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Wang S, Wang H, Li C, Liu B, He S, Tu C. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer: immune mechanisms and clinical implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e489. [PMID: 38469550 PMCID: PMC10925885 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death globally, and traditional treatments often have limited efficacy and adverse effects. Immunotherapy has shown promise in various malignancies but is less effective in tumors with low immunogenicity or immunosuppressive microenvironment, especially sarcomas. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) have been associated with a favorable response to immunotherapy and improved survival in cancer patients. However, the immunological mechanisms and clinical significance of TLS in malignant tumors are not fully understood. In this review, we elucidate the composition, neogenesis, and immune characteristics of TLS in tumors, as well as the inflammatory response in cancer development. An in-depth discussion of the unique immune characteristics of TLSs in lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and soft tissue sarcomas will be presented. Additionally, the therapeutic implications of TLS, including its role as a marker of therapeutic response and prognosis, and strategies to promote TLS formation and maturation will be explored. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of TLS in the tumor immune microenvironment and suggest potential interventions for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chenbei Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Binfeng Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Shasha He
- Department of OncologyThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Central South UniversityGuangdongChina
- Changsha Medical UniversityChangshaChina
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Olguín-Martínez E, Ruiz-Medina BE, Licona-Limón P. Tissue-Specific Molecular Markers and Heterogeneity in Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757967. [PMID: 34759931 PMCID: PMC8573327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently described group of lymphoid subpopulations. These tissue-resident cells display a heterogeneity resembling that observed on different groups of T cells, hence their categorization as cytotoxic NK cells and helper ILCs type 1, 2 and 3. Each one of these groups is highly diverse and expresses different markers in a context-dependent manner. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are activated in response to helminth parasites and regulate the immune response. They are involved in the etiology of diseases associated with allergic responses as well as in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Markers associated with their identification differ depending on the tissue and model used, making the study and understanding of these cells a cumbersome task. This review compiles evidence for the heterogeneity of ILC2s as well as discussion and analyses of molecular markers associated with their identity, function, tissue-dependent expression, and how these markers contribute to the interaction of ILC2s with specific microenvironments to maintain homeostasis or respond to pathogenic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Olguín-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Blanca E Ruiz-Medina
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Innate Lymphoid Cells: A Link between the Nervous System and Microbiota in Intestinal Networks. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1978094. [PMID: 30804706 PMCID: PMC6360575 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1978094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a novel family of innate immune cells that act as key coordinators of intestinal mucosal surface immune defense and are essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier integrity by responding to locally produced effector cytokines or direct recognition of exogenous or endogenous danger patterns. ILCs are also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many studies have demonstrated the occurrence of crosstalk between ILCs and intestinal microbiota, and ILCs have recently been shown to be connected to the enteric nervous system (ENS). Thus, ILCs may act as a key link between the nervous system and microbiota in intestinal networks. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of the ILCs in the intestinal tract (particularly in the context of IBD) and discuss the relationship between ILCs and the microbiota/ENS.
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Zhong C, Zheng M, Zhu J. Lymphoid tissue inducer-A divergent member of the ILC family. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 42:5-12. [PMID: 29454785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are capable of producing effector cytokines reminiscent of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells during infections and tissue inflammations have drawn much attention in the immunology field in recent years. Within the ILCs, the lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells that play a critical role in lymphoid organogenesis were identified long before the establishment of the ILC concept. LTi cells, developed and functioning mainly at the fetal stage, and LTi-like cells, presumably generated during the adulthood, are regarded as a subset of type 3 ILCs (ILC3s) because they express the ILC3 lineage-defining transcription factor RORγt, and like other ILC3s, can produce an ILC3 signature cytokine IL-22 and initiate protective immune responses against extracellular bacteria. However, LTi/LTi-like cells have a unique gene expression pattern, and they develop from a progenitor that is distinct from the progenitor of all other ILCs and the progenitor of conventional natural killer (cNK) cells. There are also several other unique features of LTi/LTi-like cells comparing to non-LTi ILC3s. In addition to their classical function in lymphoid organogenesis, LTi/LTi-like cells also have specialized functions in association with the adaptive immune system, which include their effects on T and B cell development, activation and function. In this review, we summarize these specific features of LTi/LTi-like cells and propose that these cells should be considered as a separated innate lymphoid lineage in parallel with other non-LTi ILCs and cNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Han S, Koo J, Bae J, Kim S, Baik S, Kim MY. Modulation of TNFSF expression in lymphoid tissue inducer cells by dendritic cells activated with Toll-like receptor ligands. BMB Rep 2011; 44:129-34. [PMID: 21345313 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved components among pathogens, are mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and macrophages. Recognition through TLRs triggers innate immune responses and influences antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Although studies on the expression and functions of TLRs in antigen-presenting cells have been extensively reported, studies in lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells have been limited. In this study, we observed that LTi cells expressed TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA as well as TLR2 protein and upregulated OX40L, CD30L, and TRANCE expression after stimulation with the TLR2 ligand zymosan or TLR4 ligand LPS. The expression of tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members was significantly upregulated when cells were cocultured with DCs, suggesting that upregulated TNFSF expression may contribute to antigen-specific adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinsuk Han
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, The College of Natural Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
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Cell-permeable ceramides act as novel regulators of U937 cell–cell adhesion mediated by CD29, CD98, and CD147. Immunobiology 2010; 215:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Evans I, Kim MY. Involvement of lymphoid inducer cells in the development of secondary and tertiary lymphoid structure. BMB Rep 2009; 42:189-93. [PMID: 19403040 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During development lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are the first hematopoietic cells to enter the secondary lymphoid anlagen and induce lymphoid tissue neogenesis. LTi cells induce lymphoid tissue neogensis by expressing a wide range of proteins that are associated with lymphoid organogenesis. Among these proteins, membrane-bound lymphotoxin (LT) alpha1beta2 has been identified as a critical component to this process. LTalpha1beta2 interacts with the LTbeta-receptor on stromal cells and this interaction induces up-regulation of adhesion molecules and production of chemokines that are necessary for the attraction, retention and organization of other cell types. Constitutive expression of LTalpha1beta2 in adult LTi cells can result in the formation of a lymphoid-like structure called tertiary lymphoid tissue. In this review, we summarize the function of fetal and adult LTi cells and their involvement in secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissue development in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Evans
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
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Kim MY, Kim KS, McConnell F, Lane P. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: architects of CD4 immune responses in mice and men. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:20-6. [PMID: 19659766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the multiple functions of the mouse lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells in: (i) the development of organized lymphoid tissue, (ii) the generation and maintenance of CD4-dependent immunity in adult lymphoid tissues; and (iii) the regulation of central tolerance in thymus. By contrast with mouse LTi cells, which have been well described, the human equivalent is only just beginning to be characterized. Human LTi-like cells expressing interleukin (IL)-22 have been identified recently and found to differentiate into natural killer (NK) cells. The relationship of LTi cells to NK cells is discussed in the light of several studies reporting a close relationship in the mouse between LTi cells and transcription factor retinoid-related orphan receptor gammat-dependent IL-22 producing NK cells in the gut. We also outline our data suggesting that these cells are present in adult human lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, The College of Natural Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea.
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10
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Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2008.63411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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11
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Thymic enlargement in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis during etanercept therapy. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:591-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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