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Abedian R, Esboei BR, Fakhar M, Rahmani Z, Montazeri M, Solaymani M, Hezarjaribi HZ. Is GRA6 Gene a Suitable Marker for Molecular Typing of Toxoplasma Gondii? A Scoping Systematic Review. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:175-182. [PMID: 38319447 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide prevalence that is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to summarize available data on genotyping T. gondii strains based on the GRA6 gene marker in different hosts around the world. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using five international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) from inception until December 2021. We identified 32 papers eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. The majority of studies (50%) were carried out in Iran (n = 16) to identify T. gondii genotypes based on the GRA6 gene. Other countries with reported studies include China, Japan, Sweden, and Italy (n = 2 each). Out of 3,434 samples collected from various hosts, most studies (n = 11) focused on human samples (34.4%), followed by ovine (n = 7), pig (n = 4), goat (n = 3) and soil and cattle (n = 2).Using various molecular methods such as conventional PCR, nested-PCR, real-time PCR, microsatellite analysis, and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), we found DNA positive results in 805 out of 3,434 samples. Of these, 285 (35.40%), 207 (25.71%), 182 (22.60%), 65 (8.07%), and 18 (2.23%) were infected with types I, II, III, mix I, II, III, and mix II, III, respectively. Our data demonstrate that the GRA6 gene marker has sufficient polymorphism to detect three types of T. gondii genotypes in various hosts. Identifying the specific genotype could be valuable in developing new strategies for treatment, vaccination, diagnosis, control, and prevention of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohallah Abedian
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Bahman Rahimi Esboei
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahmani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Solaymani
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 48168-95475, Sari, PC, Iran.
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Zeinali S, Khademvatan S, Jafari R, Vazifekhah S, Yousefi E, Behroozi-Lak T. Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among women with miscarriage and their aborted fetuses in the northwest of Iran. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283493. [PMID: 37883415 PMCID: PMC10602335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease of various animals and human and results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. Abortion and congenital defects are important consequences of the T. gondii infection. The aim of this study was to determine the Toxoplasma-induced abortions among women with miscarriage and the presence of T. gondii in their aborted fetuses in Urmia, the northwest of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 215 women with abortion and their aborted fetuses, from 2020 to 2021. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM were determined using the sera of the aforesaid women. Nested PCR was carried out using RE-529 gene sequences, and sequencing was performed using the T. gondii GRA6 gene on the remnant of pregnancy after abortion. The tissue positive samples were then subjected to another PCR on GRA6 gene and sequenced for genotyping. Among 215 serum samples of women with abortion, 70 (32.6%) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG, and three (1.4%) were positive for IgM. The RE-529 sequence of T. gondii was positive in three (1.4%) of the aborted fetuses. The analysis of GRA6 gene indicated that all three positive samples carried a GRA6 allele (GRA6I) of T. gondii type I genotype. Our findings suggest that T. gondii is one of the causative agents of spontaneous abortion in West Azerbijan Province, the northwest of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Zeinali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology& Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology& Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasool Jafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology& Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shabnam Vazifekhah
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology& Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Tahereh Behroozi-Lak
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Infertility, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Firouzeh N, Borj HF, Ziaali N, Kareshk AT, Ahmadinejad M, Shafiei R. Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii by Serological and Molecular Analyzes in Different Sheep and Goat Tissues in Northeastern Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023; 18:217-228. [PMID: 37583631 PMCID: PMC10423913 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v18i2.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by compilation protozoan agent Toxoplasma gondii, leading to significant financial and quality-adjusted life-year losses. Overcooked or raw meat consumption has been a considerable transmission route. The present study was conducted to determine the seropositivity rate of T. gondii in sheep and goats by serological and molecular tests and genotyping of obtained isolates in northeast Iran. Methods Blood and tissue samples (diaphragm, heart) of 296 animals (including 168 sheep and 128 goats) were collected from the slaughterhouse in Quchan Country from august 2016 to April 2017. Modified agglutination test (MAT) and the PCR method performed to detect parasite DNA on tissues.PCR-RFLP method of GRA6 gene was used to determine the genotype of T. gondii. In addition, sequencing analysis was performed to evaluate the Toxoplasma type strains. Results Serum positive for MAT results were found in 27.4% of sheep and 23.4% of goats. Positive PCR of B1 gene results in diaphragm and heart tissues of sheep and goats was 47.8% and 26.1%, 40% and 23.3%, respectively. PCR of GRA6 gene results were positive in 10 samples that RFLP technique results using MseI enzyme revealed genotype I. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed DNA of all samples was closely related to Toxoplasma type I. Conclusion Concerning the high seropositivity rate of toxoplasmosis, undertaking an appropriate preventive program for reducing the prevalence of T. gondii infection by raw or undercooked meat consumption of livestock is recommended. Our study supports the notion that these animals' consumption of raw and undercooked meat can be a probable source of human toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Firouzeh
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Hamid Foroughi Borj
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Ziaali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadinejad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiei
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
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Toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques: Current developed methods and biosensors. Talanta 2023; 252:123828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Khodadadi A, Malekifard F, Batavani RA. Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as cause of ovine abortion in affected flocks of Urmia, northwest of Iran. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, two obligatory intracellular protozoan parasites, are important causes of neonatal mortality and abortion in farmed ruminants worldwide. Previously, protozoan abortions in small ruminants were attributed to T. gondii, but the role of N. caninum in these abortions was uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of T. gondii and N. caninum in ovine abortion in Urmia, northwest of Iran using a molecular method. Overall, 130 placenta and brain samples of aborted ovine foetuses were collected. Extracted DNA from placenta and CNS tissues of the aborted foetuses were analysed using PCR with primers specific for T. gondii and N. caninum. The association of the frequency of T. gondii and N. caninum infection of aborted foetuses with age and breed in flocks was also studied. The results showed that out of the 130 examined ovine foetuses, 5.3 and 2.3 % were PCR-positive for T. gondii and N. caninum DNA, respectively. In this study, no significant differences were recorded relating to Toxoplasma and Neospora infection in different age groups in flocks and among sheep breeds included in the present study (P>0.05). The results of this study proved the importance of T. gondii and N. caninum as reasons of abortion in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Khodadadi
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - F. Malekifard
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - R. A. Batavani
- Department of Theriogenology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran
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Hasan T, Mannan A, Hossain D, Rekha A, Hossan MM, Alim MA, Uddin AHMM. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet World 2021; 14:2386-2391. [PMID: 34840458 PMCID: PMC8613768 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2386-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for the major cause of congenital diseases, abortion, and stillbirth in humans and farm animals. Primary infection in pregnant goats due to T. gondii leads to abortion and significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Moreover, very few studies have been performed for the identification of T. gondii from aborted fetuses of goats. The study was conducted for the molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii from aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty aborted fetuses of goats were collected from 52 farms in the study area. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the B1 gene was performed, and a positive sample yield of 197 bp amplified DNA products consistent with T. gondii. RESULTS The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the aborted fetus of goats was 35%. Heart muscle, liver, brain, and placenta showed positive PCR results. The risk factors related to the does age, presence of cats in farms, and aborted fetus age were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Our results showed that T. gondii is a major possible causal factor for abortion and reproductive failure in goats. The high prevalence of T. gondii infection in aborted fetuses of goats revealed that T. gondii could be imperative in causing reproductive failure in goats. CONCLUSION Active or congenital toxoplasmosis was shown by the presence of T. gondii in fetal tissues, which is a matter of concern as this parasite has zoonotic significance and causes economic hazards to the livestock industry by causing various reproductive problems. Therefore, proper control measures and strategies are needed to reduce the rate of abortion in goats, ultimately saving the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjila Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Teaching and Training Pet Hospital and Research Center, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Delower Hossain
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Azizunnesa Rekha
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monir Hossan
- Upazila Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Services, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Alim
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - AHM Musleh Uddin
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Moosazadeh M, Daryani A. Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and ruminants that had an abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109370. [PMID: 33550003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic apicomplexan protozoan that can cause reproductive losses in ruminants across the world. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the worldwide prevalence of T. gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and stillbirths of sheep, goat, and cattle. Moreover, it attempted to evaluate the prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in ruminants that had abortions using serological methods. Based on the keywords, a systematic search of six databases was conducted to retrieve cross-sectional articles in English-language. Data were synthesized to calculate the overall prevalence of T. gondii infection worldwide using the random-effects model with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Moreover, the present study includes sensitivity analysis, publication bias test, and quality assessment of the studies. The final analyses included 37, 19, and 8 studies conducted on sheep (4383 aborted fetuses and stillbirths as well as 1940 abortive sheep), goat (248 aborted fetuses and stillbirths and 533 abortive goats), and cattle (460 aborted fetuses and stillbirths and 165 abortive cattle). The overall prevalence rates of T. gondii infection in aborted fetuses and stillbirths globally were 42 % (95 % CI: 17 %-67 %), and 31 % (95 % CI: 11 %-51 %) using molecular methods for sheep and goats, as well as 16 % (95 % CI: 11 %-22 %) and 27 % (95 % CI: 1 %-54 %) using serological tests for sheep and goats, respectively. In addition, the overall prevalence rates of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats that had abortions were 56 % (95 % CI: 35 %-76 %) and 50 % (95 % CI: 6 %-94 %), respectively. These analyses could not be performed in cattle due to the small number of studies and the small number of animals under study. According to the high prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats that had an abortion, T. gondii could be a potential factor of causing reproductive failures in ruminants worldwide. So, effective control measures and strategies are needed to reduce the rate of abortion in sheep and goats as well as reduce the economic damage to the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Yousefvand A, Mirhosseini SA, Ghorbani M, Mohammadzadeh T, Moghaddam MM, Mohammadyari S. Molecular and serological detection and of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants of southwest Iran and the potential risks for consumers. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021; 16:117-127. [PMID: 33424528 PMCID: PMC7776314 DOI: 10.1007/s00003-020-01306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases with serious health risks for humans, especially for immunodeficient patients, and can lead to abortion in pregnant women worldwide. The oral uptake of sporulated oocysts and/or consumption of undercooked/raw meat of animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii can infect other animals and humans. Heart, liver, and meat tissues of 150 sheep and 150 goats from a slaughterhouse in Ahvaz, Iran, were collected during autumn 2018 and analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect parasitic DNA in the animal tissues. Moreover, antibodies against T. gondii of 150 sera samples were detected as the targets by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (in-house ELISA). A total of 26 (17.3%), 33 (22%), and 48 (32%) of liver, meat, and heart samples in sheep, and a total of 24 (16%), 26 (17.3%), and 36 (24%) of liver, meat, and heart samples in goats, respectively, showed positive PCR results. Besides, the ELISA evaluation of sera samples from 150 sheep and 150 goats resulted in 26 (13.3%) and 16 (10.6%) positive cases, respectively. A significant difference was also found between PCR-positive heart samples and ELISA-positive sera samples of both animal species (p < 0.05), but no significant difference existed between PCR-positive liver samples and ELISA-positive sera samples of both species (p > 0.05). The results of this study confirm the presence of T. gondii in sheep and goats’ consumable organs, highlighting the need to avoid consuming raw or uncooked organs of these animal species to prevent human infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Yousefvand
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadzadeh
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Mohammadyari
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Arefkhah N, Sarkari B, Asgari Q, Moshfe A, Khalafi MH, Mohammadpour I. Molecular Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Sheep Aborted Fetuses Reveals Predominance of Type I Infection in Southwest of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:374-382. [PMID: 33082802 PMCID: PMC7548476 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to detect Toxoplasma gondii in ovine aborted fetuses and evaluate its genetic variations in the southwest of Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 aborted ovine fetuses collected from the different region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran, in lambing season during 2017 and 2018. DNA was extracted from the brain samples of all of the aborted fetuses and PCR amplified, targeting a 529 bp repetitive element gene of T. gondii. Moreover, to find out the heterogeneity of the positive samples, PCR-DNA amplification of the two main genetic markers, B1 and GRA6, of T. gondii were performed. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed, using the BLAST program and MEGA-X software. Results The 529 bp gene of T. gondii was detected in 2 out of 100 (2%) of the ovine aborted samples. The sequences analysis of GRA6 and B1 genes revealed that both isolates from the aborted fetuses of sheep belonged to type I of T. gondii. Intra-divergence was more seen in GRA6 gene whereas less divergence was observed in B1 gene. Conclusion Congenital infection with Type I of T. gondii during the neonatal period is associated with abortion in ovine. Evaluation of more aborted samples from broader geographical areas is needed to elucidate the molecular epidemiology and also the genotypes of T. gondii associated with abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Arefkhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolali Moshfe
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Mohammadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Su C. Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109195. [PMID: 32979682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in sheep in the past decade. There is debate and uncertainty concerning repeat congenital infection as evidenced by finding T. gondii DNA in progeny of chronically infected sheep. However, there is no concrete evidence that T. gondii is the cause of repeated abortions in sheep. Recent data concerning pathogenesis of abortion in acutely infected sheep are reviewed. PCR-RFLP typing of T. gondii DNA derived from viable T. gondii isolates or tissues of infected sheep revealed low genetic diversity in sheep in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America but high diversity in South America. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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Dubey J, Murata F, Cerqueira-Cézar C, Kwok O, Su C. WITHDRAWN: Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: the last decade. Vet Parasitol X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Molecular Diagnosis and Pathological Study of Toxoplasma gondii in Aborted Caprine and Ovine Fetuses in Borderline of Iran-Iraq. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:187-192. [PMID: 31797193 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is widely prevalent in animals and humans. In goats and sheep this infection has a high economic impact as it causes abortions and lamb losses. Although there are several studies reporting seroprevalence in small ruminants in Iran, molecular-based information is scarce. PURPOSE This study aimed to screen caprine and ovine aborted fetuses for T. gondii infection by PCR and histopathology. METHODS Brains of 121 aborted fetuses (10 caprine and 111 ovine) were collected from different parts of the Kordestan province, bordering with Iraq. Gestational age and the general status of each fetus such as freshness, autolysis, mummification and presence of macroscopic lesions in the fetus and foetal membranes was recorded. Individual brain tissues of fetuses were subjected to nested-PCR targeting the B1 gene, and histopathological sections prepared from brains were examined microscopically. RESULTS PCR results revealed T. gondii-associated abortion in one caprine and nine ovine fetuses (8.3%). Microscopically, pathological lesions included non-purulent meningitis associated with gliosis, focal necrosis, and occasionally tissue cyst. CONCLUSION This paper reports for the first time T. gondii-associated abortion in goats in Iran. As organs from aborted fetuses do not necessarily show lesions, molecular confirmation is the unique diagnostic method and should be used in situations of an abortion epidemic.
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Molecular genotyping and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in mothers and their spontaneous aborted fetuses in Southwest of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101342. [PMID: 31437675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the lack of routine screening and the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Iran, the current study aimed to find out the rate and features of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the spontaneously aborted human fetuses in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwestern Iran. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 spontaneously aborted fetuses' tissues and their mother blood samples. The mothers' sera were evaluated for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies while their buffy coat and aborted fetuses tissues were evaluated for Toxoplasma DNA. PCR product at GRA6 locus was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was done. Likewise, quantitative Real-Time PCR was performed to find out the parasite burdens in mothers buffy coat and fetuses tissues. RESULTS Using serological method, anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 7 (7%) and 3 (3%) out of 100 sera from women with spontaneous abortion. Real-time PCR method detected T. gondii DNA in the buffy coat of one seronegative and 2 (out of 3) IgM seropositive cases. None of the samples from aborted fetuses were infected with T. gondii. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequenced isolates belonged to type I of T. gondii and two identified T. gondii isolates were taxonomically grouped into one clade. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed type I genotype of T. gondii in two mothers with spontaneous abortion, without fetus involvement. It is necessary to examine more aborted fetuses' samples from different geographical areas to determine the association between Toxoplasma genotype and abortion.
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Stelzer S, Basso W, Benavides Silván J, Ortega-Mora L, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, Conraths F, Schares G. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00037. [PMID: 32095611 PMCID: PMC7033994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Felids, including domestic cats, are definitive hosts that can shed oocysts with their feces. In addition to infections that occur by accidental oral uptake of food or water contaminated with oocysts, it is assumed that a large proportion of affected humans may have become infected by consuming meat or other animal products that contained infective parasitic stages of T. gondii. Since farm animals represent a direct source of infection for humans, but also a possible reservoir for the parasite, it is important to control T. gondii infections in livestock. Moreover, T. gondii may also be pathogenic to livestock where it could be responsible for considerable economic losses in some regions and particular farming systems, e.g. in areas where the small ruminant industry is relevant. This review aims to summarize actual knowledge on the prevalence and effects of infections with T. gondii in the most important livestock species and on the effects of toxoplasmosis on livestock. It also provides an overview on potential risk factors favoring infections of livestock with T. gondii. Knowledge on potential risk factors is prerequisite to implement effective biosecurity measures on farms to prevent T. gondii infections. Risk factors identified by many studies are cat-related, but also those associated with a potential contamination of fodder or water, and with access to a potentially contaminated environment. Published information on the costs T. gondii infections cause in livestock production, is scarce. The most recent peer reviewed reports from Great Britain and Uruguay suggest annual cost of about 5-15 million US $ per country. Since these estimates are outdated, future studies are needed to estimate the present costs due to toxoplasmosis in livestock. Further, the fact that T. gondii infections in livestock may affect human health needs to be considered and the respective costs should also be estimated, but this is beyond the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stelzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - W. Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Benavides Silván
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León) Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - L.M. Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J. Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - F.J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - G. Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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SHAHBAZI G, HOGHOOGHI RAD N, MADANI R, MATIN S, MORTAZAVI P, JANGJOU AH. Toxoplasma gondii in Aborted Fetuses of Sheep in Ardebil Area, North-West of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:430-435. [PMID: 31673261 PMCID: PMC6815854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the severe complications of toxoplasmosis is the induction of abortion in sheep, goats, and human beings. The rate of abortions related to toxoplasmosis in sheep varies between 10% and 23% in the United States and European countries. In Iran, Toxoplasma infection were diagnosed in aborted ovine fetuses between 13.5% and 69% in the brain samples based on PCR. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of abortions related to T. gondii among the aborted fetuses of sheep in Ardabil area, North-West of Iran. METHODS The brains of 75 aborted sheep fetuses in Ardebil area were investigated with nested PCR method using fragments of the GRA6 gene during lambing seasons in 2014-2015. Meanwhile, thoracic and abdominal fluids of aborted fetuses and 200 serum samples collected from the herds affected by abortion were examined for the existence of anti-T. gondii IgG. RESULTS For 48 out of the 75 fetal brain samples (64%), the results of nested PCR test were found to be positive. Furthermore, antibodies against Toxoplasma was observed in 136 (68%) collected samples of sheep and 21 samples (28%) of fetal fluids. CONCLUSION There is the significant role of T. gondii in the abortions of sheep in Ardabil area. Meanwhile, this condition can also be dangerous for human beings because of their consumption of sheep meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza SHAHBAZI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Nasser HOGHOOGHI RAD
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul MADANI
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaieh MATIN
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Pedjman MORTAZAVI
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein JANGJOU
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Iqbal A, Janecko N, Pollari F, Dixon B. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in retail fresh meats in Canada. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2018; 13:e00031. [PMID: 32095602 PMCID: PMC7034011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.e00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite which infects a wide variety of mammals and birds worldwide, including humans. Human toxoplasmosis is primarily transmitted through the ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or poorly cooked meat and organs of infected animals, or through the ingestion of oocysts in food, water or soil contaminated with cat faeces. There is a distinct paucity of information on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of T. gondii in retail meats in Canada. This study reports the presence of T. gondii DNA in 4.3% (12 of 281) of packages of fresh ground beef, chicken breasts and ground pork purchased at retail in three Canadian provinces. T. gondii prevalence was very similar among all three meat types tested, and among the provinces sampled. Genotyping of positive samples by means of PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing demonstrated the presence of both T. gondii type II (66.7%) and type III (33.3%). These findings provide baseline data on the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in fresh meats purchased at retail in Canada and will allow for more accurate and meaningful health risk assessments for the purposes of developing food safety guidelines and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Iqbal
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 255 Woodlawn Road West, Unit 120, Guelph, ON N1H 8J1, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 255 Woodlawn Road West, Unit 120, Guelph, ON N1H 8J1, Canada
| | - Brent Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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TAVAKOLI KARESHK A, TAVAKOLI OLIAEE R, MAHMOUDVAND H, KEYHANI A, MOHAMMADI MA, BAMOROVAT M, HAJHOSSEINI MA, ZIA-ALI N. The First Survey of Isolation and Molecular Typing of Toxoplasma gondii by Bioassay and PCR Method in BALB/c Mice in Camels ( Camelus dromedarius) from Eastern Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:382-391. [PMID: 30483329 PMCID: PMC6243161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We isolated Toxoplasma gondii from camels by bioassay method in mice model and detect parasitic DNA in brain mice by molecular methods. METHODS One hundred tissue samples including heart (n=50), and diaphragm (n=50) were collected from camels (n=50) slaughtered in abattoirs from Feb to Oct 2015 in three provinces located in eastern Iran. In first, blood sample from 50 camels was assayed for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies by modified agglutination test (MAT) test. Bioassay method was done in positive MAT blood camels in BALB/c mice and Nested PCR performed in seropositive tissue samples to amplify the B1 and GRA6 genes. The existence of polymorphic restriction sites for endonuclease MseI was used with PCRRFLP method and Sequencing analysis to evaluate the prevalence of type strains (I, II and III). RESULTS Overall, 13 (26%) of camels were positive with titer of 1:20 for toxoplasmosis and 13(26%) tissue samples of camels were found positive for the T. gondii B1 gene, including 7(14%) diaphragm, 6(12%) heart. Moreover, 3(6%) tissue samples of camels were found positive with GRA6 gene for T. gondii. There are three genotypes and mix genotype using MseI enzyme among all positive samples. CONCLUSION The obtained results from serological and molecular tests demonstrated the infection of T. gondii with previously recognized genotypes in the tissues of camels for first time from Iran. Since consumption of meat camels are raising in Iran, there may be a high risk of toxoplasmosis through consumption of products from these hosts due to their susceptibility to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir TAVAKOLI KARESHK
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Razieh TAVAKOLI OLIAEE
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein MAHMOUDVAND
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorammabad, Iran
| | - Amir KEYHANI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi BAMOROVAT
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Naser ZIA-ALI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Rasti S, Marandi N, Abdoli A, Delavari M, Mousavi SGA. Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii
in sheep and goats in Kashan, Central Iran. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rasti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine; Kashan University of Medical Sciences; Kashan Iran
| | - Nader Marandi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine; Kashan University of Medical Sciences; Kashan Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdi Delavari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine; Kashan University of Medical Sciences; Kashan Iran
| | - Seyed Gholam Abbas Mousavi
- Department of Statistics and Public Health, Faculty of Health; Kashan University of Medical Sciences; Kashan Iran
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19
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Armand B, Solhjoo K, Kordshooli MS, Davami MH, Pourahmad M, Orfaee V. Toxoplasma gondii Type I, predominant genotype isolated from sheep in South of Iran. Vet World 2017; 10:386-392. [PMID: 28507409 PMCID: PMC5422241 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.386-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to determine the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep using nested-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: The tissue samples of diaphragm and heart from 125 sheep were collected from the main slaughterhouses of Jahrom district in South of Fars province, Iran, between Aprils and June 2013. The DNA were extracted and analyzed by nested-PCR using specific primers for SAG2 and GRA6 loci. RFLP was used to classify strains into one of the three major lineages of T. gondii. Results: T. gondii Type I was predominant in this area. The data obtained from both loci demonstrated that the frequency of each genotype was 72% Type I, 2.4% Type III, 7.2% mixed Type I and II, 16.8% mixed Type I and III, 0.8% mixed Type II and III, and 0.8% mixed Type I, II and III. Conclusions: Although the previously published data indicated that Type II is the predominant T. gondii genotype in sheep in the other parts of the world, this study showed that genotype I is the dominant genotype of T. gondii in the southern Iran; however, other genotypes were detected. High diversity of T. gondii genotypes including mix genotypes in lambs is of importance for the public health. These studies depict a new mapping of T. gondii genotypes pattern which could be very helpful in toxoplasmosis control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Armand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Kavous Solhjoo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Department of Parasitic Disease, Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Davami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourahmad
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahideh Orfaee
- Department of Biology, Basic Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
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Abdoli A, Dalimi A, Soltanghoraee H, Ghaffarifar F. Molecular Detection and Genotypic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Paraffin-Embedded Fetoplacental Tissues of Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 10:327-336. [PMID: 28042412 PMCID: PMC5135736 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Congenital toxoplasmosis is an important cause of spontaneous abortion
worldwide. However, there is limited information on detection and genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion
(RSA). The aim of this study is the molecular detection and genotypic characterization of
T. gondii in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetoplacental tissues (FFPTs) of women
with RSA that have referred to the Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods This experimental research was undertaken on 210 FFPTs of
women with RSA. The information of the patients was collected from the archives of
Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran, Iran. After DNA extraction, the presence of T.
gondii was examined by nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the GRA6 gene. Genotyping was performed on positive samples using polymerase chain reaction-restriction
fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) that targeted the GRA6 and SAG3 genes.
Sequencing was conducted on two GRA6 positive samples. Results T. gondii DNA was detected in 3.8% (8/210) of the samples. Genotyping showed
that all positive samples belonged to type III of the T. gondii genotype. Sequencing two
genomic DNAs of the GRA6 gene revealed 99% similarity with each other and 99-100%
similarity with T. gondii sequences deposited in GenBank. There were six patients with
histories of more than three abortions; one patient had a healthy girl and another patient
had two previous abortions. Abortions occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy in seven
patients and in the second trimester of pregnancy in one patient. Conclusion The results of this study have indicated that genotype III is the predominant
type of T. gondii in women with RSA in Tehran, Iran. Also, our findings suggest that
toxoplasmosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of RSA. However, further studies are
needed to elucidate a clear relationship between T. gondii infection and RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Soltanghoraee
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Hou GY, Zhao JM, Zhou HL, Rong G. Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in Hainan province, tropical China. Acta Trop 2016; 162:103-106. [PMID: 27311389 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the seroprevalence, risk factors and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in masked palm civet were investigated in tropical China. A total of 500 serum were collected from five administrative farms in tropical China, and assayed for T. gondii antibodies by modified agglutination test (MAT). The brain samples of 20 aborted fetuses were examined by semi-nested-PCR, and positive aborted fetuses (50%) were necropsied to collect the brain tissue for molecular and bioassay examinations. Genomic DNA was extracted from the 29 brain tissues of infected mice and T. gondii B1 gene was amplified using multilocus PCR-RFLP. Overall, 27.6% (95% CI: 23.682-31.518) of the animals was positive for T. gondii antibodies. Ages of masked palm civet was considered as a main risk factor associated with T. gondii infection. 4 DNA samples (13.8%) were positive for the T. gondii B1 gene. Three samples belong to ToxoDB#9, and one belongs to genotype the type II variant (ToxoDB genotype#3). Our results indicated that ToxoDB Genotype#9 has a distribution in masked palm civet that could be potential reservoirs for T. gondii transmission, which may pose a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Hou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Jun-Ming Zhao
- Scientific and Technical Information Institute, CATAS, Danzhou, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Han-Lin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Guang Rong
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou, Hainan Province, PR China.
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