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Ea V, Papa B, Goldberg R. A case of visceral leishmaniasis masquerading as autoimmune hepatitis. Med J Aust 2024. [PMID: 39129563 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rimma Goldberg
- Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
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2
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Louizi C, Khan MAA, Faisal K, Chowdhury R, Ghosh P, Hossain F, Nisansala T, Ranasinghe S, Moreno J, Alvar J, Mondal D, Buhl T, Lüder CGK, Abd El Wahed A. Assessment of pan-Leishmania detection by recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 105:115862. [PMID: 36493571 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The spread of vector habitats along with increasing human mobility can introduce atypical Leishmania species and hence can challenge existing diagnostic practices for rapid detection of active infection with species outside the narrow target range. Here we assessed the pan-Leishmania detection ability of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays targeting 18S rRNA gene, cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase B (Cpb) gene, and kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) regions. While the lowest limit of detection of the 18S rRNA-RPA and Cpb-RPA assays were estimated as 12 and 17 standard DNA molecules, respectively, both assays could amplify genomic DNA of 7 pathogenic Leishmania species. Evaluation of 18S rRNA-RPA and our previously developed kDNA-RPA assays on 70 real-time PCR-positive leishmaniasis samples of varying pathologies resulted in sensitivity rates of 35.71% and 88.57%, respectively, while the combined sensitivity was 98.57%. Combinatorial application of 18S rRNA-RPA and kDNA-RPA assays can be recommended for further diagnostic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheb Louizi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Khaledul Faisal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Thilini Nisansala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Baru, Kelantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Alvar
- Royal Academy of Medicine of Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten G K Lüder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Akkuzu G, Ozkara S, Ozgur DS, Karaalioglu B, Yıldırım F, Ayer M, Bes C. Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Dilemma in diagnosis and management. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 26:769-773. [PMID: 36502503 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythemasus (SLE) have an increased risk of bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections, especially if they are receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by intracellular flagellate protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. We present a 48-year-old female patient, diagnosed with SLE many years ago, who presented with high fever and pancytopenia. We thought that the patient's hematologic findings were related to SLE hematologic involvement. However, we investigated other possible causes when there was no response to drugs for the treatment of SLE. A second bone marrow biopsy showed Leishmania amastigotes and the patient was diagnosed with leishmaniasis. The patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin-B (treatment completed at 40 days). She showed rapid clinical improvement and showed no signs of disease after 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Akkuzu
- Department of Rheumatology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Selvinaz Ozkara
- Department of Pathology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Duygu Sevinc Ozgur
- Department of Rheumatology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Bilgin Karaalioglu
- Department of Rheumatology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Fatih Yıldırım
- Department of Rheumatology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Mesut Ayer
- Department of Hematology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
| | - Cemal Bes
- Department of Rheumatology Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, University of Health Sciences İstanbul Turkey
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4
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Gao H, Wang J, Zhang S, Li T. A Case Report of Two Kala-Azar Cases in China Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922894. [PMID: 36386640 PMCID: PMC9650497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis being a local disease, as kala-azar this particular form is a visceral form. It is transmitted by sandflies, and is a parasitic disease involving the reticuloendothelial system of mononuclear macrophages. Due to its poor prognosis and high fatality rate, the fatality rate of patients without effective treatment can exceed 95%. Thereby, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve its prognosis. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the advantage of being able to find pathogens that cannot be detected by traditional methods. More importantly, it can conduct nucleic acid detection of pathogens covering a wide range in a short time. For infectious diseases like kala-azar, which is clinically complicated and difficult, mNGS detection provides a basis for accurate etiological diagnosis. Case Report We report 2 cases of kala-azar in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China. The first case is a 47-year-old male patient who had recurrent fever for 4 months, accompanied by reduction of red blood cell, white blood cell, and blood platelet. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection), finally died of multiple organ failure. The second patient was a 15-year-old male who had fever for more than 10 days. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection). He recovered and discharged quickly after treatment with sodium stibogluconate. Conclusion Efforts should be made to improve early etiological diagnosis in order to improve patient prognosis. mNGS detection is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases with unknown causes in the early stage of emergency treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Gao H, Wang J, Zhang S, Li T. A Case Report of Two Kala-azar Cases in China Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:922894. [PMID: 36111106 PMCID: PMC9469688 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.922894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis being a local disease, as kala-azar this particular form is a visceral form. It is transmitted by sandflies, and is a parasitic disease involving the reticuloendothelial system of mononuclear macrophages. Due to its poor prognosis and high fatality rate, the fatality rate of patients without effective treatment can exceed 95%. Thereby, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve its prognosis. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the advantage of being able to find pathogens that cannot be detected by traditional methods. More importantly, it can conduct nucleic acid detection of pathogens covering a wide range in a short time. For infectious diseases like kala-azar, which is clinically complicated and difficult, mNGS detection provides a basis for accurate etiological diagnosis. Case Report We report 2 cases of kala-azar in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China. The first case is a 47-year-old male patient who had recurrent fever for 4 months, accompanied by reduction of red blood cell, white blood cell, and blood platelet. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection), finally died of multiple organ failure. The second patient was a 15-year-old male who had fever for more than 10 days. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection). He recovered and discharged quickly after treatment with sodium stibogluconate. Conclusion Efforts should be made to improve early etiological diagnosis in order to improve patient prognosis. mNGS detection is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases with unknown causes in the early stage of emergency treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
The term leishmaniasis includes multiple clinical syndromes: visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis, resulting from an infection of macrophages throughout the reticuloendothelial system in the dermis and the naso-oropharyngeal mucosa, respectively. The clinical phenotype is mainly driven by the leishmania biologic characteristics and, ultimately, also by the host immune status. The disease is endemic in focal areas in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe, transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies. Sandflies regurgitate the parasite’s flagellated promastigote stage into the host’s skin; promastigotes bind to receptors on macrophages are phagocytized and transformed within phagolysosomes into non-flagellated amastigotes which replicate and infect additional macrophages. Amastigotes ingested by sandflies transform back into infective promastigotes. Depending on the host’s innate and acquired immune status, systemic and visceral leishmaniasis can be characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. We present a 42 year-old man with long-lasting type 1 autoimmune hepatitis under immunosuppressive treatment. In January 2017, the patient started to experience low-grade unresponsiveness to empiric antibiotic therapy. The patient developed severe anemia and progressive multilineage cytopenia accompanied by increased levels of inflammatory markers. FDG-PET revealed increased glucose uptake in the liver, spleen, and the whole bone marrow. The subsequently performed bone marrow biopsy evidenced Leishmania amastigotes inside macrophages, confirmed by serological positivity to anti-Leishmania antibody. Immunosuppressive therapy was suspended and replaced by treatment with amphotericin B at 4 mg/kg/day from day 1 to day 5, followed by a single infusion on days 10, 17, 24, 31, and 38. The bone marrow smear after treatment still evidenced few Leishmania amastigotes; in consideration of the patient’s immunosuppression status, two further doses of amphotericin B on days 45 and 52 were employed, leading to infection resolution. In real-life, as exemplified in this case, administering two additional doses of amphotericin B (concerning the guidelines) offered an additional therapeutic opportunity for a patient under long-term immunosuppressive treatment.
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Gao X, Xu L, Duan X. Methylation of the HCBP6 promoter is associated with primary biliary cholangitis pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 610:176-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Prediction of molecular mimicry between antigens from Leishmania sp. and human: Implications for autoimmune response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104444. [PMID: 32827635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens and humans share an intrinsic relation related to molecular mimicry in their antigens. Interactions between immune system and pathogenic antigens result in a production of antibodies that could protect against infection, but develop autoreactive responses mediated by autoantibodies that react to pathogenic and human antigens because they share epitopes. In this study, a pipeline of bioinformatic tools was used to explore the repertory of autoantigens implicated in the develop of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and their homologous in Leishmania sp. With this, we screened and selected 33 molecular mimicry candidates. In 17 autoantigens from lupus was possible to perform epitope prediction and was found that, at least one potential cross epitope. Some of autoantigens with molecular mimicry were Aquaporin 4, nuclear autoantigens such as: Ubiquitin-related modifier 1 and Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm. Also, mitochondrial, and ribosomal autoantigens were found to share molecular mimicry with antigens from Leishmania sp. In conclusion, this is the first study that provide evidence of molecular mimicry between antigens from Leishmania sp. and human. Implications for the develop of SLE and clinical manifestation deserve more study.
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Bueno GCL, Koerich ATDS, Burg LB, Kretzer SL, Moral JÂGD, Pereira IA. Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180208. [PMID: 30810652 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0208-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, a serious disease resulting from a systemic infection caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is potentially fatal to humans. According to data from Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Brazil's Information System for Notifiable Diseases) from 2015 to 2016, 6,489 new cases were recorded in Brazil in 22 of the 27 federative units. In addition to typical clinical findings, VL may be associated with autoimmune phenomena, including simulating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We present the first case of autochthonous VL mimicking SLE in Santa Catarina in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greyce Christine Lisboa Bueno
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Amanda Terra de Sá Koerich
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Luciana Bonnassis Burg
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Sara Letícia Kretzer
- Departamento de microbiologia, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Joanita Ângela Gonzaga Del Moral
- Serviço de Hematologia, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ivânio Alves Pereira
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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10
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Christen U, Hintermann E. Pathogens and autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:35-51. [PMID: 30113082 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe form of hepatitis resulting in the autoimmune-mediated destruction of the liver parenchyma. Whereas many of the immunopathogenic events have been elucidated and some of the drivers of the disease have been identified, little is known about the aetiology of the disease. There are certain risk factors, such as particular human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, that enhance the susceptibility for AIH or influence the severity of the disease. However, as for many other autoimmune diseases, the mere presence of such risk factors does not warrant the occurrence of the disease. Not all individuals carrying risk factors develop AIH, and not all patients with AIH are carriers of high-risk alleles. Thus, additional environmental factors need to be considered as triggers for AIH. Environmental factors include diet, sunlight exposure, stress, medication and hygiene, as well as pathogen infections and vaccinations. This review discusses if pathogens should be considered as triggers for the initiation and/or propagation of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Hintermann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chaabouni A, Boubaker Elandoulsi R, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M, Sassi A. Comparative analysis of the Leishmania infantum-specific antibody repertoires and the autoantibody repertoires between asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Cuestas D, Forero Y, Galvis I, Peñaranda E, Cortes C, Motta A, Mora S, Pérez C, Velasquez O, Puentes J. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): one more reason for a new effective treatment against leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1304-1313. [PMID: 30156263 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe drug-induced reaction associated with eosinophilia and systemic manifestations. Anticonvulsants, sulfonamides, and antivirals are the most related and described drugs in DRESS syndrome. METHODS AND CASE We present a case of severe multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with the risk of death associated with DRESS syndrome due to antileishmanial pentavalent antimonial drug and its simultaneous toxicity. Consequently, a comprehensive review of the main clinical problems and comparative discussion of both clinical conditions was made. DISCUSSION The overlap of DRESS syndrome and antileishmanial pentavalent antimonial drug toxicity can be life-threatening. Both conditions represent a true clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenge. We exposed specific clinical and laboratory results with rare occurrence. CONCLUSION Any physician and dermatologists should keep in mind the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and laboratory findings associated with the use of pentavalent antimonial drugs. The clinical suspicion, an early diagnosis, and aggressive treatment are essential to prevent complications and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuestas
- Dermatology Program, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yency Forero
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia.,Advanced Training in Medicine & Postgraduate Medical Residency, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ingrid Galvis
- Advanced Training in Medicine & Postgraduate Medical Residency, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia.,Rheumatology Department, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elkin Peñaranda
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of the Samaritana ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Cortes
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of the Samaritana ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Motta
- Dermatology Program, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Mora
- Head of the Rheumatology Department, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Pérez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital of the Samaritana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Velasquez
- Advanced Training in Medicine & Postgraduate Medical Residency, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Puentes
- Advanced Training in Medicine & Postgraduate Medical Residency, University Hospital of the Samaritan ESE, Bogotá, Colombia
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Al-Ghazaly J, Al-Dubai W, Abdullah M, Al-Gharasi L. Hematological Characteristics of Yemeni Adults and Children with Visceral Leishmaniasis. Could Eosinopenia be a Suspicion Index? Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017056. [PMID: 28894565 PMCID: PMC5584771 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2017.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Delay in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) particularly in non-endemic areas is associated with higher mortality. In our experience, we found that marked bone marrow eosinopenia was a very frequent accompaniment of VL and might be a useful clue for the diagnosis, which indicates the opportunity for further morphological assessment. The aim of this study was to describe the hematological characteristics including peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. METHODS We conducted a descriptive analytic study to evaluate systematically peripheral blood and bone marrow findings of Yemeni adults and children with VL. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration of patients with bone marrow aspirate confirmed VL were examined. Forty-seven patients with the main age (±SD) of 17.34±11.37 years (Range: 1-60) were included in the study. Fifty-one non-VL subjects with splenomegaly and pancytopenia or bicytopenia served as control group. RESULTS All patients with VL had anemia, 41 (87%) leukopenia, 42 (89%) neutropenia, 44 (94%) thrombocytopenia, 42 (89%) eosinopenia, 34 (72%) pancytopenia and 13 (28%) had bicytopenia. In bone marrow examination 40 (85%) showed hypercellularity, 44 (94%) eosinopenia, 24 (51%) dyserythropoiesis, 22 (47%) lymphocytosis, 8 (17%) plasmacytosis, 27 (57%) decreased iron stores and 20 (43%) showed decreased sideroblasts. Comparison of VL patients with the control group showed significantly more frequent peripheral blood eosinopenia and lymphopenia and marrow eosinopenia. There was no significant difference between adults and children in any of the hematological features. CONCLUSION Anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinopenia, pancytopenia and marked bone marrow eosinopenia were the most common findings. The finding of marked bone marrow eosinopenia is a significant clue for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients who present with splenomegaly associated with cytopenias. This finding is particularly valuable in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Al-Ghazaly
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Al-Jomhori Teaching Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Waled Al-Dubai
- Department of Biochemistry and cytogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | | | - Leila Al-Gharasi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Al-Jomhori Teaching Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
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14
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Autoantibodies in a Three-Year-Old Girl with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall. Case Rep Infect Dis 2016; 2016:2081616. [PMID: 27418985 PMCID: PMC4935904 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a life-threatening parasitic infection, is endemic in the Mediterranean region. Diagnosis of VL is based on epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings. However, sometimes, clinical features and laboratory findings overlap with those of autoimmune diseases. In some cases, autoantibodies are detected in patients with VL and this could be a potential diagnostic pitfall. In this study, we have reported on a three-year-old girl from a VL-endemic area in Iran, who presented with prolonged fever and splenomegaly. Bone marrow examination, serologic tests, and the molecular PCR assay were performed; however, results were inconclusive. The levels of anti-double stranded DNA, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody, and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody were elevated and, at the end, splenic biopsy was performed. The splenic tissue PCR test detected the DNA of Leishmania infantum. The patient's condition improved with anti-Leishmania therapy, and the autoantibodies disappeared within the following four months. Clinical presentations and laboratory findings of VL and autoimmune diseases may overlap in some patients.
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15
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Cai JG, Zhu TT, Liu FR, Huang ZG. Correlation between serum levels of Golgi protein 73 and antiviral efficacy of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2379-2383. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i15.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation between serum levels of Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and antiviral efficacy of entecavir (ETV) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to evaluate the value of GP73 in monitoring the progression and outcome of CHB.
METHODS: A total of 483 CHB patients were included, and 63 healthy persons were used as controls. Serum levels of GP73 were detected by ELISA, and liver tissues were collected from 51 CHB patients for detecting GP73 expression by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between serum GP73 concentrations and GP73 expression in liver tissues was examined. One hundred and eighty-three CHB patients received ETV antiviral treatment for more than 1 year, and serum GP73 concentrations were determined before treatment and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after treatment.
RESULTS: In patients with chronic HBV infection, serum GP73 level was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group (F = 191.60, P = 0.000). With the progression of the disease, serum GP73 concentration continued to significantly rise (P = 0.000). Serum GP73 levels were positively correlated with severity of chronic HBV infection (r = 0.576, P = 0.000). With the increase of GP73 expression in liver tissue, serum GP73 concentrations also increased simultaneously (F = 7.285, P = 0.01). Serum GP73 concentration was positively correlated with the expression of GP73 in liver tissues (r = 0.592, P = 0.00). In 186 CHB patients treated with ETV for more than 1 years, with the recovery of the disease, serum GP73 concentrations significantly decreased, and there was a significant difference between before and after treatment (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSION: Serum GP73 levels are closely related to the disease progression of chronic HBV infection. The decrease of serum GP73 concentration in the course of ETV antiviral therapy suggests that the liver inflammatory injury is relieved. Serum GP73 can be used to monitor the prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease.
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Clinical Characteristics of Concomitant Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A Literature Review. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:713728. [PMID: 26090497 PMCID: PMC4452083 DOI: 10.1155/2015/713728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autoimmune diseases often coexist, concomitant cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are uncommon. In this review paper, 34 cases of SLE with concomitant PBC found in English and Japanese scientific literature and Japanese proceedings were reviewed and summarized, including cases with liver dysfunction complicated by SLE. Of the 34 reported concomitant cases of SLE and PBC, 97.1% (33/34) were females, and PBC was diagnosed initially in 69.0% (20/29), except for five cases in which both SLE and PBC were simultaneously diagnosed. Sjögren's syndrome was the most common autoimmune disease complicating concomitant SLE and PBC (23.5%, 8/34). Five deaths have been reported: two elderly patients died of liver failure because of the worsening of PBC, and another two patients died from pulmonary infection associated with SLE pharmacotherapy. It is uncertain whether concomitant cases occur by chance or share a common immunological or genetic basis.
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17
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Khadem F, Uzonna JE. Immunity to visceral leishmaniasis: implications for immunotherapy. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:901-15. [PMID: 25156379 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania donovani, L. infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi), is a globally widespread disease with a burden of about 400,000 new infections reported annually. It is the most dangerous form of human leishmaniasis in terms of mortality and morbidity and is spreading to several nonendemic areas because of migration, global traveling and military conflicts. The emergence of Leishmania-HIV co-infection and increased prevalence of drug-resistant strains have worsened the impact of the disease. The traditional low-cost drugs are often toxic with several adverse effects, highlighting the need for development of new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Therefore, a detailed understanding of mechanisms of protective immunity is extremely important in order to develop new therapeutics in the form of vaccines or immunotherapies. This review gives an overview of visceral leishmaniasis, with particular emphasis on the innate and adaptive immune responses, vaccine and vaccination strategies and their potentials for immunotherapy against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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18
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Santana IU, Dias B, Nunes EAS, Rocha FACD, Silva FS, Santiago MB. Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: Case series and a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 44:658-65. [PMID: 25704907 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that may present manifestations that resemble other diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infection whose hallmarks may mimic SLE symptoms. Here, we report a case series and evaluate the published, scientific evidence of the relationship between SLE and VL infection. METHODS To assess original studies reporting cases of VL-infected patients presenting manifestations that are capable of leading to inappropriate suspicions of SLE or mimicking an SLE flare, we performed an extensive search in several scientific databases (MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus). Two authors independently screened all citations and abstracts identified by the search strategy to identify eligible studies. Secondary references were additionally obtained from the selected articles. RESULTS The literature search identified 53 eligible studies, but only 17 articles met our criteria. Among these, 10 lupus patients with VL mimicking an SLE flare and 18 cases of VL leading to unappropriated suspicions of SLE were described. The most common manifestations in patients infected with VL were intermittent fever, pancytopenia, visceromegaly, and increased serum level of acute phase reactants. The most frequent autoantibodies were antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and direct Coombs' test. CONCLUSION In endemic areas for VL, the diagnosis of SLE or its exacerbation may be a clinical dilemma. Hepatosplenomegaly or isolated splenomegaly was identified in the majority of the reported cases where VL occurred, leading to unappropriated suspicions of SLE or mimicking an SLE flare. Furthermore, the lack of response to steroids, the normal levels of complement proteins C3 and C4, and the increased level of transaminases suggest a possible infectious origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Usêda Santana
- Serviço de Clínica Médica do Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Blenda Dias
- Serviços Especializados em Reumatologia (SER) da Bahia, Rua Conde Filho, 117, Graça, Salvador, Bahia CEP 40150-150, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Araújo Santana Nunes
- Serviços Especializados em Reumatologia (SER) da Bahia, Rua Conde Filho, 117, Graça, Salvador, Bahia CEP 40150-150, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mittermayer Barreto Santiago
- Serviços Especializados em Reumatologia (SER) da Bahia, Rua Conde Filho, 117, Graça, Salvador, Bahia CEP 40150-150, Brazil.
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Singh S. Changing trends in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of Leishmania-HIV co-infection in India. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29:103-12. [PMID: 25449244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the HIV epidemic, several countries have reported co-infections of Leishmania with HIV. Co-infection with these two pathogens results in rapid disease progression, more severe disease, and a poor response to treatment. A systematic review of the literature from India is presented herein. Since the first case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV was published from India in 1999, a number of cases of HIV-Leishmania co-infection have been reported, but the proportion has been low (0.029-0.4%), as also reported in other countries where these two diseases are co-endemic. More than 89 cases of VL-HIV and 10 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)-HIV have been published since 1999. Of these latter 10 cases, five had simple CL and five cases manifested with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). In addition, one case of post-kala-azar mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient with full-blown AIDS has also been reported. In two cases, it could not be ascertained whether they were cases of DCL or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis from the description. Although the first case of VL-HIV co-infection was reported from the sub-Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, most cases have been reported from the VL endemic state of Bihar. HIV-Leishmania is not alarmingly high in India. Most cases were found to have occurred during 1997-2007. After that, the number of new cases decreased. This is most probably due to the low prevalence of HIV in VL and CL endemic regions and to the free supply of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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20
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Abstract
Autoimmune disorders afflicting the liver comprise the bona fide autoimmune diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis as well as drug-induced autoimmune-like diseases, such as halothane hepatitis. Whereas drug-induced forms of acute or chronic hepatitis often have a clear triggering factor, the etiology of classical autoimmune liver diseases is only poorly understood. Besides a genetic component present in disease susceptible individuals, environmental triggering factors are likely to play a role in the initiation and/or propagation of the disease. In this article, we will review on current evidence obtained from epidemiological associations, case studies, and findings in animal models for pathogens, to be involved in the etiology of autoimmune liver disease with a special focus on autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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21
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multisystem organ involvement, heterogeneity of clinical features, and variety in degree of severity. The differential diagnosis is a crucial aspect in SLE as many other autoimmune diseases portray clinical similarities and autoantibody positivity. Lupus mimickers refer to a group of conditions that exhibit both clinical features and laboratory characteristics, including autoantibody profiles that resemble those present in patients with SLE, and prompt a diagnostic challenge in everyday clinical practice. Thus, lupus mimickers may present as a lupus-like condition (i.e., 2 or 3 criteria) or as one meeting the classification criteria for SLE. Herein we review and classify the current literature on lupus mimickers based on diverse etiologies which include infections, malign and benign neoplasms, medications, and vaccine-related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar-Javier Calixto
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Sebastian Franco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Mederi, Hospital Universitario Mayor, Bogotá, Colombia.
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22
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Sayyahfar S, Ansari S, Mohebali M, Behnam B. Visceral leishmaniasis without fever in an 11-month-old infant: a rare clinical feature of Kala-azar. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:189-91. [PMID: 24850963 PMCID: PMC4028457 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is an endemic parasitic disease in some parts of the world which is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia in most of the cases. Herein we report an 11 month-old male infant with diagnosis of kala-azar who presented with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, failure to gain weight, and no history of fever. Surprisingly, fever started after beginning of meglumine antimoniate treatment in this patient. As far as we are aware of, this is a rare presentation of visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, clinicians especially in endemic areas are highly recommended to include kala-azar among differential diagnosis of unexplained anemia without fever to prevent misdiagnosis of this potentially fatal, but treatable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Sayyahfar
- Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Behnam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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van Griensven J, Carrillo E, López-Vélez R, Lynen L, Moreno J. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:286-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adam AOA, Dafalla MMM, Mohammed HAA, Elamin MY, Younis BM, Elfaki MEE, Musa AM, Elhassan AM, Khalil EAG. Visceral leishmaniasis-hepatitis B/C coinfections: a rising necessity to triage patients for treatment. Ann Saudi Med 2014; 34:143-6. [PMID: 24894783 PMCID: PMC6074856 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening infection caused by Leishmania species. In Sudan, VL is caused by L donovani. Most drugs used to treat VL, especially pentavalent antimony compounds (sodium stibogluconate, SSG), are potentially hepatotoxic. A number of fatal catastrophes happened because patients with VL-hepatitis B/C coinfection were indiscriminately treated with SSG in settings where VL and viral hepatitis coexist. This study aimed to study biochemical and hematological parameters of patients with VL-hepatitis B/C coinfections with the aim to modify treatment protocols to reduce coinfection.added morbidity and mortality. DESIGN AND SETTINGS This was a prospective analytical, hospital-based, and case-controlled study. The study was done at Kassab Hospital and Professor Elhassan Centre for tropical medicine during the period of February 2008 to April 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following informed consent by the participants, 78 parasitologically confirmed VL patients with either hepatitis B or C or both and 528 sex- and age-unmatched VL patients without hepatitis B/C coinfection (control group) were enrolled sequentially. Diagnosis of hepatitis B or C was made using immunochromatographic test kits and confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS VL patients with hepatitis B/C coinfections had significantly increased levels of AST, ALT, and total bilirubin compared to the control group (P=.0001 for all), with significantly decreased levels of albumin and platelets counts (P=.0029 for both). CONCLUSION VL-hepatitis B/C coinfections are an emerging entity that needs anti-leishmanial treatment modification. Alternative treatments like paromomycin and amphotericin B (AmBisome) could be reserved for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakr O. A. Adam
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed M. M. Dafalla
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hatim A. A. Mohammed
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Y. Elamin
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Brima M. Younis
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mona E. E. Elfaki
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed M. Musa
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed M. Elhassan
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eltahir A. G. Khalil
- From the Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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25
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Caza T, Oaks Z, Perl A. Interplay of Infections, Autoimmunity, and Immunosuppression in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:330-63. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Yu YQ, Liu HQ, Chen TS, Zhou F, Lv QJ. Human immunoglobulin for treatment of infection in patients with cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2344-2348. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i23.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the clinical efficacy of immunoglobulin (IG) in the treatment of infection in patients with cirrhosis.
METHODS: One hundred and five cirrhotic patients with an infection were randomized into either a control group or an observation group. The control group received routine antibiotic treatment, while the observation group was given IG on the basis of routine antibiotic treatment and underwent efficacy evaluation using Child-Pugh scores. Serum total bilirubin (TB), albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC) and blood coagulation parameters were monitored. The rate of early infection control and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: For patients with a Child-Pugh score < 10, the rate of early infection control was not statistically significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). For patients with a Child-Pugh score between 10 and 15, the rate of infection control was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (84.00% vs 46.15%, P < 0.05). Severe infection occurred during therapy in two cases in the observation group and in eight cases in the control group, and there was no significant difference in the number of cases of severe infection occurring during therapy between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, 11 cases in the observation group and 13 cases in the control group were actively discharged from the hospital or died, and there was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who were actively discharged from the hospital or died between the two groups (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: IG can effectively improve the rate of infection control and reduce the incidence of complications during hospitalization and mortality in cirrhotic patients with a Child-Pugh score between 10 and 15.
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Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic autoimmune liver disease characterized by the destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of highly specific serum antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene has been proved to have strongest association with PBC susceptibility, and non-HLA genes, including IL12A, IL12RB2, STAT4, IRF5-TNPO3, ORMDL3/IKZF3, MMEL1, SPIB, CTLA-4, FCRL3 and A2BP1, are also closely associated with PBC susceptibility. Four AMAs including anti-M2, anti-M4, anti-M8 and anti-M9, and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), such as antinuclear dot antibodies (SP100, PML, NDP52, SP140), antinuclear pore antibodies (gp210, p62), antinuclear envelope antibodies (Lamin and Lamin B receptor), and anti-centromere antibodies, may also be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC. The imbalance between Th17 cells and regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of PBC. In addition, senescence, autophagy, apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells (BECs), and environmental factors, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and smoking, may also contribute to the pathogenesis of PBC. Understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of PBC has important implications for the treatment of PBC.
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