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Arthi M, Joseph LD, Arun Kumar K. Clinicopathological Profile of Nodular Hidradenoma: A ten year Study in a Tertiary Care Center. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2023; 16:34-37. [PMID: 37383980 PMCID: PMC10298622 DOI: 10.4103/jcas.jcas_125_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodular hidradenoma is a rare skin adnexal tumor of eccrine differentiation with predominant site being scalp and axillae. Due to its variable locations and unusual clinical presentation and no definite radiological criteria, histopathology seems to be the mainstay in diagnosing these tumors. Most of the lesions present as a cystic swelling and was clinically thought to be a sebaceous cyst/metastasis/carcinoma/sarcoma. In our study, we have included 37 cases and compared its varied clinical and radiological presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arthi
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leena D Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Arun Kumar
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Ruiu A, Stuppner S, Mone A, Armatura G, Marinello P, Lüthy M, Neri S, Vismara G, Zago M, Ferro F. [An unusual focal finding in breast diagnostics]. RADIOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 62:675-678. [PMID: 35913574 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-022-01013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiu
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien.
| | - S Stuppner
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien
| | - A Mone
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien
| | - G Armatura
- Abteilung für Chirurgie, KH Bozen, Bozen, Italien
| | - P Marinello
- Abteilung für Chirurgie, KH Bozen, Bozen, Italien
| | - M Lüthy
- Abteilung für Pathologische Anatomie, KH Bozen, Bozen, Italien
| | - S Neri
- Abteilung für Pathologische Anatomie, KH Bozen, Bozen, Italien
| | - G Vismara
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien
| | - M Zago
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien
| | - F Ferro
- Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Antonio Ruiu Regionalkrankenhaus Bozen, 39100, Bozen, Provinz Bozen - Südtirol, Italien
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3
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Patel N, Kramer A, Sun X. A Case of Clear Cell Hidradenoma Found During Abdominal Cyst Excision. Cureus 2022; 14:e22957. [PMID: 35411271 PMCID: PMC8989250 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell hidradenoma (CCH), a rare yet benign finding, is a tumor that originates from sweat glands. It mainly presents as a slow-growing cystic nodule on the scalp or trunk. We report a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with an abdominal subcutaneous mass. This mass was excised and pathology confirmed the presence of CCH, with cytology negative for malignant cells. Although benign, CCHs cannot be confirmed as such until excision and pathologic analysis, which is the standard treatment of choice.
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Kim JH, Park HJ, Kim JN. Sonographic and Strain Elastographic Findings of a Clear Cell Hidradenoma that Looked Like an Epidermoid Tumor: A Case Report. TAEHAN YONGSANG UIHAKHOE CHI 2022; 83:194-198. [PMID: 36237369 PMCID: PMC9238206 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell hidradenoma (CCH) is a rare tumor of the sweat glands of eccrine or apocrine differentiation. It can occur anywhere in the body, but common sites of involvement are the head, face, trunk, and extremities. Although several reports have described sonographic findings of CCH, only one study on the axilla mentioned its strain elastographic findings. Here, we present a case of CCH in the right calf with its sonographic and strain elastographic findings in a tumor that looked like an epidermoid tumor.
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Iacconi C, Vatteroni G. Unknown Case: An Older Woman with a Periareolar Violet Nodule. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2021; 3:124-126. [PMID: 38424832 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Iacconi
- Azienda U.S.L. Toscana Nord-Ovest, Department of Radiology, Carrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Vatteroni
- Azienda U.S.L. Toscana Nord-Ovest, Department of Radiology, Carrara, Italy
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Al-Adawi SSH, Al-Qasabi B, Al-Bahri M, Aljarrah A, Al-Aghbari S. Clear Cell Hidradenoma of the Breast Diagnosed on a Core Needle Biopsy: A case report and review of the literature. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e357-e361. [PMID: 33110653 PMCID: PMC7574794 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell hidradenoma (CCH) is a tumour originating from the eccrine sweat glands. It usually presents in the limbs, axilla or trunk. CCH of the breast is rare and can present as a cystic lesion in the breast that can be easily misdiagnosed as malignancy. We report a 36-year-old female patient who presented at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital Breast Clinic, Muscat, Oman, in 2018 with a lump in her left breast. Ultrasound examination reported a complex cystic lesion with a solid, vascular component. An ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy was suggestive of clear cell hidradenoma. Surgical excision was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CCH of the breast. This is the first ever case of a diagnosis of CCH made using core needle biopsy. CCH can be challenging to diagnose; therefore, awareness of its histopathological and ultrasonographic features are essential to avoid misdiagnosis and over treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S H Al-Adawi
- Department of General Surgery, Oman Medical Speciality Board, Muscat, Oman
| | - Badriya Al-Qasabi
- Department of Radiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maiya Al-Bahri
- Department of Pathology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Adil Aljarrah
- Department of General Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Suad Al-Aghbari
- Department of General Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Ham T, Cheon SJ, Roh MS, Ha DH. Ultrasonography of Malignant Clear Cell Hidradenoma: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2020; 81:448-452. [PMID: 36237377 PMCID: PMC9431819 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2020.81.2.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell hidradenoma is a tumor that originates from a sweat gland and typically involves the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Malignant clear cell hidradenoma is very rare, and surgical excision is usually performed without imaging. There are few reports of the ultrasonographic findings of malignant clear cell hidradenomas. Herein, we present the ultrasonographic characteristics of a malignant clear cell hidradenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyuk Ham
- Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-jin Cheon
- Department of Dermatology, Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Mee Sook Roh
- Department of Patholgy, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong-ho Ha
- Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Jaitly V, Jahan-Tigh R, Belousova T, Zhu H, Brown R, Saluja K. Case Report and Literature Review of Nodular Hiradenoma, a Rare Adnexal Tumor That Mimics Breast Carcinoma, in a 20-Year-Old Woman. Lab Med 2019; 50:320-325. [PMID: 30722042 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodular hidradenoma is an uncommon cutaneous adnexal tumor arising from sweat glands. In the skin, it usually presents as a solitary dermal nodule; excision is curative in most cases. In rare instances, it may present as a breast mass and can mimic breast carcinoma clinically and radiologically, causing diagnostic dilemmas for the treating physician and pathologist. Herein, we discuss a case of nodular hidradenoma in a 20-year-old Hispanic woman as a rapidly growing mass in the breast that mimicked breast carcinoma. We discuss the rare presentation of this uncommon tumor and the differential diagnosis of this entity, as well as the results of our literature review on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Jaitly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard Jahan-Tigh
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Tatiana Belousova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Karan Saluja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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An JK, Woo JJ, Hong YO. Malignant sweat gland tumor of breast arising in pre-existing benign tumor: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3033-3038. [PMID: 31624751 PMCID: PMC6795723 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i19.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweat glands belong to skin appendages. Sweat gland tumors are uncommon, especially when they occur as malignant tumors in the breast. We report a case of malignant sweat gland tumor of the breast, including imaging and pathological findings.
CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman visited our hospital with a non-tender palpable lesion in her left breast. The lesion had not shown changes for 10 years. However, it recently increased in size. Sonography showed a well circumscribed cystic lesion with internal debris and fluid-fluid level. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a well circumscribed oval mass with T1 hyper-intensity compared to muscle and T2 high signal intensity. There was a small enhancing mural component in the inner wall of the mass. The tumor was resected. Its pathologic result was a malignant transformation of benign sweat gland tumor such as hidradenoma. The lesion was treated with excision and radiation therapy. At 1-year follow up, there was no local recurrence or metastasis in the patient.
CONCLUSION In the case of a rapid growing cystic mass in the nipple and subareola, it is necessary to distinguish it from a malignant sweat gland tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung An
- Department of Radiology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, South Korea
| | - Jeong Joo Woo
- Department of Radiology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, South Korea
| | - Young Ok Hong
- Department of Pathology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, South Korea
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Lee JY, Kang BS, Shim HS, Song IH, Kim M, Lee SH, Chung HW, Lee MH, Shin MJ. Clear Cell Hidradenoma: Characteristic Imaging Features on Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:1993-2001. [PMID: 29388236 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the imaging features of clear cell hidradenoma on ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS The radiologic and pathologic databases at 2 medical institutions were searched retrospectively from 2004 to 2016 to identify patients with a diagnosis of clear cell hidradenoma. Ultrasonographic, CT, and MRI features were described, and pathologic specimens were reviewed. RESULTS There were 5 female and 4 male patients. The mean patient age was 48.9 years (range, 28-70 years). Five patients underwent only US; 2 patients underwent only CT; 1 patient underwent both US and CT; and 1 patient underwent US and MRI. Most of the tumors were located primarily in the subcutaneous fat layer. The mean tumor size was 18.4 mm. On US, 6 masses had a heterogeneous echo texture, including an anechoic portion with protruding echogenic portions. Two masses had multiple septa in the anechoic portion. On color Doppler US, blood flow was both central and peripheral in 5 patients. All 3 cases seen on CT presented as a low-attenuation mass with an enhanced solid internal nodule. On MRI, the mass showed heterogeneous signal intensity on T2-weighted images and enhancement of the peripheral wall and internal solid component on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. CONCLUSIONS Clear cell hidradenoma is usually located in the subcutaneous fat layer, has a well-defined margin, appears as a cystic mass with an internal solid nodule, and occasionally has multiple septa on US, CT, and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Seong Kang
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Shim
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Pathology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misung Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Chung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Shin
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Vázquez-Osorio I, Gonzalvo-Rodríguez P, Rodríguez-Díaz E. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Nodular Hidradenoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Vázquez-Osorio I, Gonzalvo-Rodríguez P, Rodríguez-Díaz E. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Nodular Hidradenoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 109:453-455. [PMID: 29183622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Vázquez-Osorio
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, España.
| | - P Gonzalvo-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, España
| | - E Rodríguez-Díaz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, España
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Abstract
A 58-year-old female had a mass in the right breast palpable beneath the areola. A mammogram revealed a 1.5-centimeter soft tissue density that was confirmed with a subsequent ultrasound. The patient underwent a core needle biopsy which was initially reported as a moderately differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed negative staining for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), mammaglobin, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15). A wide local excision of the mass was performed. The pathology report stated the tumor had an infiltrative growth pattern with a desmoplastic stromal response with enhanced epithelial atypia consistent with malignant transformation of a nodular clear cell hidradenoma. Clear cell hidradenoma is a very rare tumor originating from the sweat gland and has a propensity for the face and extremities. The malignant variant of this tumor is extremely rare and has been reported to originate from the breast in few cases. This case represents the difficulty in diagnosing this tumor along with the radiographic and histologic features that can distinguish this malignancy from other entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Chambers
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
| | | | - Pavan S Reddy
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
| | - K James Kallail
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
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Rooper LM, Iding JS, Cuda JD, Ali SZ. Atypical Hidradenoma Mimicking Primary Mammary Carcinoma on Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Case Report with Long-Term Follow-Up. Acta Cytol 2016; 60:173-8. [PMID: 27010690 DOI: 10.1159/000445095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is well-established as an accurate technique for the diagnosis of palpable breast masses. While the differential diagnosis of such lesions usually focuses on benign or malignant mammary proliferations, a subset of breast neoplasms arises from skin and soft tissue. Skin adnexal neoplasms such as hidradenoma can pose a particular pitfall on breast FNA cytology (FNAC) as epithelial proliferations that are not of ductal or lobular origin. CASE A 59-year-old female presented with a superficial breast mass. FNAC revealed a hypercellular lesion with marked nuclear atypia that was highly suspicious for carcinoma. However, at partial mastectomy, the histological features of the tumor were consistent with atypical hidradenoma. Negativity for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) confirmed the diagnosis. Eighteen years later, the patient remains free of recurrence or metastasis. CONCLUSIONS This report offers the first description of findings of atypical hidradenoma on FNAC. In the breast, its high cellularity and nuclear atypia can mimic a primary mammary carcinoma on FNAC. Although breast and skin adnexal tumors show a immunohistochemical overlap, negative ER and PR stains in a low-grade tumor can suggest a nonmammary lesion. Skin adnexal neoplasms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of superficial breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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Takasaka M, Saeki H, Ito K, Matsuo K, Ishiji T, Nakagawa H. Skin ultrasound examination proves useful in diagnosing two cases of solid cystic hidradenoma. Int J Dermatol 2012; 53:e146-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Singhal V, Sharma SC, Anil J, Sachan PK, Harsh M, Singhal S, Raghuvanshi S. Giant benign nodular hidradenoma of the shoulder: A rare tumor in orthopedic practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SHOULDER SURGERY 2011; 4:93-6. [PMID: 21655004 PMCID: PMC3100814 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6042.79793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A clear cell hidradenoma is a rare dermal tumor, which is believed to originate from the apical portion of the sweat glands. The usual size reported is 5–30 mm. It is generally found in the head, face, and upper extremity regions. This lesion has not been reported to be large enough to impinge a joint range of motion. Hence, its description in the orthopedic literature is extremely rare. We present a giant benign nodular hidradenoma presenting as painful restriction of the right shoulder joint in a 35-year-old male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhore Singhal
- Department of Orthopaedics, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Doiwala, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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