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Mwesigwa A, Ocan M, Musinguzi B, Nante RW, Nankabirwa JI, Kiwuwa SM, Kinengyere AA, Castelnuovo B, Karamagi C, Obuku EA, Nsobya SL, Mbulaiteye SM, Byakika-Kibwika P. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2024; 23:97. [PMID: 38589874 PMCID: PMC11000358 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Plasmodium falciparum causes most of the malaria cases. Despite its crucial roles in disease severity and drug resistance, comprehensive data on Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) are sparse in SSA. This study summarizes available information on genetic diversity and MOI, focusing on key markers (msp-1, msp-2, glurp, and microsatellites). The systematic review aimed to evaluate their influence on malaria transmission dynamics and offer insights for enhancing malaria control measures in SSA. METHODS The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Two reviewers conducted article screening, assessed the risk of bias (RoB), and performed data abstraction. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model in STATA version 17. RESULTS The review included 52 articles: 39 cross-sectional studies and 13 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)/cohort studies, involving 11,640 genotyped parasite isolates from 23 SSA countries. The overall pooled mean expected heterozygosity was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51-0.78). Regionally, values varied: East (0.58), Central (0.84), Southern (0.74), and West Africa (0.69). Overall pooled allele frequencies of msp-1 alleles K1, MAD20, and RO33 were 61%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, while msp-2 I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles were 61% and 55%. Central Africa reported higher frequencies (K1: 74%, MAD20: 51%, RO33: 48%) than East Africa (K1: 46%, MAD20: 42%, RO33: 31%). For msp-2, East Africa had 60% and 55% for I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles, while West Africa had 62% and 50%, respectively. The pooled allele frequency for glurp was 66%. The overall pooled mean MOI was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.88-2.30), with regional variations: East (2.05), Central (2.37), Southern (2.16), and West Africa (1.96). The overall prevalence of polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections was 63% (95% CI: 56-70), with regional prevalences as follows: East (62%), West (61%), Central (65%), and South Africa (71%). CONCLUSION The study shows substantial regional variation in Plasmodium falciparum parasite genetic diversity and MOI in SSA. These findings suggest a need for malaria control strategies and surveillance efforts considering regional-specific factors underlying Plasmodium falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mwesigwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, P. O Box 314, Kabale, Uganda.
| | - Moses Ocan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benson Musinguzi
- Departent of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P.O Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Rachel Wangi Nante
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven M Kiwuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere, University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Albert Cook Library, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E-118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Baina MT, Lissom A, Assioro Doulamo NV, Djontu JC, Umuhoza DM, Mbama-Ntabi JD, Diafouka-Kietela S, Mayela J, Missontsa G, Wondji C, Adegnika AA, Nguimbi E, Borrmann S, Ntoumi F. Comparative study of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1 and msp-2 Genetic Diversity in Isolates from Rural and Urban Areas in the South of Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050742. [PMID: 37242412 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the genes encoding the merozoite surface proteins msp-1 and msp-2 are widely used markers for characterizing the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum. This study aimed to compare the genetic diversity of circulating parasite strains in rural and urban settings in the Republic of Congo after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in 2006. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to September 2021 in rural and urban areas close to Brazzaville, during which Plasmodium infection was detected using microscopy (and nested-PCR for submicroscopic infection). The genes coding for merozoite proteins-1 and -2 were genotyped by allele-specific nested PCR. Totals of 397 (72.4%) and 151 (27.6%) P. falciparum isolates were collected in rural and urban areas, respectively. The K1/msp-1 and FC27/msp-2 allelic families were predominant both in rural (39% and 64%, respectively) and urban (45.4% and 54.5% respectively) areas. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) was higher (p = 0.0006) in rural areas (2.9) compared to urban settings (2.4). The rainy season and the positive microscopic infection were associated with an increase in MOI. These findings reveal a higher P. falciparum genetic diversity and MOI in the rural setting of the Republic of Congo, which is influenced by the season and the participant clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tapsou Baina
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili P.O. Box 39, Cameroon
| | - Naura Veil Assioro Doulamo
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Dieu Merci Umuhoza
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Jacques Dollon Mbama-Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Steve Diafouka-Kietela
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Georges Missontsa
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Centre Region, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13501, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, UK
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné BP242, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Etienne Nguimbi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné BP242, Gabon
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Villa D6-Cité OMS-Djoué, Brazzaville BP69, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Simpson SV, Nundu SS, Arima H, Kaneko O, Mita T, Culleton R, Yamamoto T. The diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 2023; 22:102. [PMID: 36941587 PMCID: PMC10025789 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding Plasmodium falciparum population diversity and transmission dynamics provides information on the intensity of malaria transmission, which is needed for assessing malaria control interventions. This study aimed to determine P. falciparum allelic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). METHODS A total of 438 DNA samples (248 asymptomatic and 190 symptomatic) were characterized by nested PCR and genotyping the polymorphic regions of pfmsp1 block 2 and pfmsp2 block 3. RESULTS Nine allele types were observed in pfmsp1 block2. The K1-type allele was predominant with 78% (229/293) prevalence, followed by the MAD20-type allele (52%, 152/293) and RO33-type allele (44%, 129/293). Twelve alleles were detected in pfmsp2, and the 3D7-type allele was the most frequent with 84% (256/304) prevalence, followed by the FC27-type allele (66%, 201/304). Polyclonal infections were detected in 63% (95% CI 56, 69) of the samples, and the MOI (SD) was 1.99 (0.97) in P. falciparum single-species infections. MOIs significantly increased in P. falciparum isolates from symptomatic parasite carriers compared with asymptomatic carriers (2.24 versus 1.69, adjusted b: 0.36, (95% CI 0.01, 0.72), p = 0.046) and parasitaemia > 10,000 parasites/µL compared to parasitaemia < 5000 parasites/µL (2.68 versus 1.63, adjusted b: 0.89, (95% CI 0.46, 1.25), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This survey showed low allelic diversity and MOI of P. falciparum, which reflects a moderate intensity of malaria transmission in the study areas. MOIs were more likely to be common in symptomatic infections and increased with the parasitaemia level. Further studies in different transmission zones are needed to understand the epidemiology and parasite complexity in the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley V Simpson
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sabin S Nundu
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa-Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Richard Culleton
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Centre, Ehime University, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Yakubu B, Longdet IY, Jen TH, Davou DT, Obishakin E. High-Complexity Plasmodium falciparum Infections, North Central Nigeria, 2015-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1330-1338. [PMID: 31211682 PMCID: PMC6590735 DOI: 10.3201/eid2507.181614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass migration that occurred during 2009–2013 and after the insurgency in northeastern Nigeria could have increased malaria incidence and Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in North Central Nigeria. To determine P. falciparum sequence diversity in this region, we screened 282 samples collected in regional clinics during 2015–2018 for Plasmodium spp. and, with positive samples, determined P. falciparum infection complexity and allele diversity using PCR. Of 34 P. falciparum–positive samples, 39 msp1, 31 msp2, and 13 glurp alleles were detected, and 88% of infections were polyclonal. We identified trimorphic and dimorphic allele combinations in a high percentage of samples, indicative of a high infection complexity in the study population. High genetic diversity is a catalyst for the evolution of drug-resistant alleles. Improved measures (e.g., better drug quality, diagnostics) are needed to control P. falciparum transmission and reduce the potential for the emergence of drug resistance in Nigeria.
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DNA recovery from archived RDTs for genetic characterization of Plasmodium falciparum in a routine setting in Lambaréné, Gabon. Malar J 2019; 18:336. [PMID: 31578142 PMCID: PMC6775649 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been described as a source of genetic material to analyse malaria parasites in proof-of-concept studies. The increasing use of RDTs (e.g., in focal or mass screening and treatment campaigns) makes this approach particularly attractive for large-scale investigations of parasite populations. In this study, the complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections, parasite load and chloroquine resistance transporter gene mutations were investigated in DNA samples extracted from positive RDTs, obtained in a routine setting and archived at ambient temperature. Methods A total of 669 archived RDTs collected from malaria cases in urban, semi-urban and rural areas of central Gabon were used for P. falciparum DNA extraction. Performance of RDTs as a source of DNA for PCR was determined using: (i) amplification of a single copy merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) gene followed by highly sensitive and automated capillary electrophoresis; (ii) genotyping of the pfcrt gene locus 72–76 using haplotype-specific-probe-based real-time PCR to characterize chloroquine resistance; and, (iii) real-time PCR targeting 18S genes to detect and quantify Plasmodium parasites. Results Out of the 669 archived RDTs, amplification of P. falciparum nucleic materials had a success rate of 97% for 18S real-time PCR, and 88% for the msp1 gene. The multiplicity of infections (MOI) of the whole population was 2.6 (95% CI 2.5–2.8). The highest number of alleles detected in one infection was 11. The MOI decreased with increasing age (β = − 0.0046, p = 0.02) and residence in Lambaréné was associated with smaller MOIs (p < 0.001). The overall prevalence of mutations associated with chloroquine resistance was 78.5% and was not associated with age. In Lambaréné, prevalence of chloroquine resistance was lower compared to rural Moyen-Ogooué (β = − 0.809, p-value = 0.011). Conclusion RDT is a reliable source of DNA for P. falciparum detection and genotyping assays. Furthermore, the increasing use of RDTs allows them to be an alternative source of DNA for large-scale genetic epidemiological studies. Parasite populations in the study area are highly diverse and prevalence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum remains high, especially in rural areas.
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Gnagne AP, Konate A, Bedia-Tanoh AV, Amiah-Droh M, Menan HIE, N'Guetta ASP, Yavo W. Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity among asymptomatic and symptomatic children in three epidemiological areas in Cote d'Ivoire. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:133-142. [PMID: 31144611 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1624076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium are considered a reservoir of the parasite in humans. Therefore, in order to be effective, new malaria elimination strategies must take these targets into account. The aim of this study was to analyse genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum among schoolchildren in three epidemiological areas in Côte d'Ivoire. This was a cross-sectional study carried out from May 2015 to April 2016 in a primary school in rural and urban areas of San Pedro, Grand-Bassam and Abengourou, during the rainy season and the dry season. A total of 282 Plasmodium falciparum isolates were genotyped using Nested PCR of Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2 genes. The overall frequency of K1, Mad20 and RO33 alleles was 81.6%, 53.4% and 57% for Pfmsp1 respectively. For Pfmsp2, this frequency was 84.3% and 72.2% for 3D7 and FC27. K1, Mad20 and FC27 Frequencies were significantly higher in Abengourou compared to other sites. Overall, the frequency of MIs was significantly higher in Abengourou for Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2. However, Mad20 and RO33 alleles were significantly higher in the rainy season. No significant difference was observed between Pfmsp2 alleles in both seasons. Frequency of the 3D7 allele was significantly higher in symptomatic patients. MIs and COI increased with parasitemia for Pfmsp1and Pfmsp2. The data can be added to that available for monitoring and control of P. falciparum malaria. Further studies combining the entomological inoculation rate and the genetic diversity of P. falciparum will allow us to shed light on our understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akpa Paterne Gnagne
- a Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme , Institut National de Santé Publique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,b Laboratoire de Génétique , Université Félix Houphouët Boigny , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abibatou Konate
- a Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme , Institut National de Santé Publique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,c Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie , UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Akoua Valérie Bedia-Tanoh
- a Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme , Institut National de Santé Publique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,c Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie , UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mireille Amiah-Droh
- a Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme , Institut National de Santé Publique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,b Laboratoire de Génétique , Université Félix Houphouët Boigny , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Hervé Ignace Eby Menan
- c Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie , UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - William Yavo
- a Centre de Recherche et de Lutte contre le Paludisme , Institut National de Santé Publique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,c Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie , UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
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Gueye NSG, Ntoumi F, Vouvoungui C, Kobawila SC, NKombo M, Mouanga AM, Deibert J, Koukouikila-Koussounda F. Plasmodium falciparum merozoite protein-1 genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in isolates from Congolese children consulting in a pediatric hospital in Brazzaville. Acta Trop 2018; 183:78-83. [PMID: 29626433 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As in many sub-Saharan African countries, the burden of malaria has been reduced in the Republic of Congo as a result of massive deployment of insecticide treated nets and availability of artemisinin-combinations therapies (ACTs). High to moderate genetic diversity of msp-1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) has been reported from different parts of the world but limited data are available from Central Africa including the Republic of Congo. For this reason, the aim of study was to investigate the P. falciparum genetic diversity and to determine the multiplicity of infection in P. falciparum isolates from Congolese children in order to dispose of an additional parameter to measure the impact malaria control intervention. A total of 229 blood samples were collected from September 2014 to February 2015 in children aged from one to ten years presenting a paediatric hospital Marien NGOUABI located in Northern part of Brazzaville. Inclusion criterion was fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in the preceding 48 h before inclusion in this study. Then thick and thin blood smears were done to detect malaria parasites, to determine parasite density and to identify plasmodial species. Sub-microscopic infection was detected by PCR using the P. falciparum msp-1 gene as molecular marker. The prevalence of microscopic and sub-microscopic infection in this cohort was 10% and 27.5%, respectively. The K1 allelic family was predominant (45% of isolates) whereas the RO33 and MAD20 represented 35% and 20%, respectively of isolates. In this study 48% (38/79) of isolates harbored more than one parasite clone. Overall the multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 1.7. According to type of infection, the MOI was significantly higher in children with microscopic infection (2.5 vs 1.4 for submicroscopic infection, P = .001). When considering age, hemoglobin genotype (AA or AS) and level and parasite density, no association was observed with the MOI. This study reveals that the P. falciparum genetic diversity in isolates from Congolese children is high but with low multiplicity of infection.
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Ndong Ngomo J, M’Bondoukwe N, Yavo W, Bongho Mavoungou L, Bouyou-Akotet M, Mawili-Mboumba D. Spatial and temporal distribution of Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2 alleles and genetic profile change of Plasmodium falciparum populations in Gabon. Acta Trop 2018; 178:27-33. [PMID: 28993182 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium population dynamics analysis may help to assess the impact of malaria control strategies deployment. In Gabon, new strategies have been introduced, but malaria is still a public health problem marked by a rebound of the prevalence in 2011. The aim of the study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of P. falciparum strains in different areas in Gabon during a period of malaria transmission transition, between 2008 and 2011. A total of 109P. falciparum isolates were genotyped using nested-PCR of Pfmsp1 and Pfmsp2 genes. 3D7, FC27 and K1 allele frequencies were comparable between sites (p=0.9); those of Ro33 (93.6%; 44/47) and Mad20 (60%; 12/20) were significantly higher in isolates from Oyem (p<0.01) and Port-Gentil (p=0.02), respectively. The frequency of multiples infections (77%) and the complexity of infection (2.66±1.44) were the highest at Oyem. Pfmsp1 gene analysis highlighted a trend of a decreasing frequency of K1 family, in Libreville and Oyem between 2008 and 2011; while that of Ro33 (p<0.01) and Mad20 (p<0.01) increased. The prevalence of multiple infections was comparable between both periods in each site: 42.2% vs 47.6% (p=0.6) in Libreville and 57.7% vs 61.7% in Oyem (p=0.8). In contrast, in 2011, the COI tends to be higher in Libreville and did not vary in Oyem. These data confirm an extended genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates over time and according to geographic location in Gabon. Nevertheless, the impact of the deployment of malaria control strategies on the parasites genetic profile is not clearly established here.
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Funwei RI, Thomas BN, Falade CO, Ojurongbe O. Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 2018; 17:1. [PMID: 29291736 PMCID: PMC5749027 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nigeria carries a high burden of malaria which makes continuous surveillance for current information on genetic diversity imperative. In this study, the merozoite surface proteins (msp-1, msp-2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) of Plasmodium falciparum collected from two communities representing rural and urban settings in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria were analysed. Methods A total of 511 febrile children, aged 3–59 months, whose parents/guardians provided informed consent, were recruited into the study. Capillary blood was obtained for malaria rapid diagnostic test, thick blood smears for parasite count and blood spots on filter paper for molecular analysis. Results Three-hundred and nine samples were successfully genotyped for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes. The allelic distribution of the three genes was not significantly different in the rural and urban communities. R033 and 3D7 were the most prevalent alleles in both rural and urban communities for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Eleven of glurp RII region genotypes, coded I–XII, with sizes ranging from 500 to 1100 base pairs were detected in the rural setting. Genotype XI (1000–1050 bp) had the highest prevalence of 41.5 and 38.5% in rural and urban settings, respectively. Overall, 82.1 and 70.0% of samples had multiclonal infection with msp-1 gene resulting in a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.8 and 2.6 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Msp-1 and msp-2 genes displayed higher levels of diversity and higher MOI rates than the glurp gene. Conclusion Significant genetic diversity was observed between rural and urban parasite populations in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The results of this study show that malaria transmission intensity in these regions is still high. No significant difference was observed between rural and urban settings, except for a completely different msp-1 allele, compared to previous reports, thereby confirming the changing face of malaria transmission in these communities. This study provides important baseline information required for monitoring the impact of malaria elimination efforts in this region and data points useful in revising current protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland I Funwei
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacy Technician Studies, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.,Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Catherine O Falade
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.
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Genetic Polymorphism of msp1 and msp2 in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Côte d'Ivoire versus Gabon. J Parasitol Res 2016; 2016:3074803. [PMID: 27110390 PMCID: PMC4823507 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3074803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The characterization of genetic profile of Plasmodium isolates from different areas could help in better strategies for malaria elimination. This study aimed to compare P. falciparum diversity in two African countries. Methods. Isolates collected from 100 and 73 falciparum malaria infections in sites of Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa) and Gabon (Central Africa), respectively, were analyzed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. Results. The K1 allelic family was widespread in Côte d'Ivoire (64.6%) and in Gabon (56.6%). For msp2, the 3D7 alleles were more prevalent (>70% in both countries) compared to FC27 alleles. In Côte d'Ivoire, the frequencies of multiple infections with msp1 (45.1%) and msp2 (40.3%) were higher than those found for isolates from Gabon, that is, 30.2% with msp1 and 31.4% with msp2. The overall complexity of infection was 1.66 (SD = 0.79) in Côte d'Ivoire and 1.58 (SD = 0.83) in Gabon. It decreased with age in Côte d'Ivoire in contrast to Gabon. Conclusion. Differences observed in some allelic families and in complexity profile may suggest an impact of epidemiological facies as well as immunological response on genetic variability of P. falciparum.
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