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Xie S, Ma W, Guo Q, Liu J, Li W, McLeod HL, He Y. The pharmacogenetics of medications used in general anesthesia. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:285-298. [PMID: 29318929 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is a state of unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia and akinesia induced by drugs including opioids, hypnotic-sedative agents, muscle relaxants and antiemetics. Clinical and genetic factors are reported to influence the efficacy and side effects of these agents. Based on the evidence, clinical action is needed to improve clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the latest knowledge with regards to the pharmacogenetics of anesthetics and general anesthesia related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangchen Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Howard L McLeod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Moffitt Cancer Center, DeBartolo Family Personalized Medicine Institute, Tampa, FL 33601, USA
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Moffitt Cancer Center, DeBartolo Family Personalized Medicine Institute, Tampa, FL 33601, USA
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Yang B, He K, Zheng F, Wan L, Yu X, Wang X, Zhao D, Bai Y, Chu W, Sun Y, Lu Y. Over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in vitro protects the cardiac fibroblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 15:579-86. [PMID: 24583668 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283629c52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A great number of studies indicate that cardiac fibroblasts are essential for maintaining the structure and function of heart. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a central transcriptional regulator of hypoxic response. The present study examined whether over-expression of HIF-1α could prevent hypoxia-induced injury in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts and, if so, its possible molecular targets. METHODS Western blotting was used to detect protein level. MTT, electron microscopy, TUNEL staining and confocal microscopy were used to identify cell viability, cell apoptosis and intracellular calcium ([Ca]i) in cardiac fibroblasts, respectively. RESULTS When cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia, HIF-1α protein in nuclei was transiently accumulated at 1 h, and then gradually degraded within 24 h of hypoxia exposure. Over-expression of HIF-1α enhanced nucleus expression of HIF-1α in cardiac fibroblasts, and significantly abolished the decrease of cell viability and cell apoptosis caused by 24-h hypoxia. Accordingly, hypoxia-induced Bax up-regulation, Bcl-2 down-regulation, caspase-3 activation and overload of [Ca]i in cardiac fibroblasts were reversed by HIF-1α over-expression, but were promoted by 30 μmol/l SC205346, a specific HIF-1α blocker. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HIF-1α may act as a protective factor in the apoptotic process of cardiac fibroblasts and represent a potential therapeutic target for heart remodeling after hypoxia injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Yang
- aDepartment of Pharmacy, the Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang bDepartment of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education) cDepartment of Surgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China *These authors contributed equally to this work
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Alves LA, de Melo Reis RA, de Souza CAM, de Freitas MS, Teixeira PCN, Neto Moreira Ferreira D, Xavier RF. The P2X7 receptor: Shifting from a low- to a high-conductance channel — An enigmatic phenomenon? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2578-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ekeløf S, Rosenberg J, Jensen JS, Gögenur I. Pharmacological attenuation of myocardial reperfusion injury in a closed-chest porcine model: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:570-80. [PMID: 25004991 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a clinical challenge in interventional cardiology, and at the moment, no pharmacological agent is universally accepted in the prevention. In order to prevent inappropriate clinical trials, a potential pharmacological agent should be proved reproducibly effective in clinically relevant experimental studies before initiation of human studies. The closed-chest porcine model is a promising experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the pharmacological treatments evaluated in the closed-chest porcine model and discuss different aspects of the model for future use. The systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ekeløf
- Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark,
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Prathapan A, Vineetha VP, Raghu KG. Protective effect of Boerhaavia diffusa L. against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96220. [PMID: 24788441 PMCID: PMC4005769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. So mitochondria are emerging as one of the important druggable targets in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and other associated complications. In the present study, effects of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BDE), a green leafy vegetable against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was evaluated. H9c2 cells challenged with Ang II exhibited pathological hypertrophic responses and mitochondrial dysfunction which was evident from increment in cell volume (49.09±1.13%), protein content (55.17±1.19%), LDH leakage (58.74±1.87%), increased intracellular ROS production (26.25±0.91%), mitochondrial superoxide generation (65.06±2.27%), alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and mitochondrial swelling. In addition, activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (I-IV), aconitase, NADPH oxidase, thioredoxin reductase, oxygen consumption rate and calcium homeostasis were evaluated. Treatment with BDE significantly prevented the generation of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide radicals and protected the mitochondria by preventing dissipation of ΔΨm, opening of mPTP, mitochondrial swelling and enhanced the activities of respiratory chain complexes and oxygen consumption rate in H9c2 cells. Activities of aconitase and thioredoxin reductase which was lowered (33.77±0.68% & 45.81±0.71% respectively) due to hypertrophy, were increased in BDE treated cells (P≤0.05). Moreover, BDE also reduced the intracellular calcium overload in Ang II treated cells. Overall results revealed the protective effects of B. diffusa against mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophy in H9c2 cells and the present findings may shed new light on the therapeutic potential of B. diffusa in addition to its nutraceutical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Prathapan
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail:
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Dabbagh A, Rajaei S. The role of anesthetic drugs in liver apoptosis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13162. [PMID: 24069040 PMCID: PMC3782737 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The modern practice of anesthesia is highly dependent ona group of anesthetic drugs which many of them are metabolized in the liver. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The liver, of course, usually tolerates this burden. However, this is not always an unbroken rule. Anesthetic induced apoptosis has gained great concern during the last years; especially considering the neurologic system. RESULTS However, we have evidence that there is some concern regarding their effects on the liver cells. Fortunately not all the anesthetics are blamed and even some could be used safely, based on the available evidence. CONCLUSIONS Besides, there are some novel agents, yet under research, which could affect the future of anesthetic agents' fate regarding their hepatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dabbagh
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Dabbagh, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121972368, Fax: +98-2122074101, E-mail: ,
| | - Samira Rajaei
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Transient overexpression of TGFBR3 induces apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00029. [PMID: 23387308 PMCID: PMC3596095 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) is a common malignancy in southern China without defined aetiology. Recent studies have shown that TGFBR3 (transforming growth factor type III receptor, also known as betaglycan), exhibits anticancer activities. This study was to investigate the effects of TGFBR3 on NPC growth and the mechanisms for its actions. Effects of TGFBR3 overexpression on cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide], AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and electron microscopy in human NPC CNE-2Z cells. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins, p-Bad, Bad, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis), AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), Bax and Bcl-2, was determined by Western blot or immunofluorescence analysis. Caspase 3 activity was measured by caspase 3 activity kit and [Ca2+]i (intracellular Ca2+ concentration) was detected by confocal microscopy. Transfection of TGFBR3 containing plasmid DNA at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml reduced viability and induced apoptosis in CNE-2Z in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Forced expression of TGFBR3 up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax protein, and down-regulated anti-apoptotic p-Bad, Bcl-2 and XIAP protein. Furthermore, transient overexpression of TGFBR3 also enhanced caspase 3 activity, increased [Ca2+]i and facilitated AIF redistribution from the mitochondria to the nucleus in CNE-2Z cells, which is independent of the caspase 3 pathway. These events were associated with TGFBR3-regulated multiple targets involved in CNE-2Z proliferation. Therefore transient overexpression of TGFBR3 may be a novel strategy for NPC prevention and therapy.
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Cho YH, Cha MJ, Song BW, Kim IK, Song H, Chang W, Lim S, Ham O, Lee SY, Choi E, Kwon HM, Hwang KC. Enhancement of MSC adhesion and therapeutic efficiency in ischemic heart using lentivirus delivery with periostin. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1376-85. [PMID: 22112759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches have shown beneficial effects of modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treatment of infarcted myocardium, but have primarily focused on enhancing the survival of transplanted MSCs. Here, we show the dual benefits of periostin-overexpressing MSCs (p-MSCs) for infarcted myocardium. P-MSCs led to the marked histological and functional recovery of infarcted myocardium by enhancing survival of MSCs and directly preventing apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Survival of p-MSCs themselves and cardiomyocytes co-cultured with p-MSCs or treated with the conditioned media from p-MSCs was significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. Decreases in adhesion-related integrins were reversed in cardiomyocytes co-cultured with p-MSCs, followed by increases in p-PI3K and Akt, indicating that periostin activates the PI3K pathway through adhesion-related integrins. When p-MSCs were injected into myocardial infarcted rats, histological pathology and cardiac function were significantly improved compared to MSC-injected controls. Thus, periostin might be a new target of therapeutic treatments using MSCs as carriers for infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hyeong Cho
- Cardiology Division, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
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Chu W, Li X, Li C, Wan L, Shi H, Song X, Liu X, Chen X, Zhang C, Shan H, Lu Y, Yang B. TGFBR3, a potential negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, protects cardiac fibroblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2586-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Shen J, Lee W, Gu Y, Tong Y, Fung PC, Tong L. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) inhibits mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway and prevents apoptosis in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes. Chin Med 2011; 6:8. [PMID: 21345217 PMCID: PMC3053309 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EGb761 is a standard extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (Yinxing) containing ginkgo-flavone glycosides and terpenoid. The flavonoid components of EGb761 scavenge free radicals and protect myocardia from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The present study aims to determine the effects of the active compounds of EGb761 on mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway. Methods Cardiomyocytes were exposed to 24 hours of hypoxia and four hours of reoxygenation, and pretreated with EGb761, bilobalide and quertcetin. By using immunoblot, immunofluorescent, biochemical and flow cytometry techniques, we compared the effects of EGb761 and its representative constituents including quercetin and bilobalides on regulating mitochondria-dependent caspases signal pathway and apoptotic cell death in the hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes. Results Pretreatment with EGb761 significantly inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the expression of caspase-3, cleavage activities of caspases and attenuated apoptotic cell death. The effects of quercetin on the release of cytochrome c, the cleavage activities of caspases and cell death were similar to those of EGb761 but better than those of bilobalide. Conclusion The antioxidant constituents of EGb761 such as quercetin contribute to the cardioprotective effects of EGb761 and inhibit the mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway. It is possible that the mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway may be one of the molecular targets of EGb761 against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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