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Lee H, Kwak D. Molecular detection and assemblage analysis of the intestinal protozoan Giardia duodenalis in wild boars in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1139060. [PMID: 37143496 PMCID: PMC10151744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is the only Giardia species that infects humans and most other mammals. Wild boars are a reservoir of many viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. This study examined the infection rate of G. duodenalis in wild boars and confirmed its specificity by comparing assemblages through PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA, gdh, and β-giardin genes. Fecal samples were collected from roadkilled or trapped wild boars from April 2016 to December 2021 in Korea. DNA was extracted directly from 612 wild boar fecal specimens using a commercial kit. PCR was performed targeting the 18S rRNA region, β-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes of G. duodenalis. Some PCR-positive samples were selected for sequencing analysis. The obtained sequences were subsequently used for phylogenetic tree construction. Of the 612 samples tested, 125 (20.4%) were positive for G. duodenalis. The highest infection rate was detected in the central region (12.0%) and in autumn (12.7%). Among the risk factors, the seasonal factor was statistically significant (p = 0.012). Phylogenetic analysis revealed three genetic assemblages: A, B, and E. Assemblages A and B exhibited 100% identity with Giardia sequences isolated from human and farmed pigs in Korea and Japan. This result cannot be ignored because it indicates the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, continuous management and monitoring of this pathogen are necessary to prevent transmission and protect animal and human health.
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Vejano MRA, Dela Peña LBRO, Rivera WL. Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis in selected stations and tributary rivers of Laguna Lake, Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:466. [PMID: 34224003 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution is a major contributor to the progressive degradation of Laguna Lake, the Philippines' largest inland lake used for aquaculture, recreation, and as a source of irrigation and domestic water. Consequently, intestinal parasites may be present in this body of water, posing risks to water safety and human health. This study was able to detect the protozoan parasite, Giardia duodenalis, in three Laguna Lake stations and seven tributary rivers in a 13-month monitoring period by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Giardia cysts concentrated from water samples. The pathogen was present in 37.7% of tributary samples (n = 69) and 16.7% of lake samples (n = 36). Notable frequencies of detection were observed in four tributary rivers -Bagumbayan, Taguig (66.7%); Santa Rosa, Laguna (55.6%); San Cristobal, Cabuyao, Laguna (44.4%); and Biñan, Laguna (42.9%). All test SSU rRNA gene sequences were identified as human-infective genotypes of G. duodenalis predominated by Assemblage A (94.1%). Furthermore, analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene revealed the possible presence of mixed genotypes in at least two samples. These results support the pressing need to include protozoan pathogen monitoring in Laguna Lake and its tributaries to prevent Giardia infection in humans and animals. This study also recommends microbial source tracking to identify fecal pollution sources and aid in regulation of waste discharges into the lake and its tributaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Raymond A Vejano
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O Dela Peña
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines.
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Lee H, Jung B, Lim JS, Seo MG, Lee SH, Choi KH, Hwang MH, Kim TH, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from pigs in Korea. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102154. [PMID: 32531468 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is an important zoonotic parasite infecting livestock (including pigs) through ingesting cysts in contaminated food or water. This parasite has been classified into eight different genetic assemblages, A to H. Here, we examined the individual-level prevalence of G. duodenalis in domestic pig farms and confirmed host specificity by genotype comparisons. Samples were collected from southern and central Korea, between May 2017 and January 2019. DNA directly extracted from 745 pig fecal specimens were tested by PCR for G. duodenalis small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin gene sequences. Based on ssu rRNA PCR, 110 (14.8%) were positive for G. duodenalis. Infection risk was the highest in the fattener group (31/139, 22.3%) and during the autumn season (52/245, 21.2%: p < .001). No statistically significant differences in risk for infection were observed between fecal types (normal versus diarrheal). Fifty ssu rRNA samples, three gdh samples, and five β-giardin samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped. Ssu rRNA assemblage sequence analysis identified E (40.0%, 20/50), D (34.0%, 17/50), C (24.0%, 12/50), and A (2.0%, 1/50). The gdh locus identified three samples as assemblage E, and the β-giardin locus identified four samples as assemblage E and one as assemblage C. Assemblage A sequences obtained (ssu rRNA; MK430919) had 100% identity with Giardia sequences isolated from a Korean individual (AJ293301), indicating the potential of zoonotic transmission. Continuous management and monitoring for prevention of transmission and protection of animal and human health are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeseung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - ByeongYeal Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Hwang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HY, Lee H, Lee SH, Seo MG, Yi S, Kim JW, Kim CH, Lee YR, So B, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Multilocus genotyping and risk factor analysis of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Korea. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105113. [PMID: 31356789 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), a protozoan parasite that infects most mammals (including humans), has recently been classified into eight different groups/assemblages (A to H) based on host range and genetic characteristics. Assemblages A and B have been reported in humans and in many other animals, including dogs. This study analyzed Giardia infections, implementing multilocus genotyping, including the 18S rRNA, gdh, and β-giardin genes, in sheltered, companion, and special-purpose dogs throughout Korea. Of 640 dog stool samples, 99 (15.5%) were G. duodenalis-positive; this prevalence was similar to that previously reported in Korean calves. In addition, the prevalence was significantly higher in the southern region, and lower in non-sheltered dogs, older dogs, and in the autumn season. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all G. duodenalis-positive samples belonged to assemblages C and D. Although no G. duodenalis assemblages A and B (mainly found in humans) were identified in this study, assemblage C was detected in the main types of dogs in contact with humans. Assemblage C, thought to be dog-specific, was recently identified in humans. As Giardia (including zoonotic assemblages) is distributed throughout Korea, dog living environments and the potential for dog-human transmission should be monitored.
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Bahk YY, Cho PY, Ahn SK, Park S, Jheong WH, Park YK, Shin HJ, Lee SS, Rhee O, Kim TS. Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:205-210. [PMID: 29742877 PMCID: PMC5976025 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0-36/L), Giardia cysts (0-39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Pyo Yun Cho
- Protist Resources Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources Sciences, Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Ahn
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sangjung Park
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Won Hwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyu Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang-Seob Lee
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea
| | - Okjae Rhee
- DK EcoV Environmental Microbiology Lab., Cheonan 31075, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Lee SH, VanBik D, Kim HY, Cho A, Kim JW, Byun JW, Oem JK, Oh SI, Kwak D. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis in calves with diarrhoea. Vet Rec 2016; 178:633. [PMID: 27162285 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in diarrhoeal faeces from calves that were reared in Korea using PCR and ELISA. Diarrhoeal faecal samples were collected from 590 calves (<3 months old) throughout the country from November 2013 through March 2015. Data were analysed according to the region of collection, season, and type of diarrhoea. Of the 590 collected faecal samples, 77 (13.1 per cent) and 78 (13.2 per cent; true prevalence 9.1 per cent) tested positive by PCR and ELISA, respectively. The results from both testing methods were in agreement in 501 (84.9 per cent) samples, with a κ value of 0.34, which suggests fair agreement. The PCR results showed a higher prevalence in summer and in cases of haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0.05), while the ELISA results showed a lower prevalence in cases of pasty diarrhoea (P<0.05). Phylogenetic analysis of the β-giardin gene sequences of G duodenalis showed that the sequences detected in this study belonged to assemblage E, which is specific to cattle and livestock. The higher prevalence of giardiasis in calves with haemorrhagic diarrhoea found in this study differed from previous studies. Therefore, researchers and veterinarians should be aware of the possible involvement of giardiasis in haemorrhagic diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - D VanBik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - H Y Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - A Cho
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - J W Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - J W Byun
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - J K Oem
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - S I Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - D Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Cheun HI, Chung BS, Ma DW, Goo BL, Cho SH, Ji MJ, Lee WJ. Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 4:146-51. [PMID: 24159546 PMCID: PMC3787530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to develop a high-sensitivity antibody diagnostic kit that will enable a rapid and accurate detection of Cryptospofidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in patients with diarrhea. Methods The cultivated C. parvum oocysts and G. lamblia cysts in each calf and dog were injected to mice to obtain antibodies, which were titrated. Spleen cells of the immunized mouse were separated and blended with myelomas to produce hybrid cell lines that form monoclonal antibodies. Using ELISA method, antibodies that specifically respond to C. parvum and G.lamblia were then selected. The cells were injected into the abdominal cavity of a BALB/c mouse to isolate hydrops abdominis containing high level of antibodies. The IgG antibody was purified using protein G gel. Results The detection limit of monoclonal antibodies for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia was 125 oocysts/mL and 1250 cysts/mL, respectively. In addition, during testing they did not show cross-reactivity to viruses (n = 15), bacteria (n =17), and parasites (n = 9). Conclusion The rapid diagnostic antibody kit developed in this study, which specifically responds to C. parvum and G. lamblia, will be useful in detecting and monitoring diarrheal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeng-Il Cheun
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea ; Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
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