacterial contamination was always observed in oocysts isolated with traditional methods. CONCLUSION Immunochromatography could be used for the successful isolation of C. parvum oocysts from the samples containing limited number of oocysts.
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Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:9-21. [PMID: 23010178 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples from different water sources (n = 396) were collected during 2009 and 2011. Wastewater (2-5 l) was purified by aluminium sulphate flocculation. Surface, ground and drinking waters (400-6400 l) were collected by filtration. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were further concentrated by sucrose centrifugation. (Oo)cysts were identified by IFT (immunofluorescence test), DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and DICM (difference interference contrast microscopy). Out of 206 wastewater samples, 134 (65·0%) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts and 64 (31·1%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Parasite numbers ranged from 0 to 2436 cysts/l and 0 to 1745 oocysts/l. Eight (4·2%) surface and drinking water samples (n = 190) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts (0-56000/100 l), and 18 (9·5%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts (2400/100 l). The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and concentrations of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. by detecting (oo)cysts from water samples. This study provides substantial evidence that G. lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts are able to enter and circulate in the aquatic environment with negative implications for public health.
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