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Wooldridge B, Orland C, Enbody E, Escalona M, Mirchandani C, Corbett-Detig R, Kapp JD, Fletcher N, Cox-Ammann K, Raimondi P, Shapiro B. Limited genomic signatures of population collapse in the critically endangered black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii). Mol Ecol 2024:e17362. [PMID: 38682494 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, is a large, long-lived marine mollusc that inhabits rocky intertidal habitats along the coast of California and Mexico. In 1985, populations were impacted by a bacterial disease known as withering syndrome (WS) that wiped out >90% of individuals, leading to the closure of all U.S. black abalone fisheries since 1993. Current conservation strategies include restoring diminished populations by translocating healthy individuals. However, population collapse on this scale may have dramatically lowered genetic diversity and strengthened geographic differentiation, making translocation-based recovery contentious. Additionally, the current prevalence of WS remains unknown. To address these uncertainties, we sequenced and analysed the genomes of 133 black abalone individuals from across their present range. We observed no spatial genetic structure among black abalone, with the exception of a single chromosomal inversion that increases in frequency with latitude. Outside the inversion, genetic differentiation between sites is minimal and does not scale with either geographic distance or environmental dissimilarity. Genetic diversity appears uniformly high across the range. Demographic inference does indicate a severe population bottleneck beginning just 15 generations in the past, but this decline is short lived, with present-day size far exceeding the pre-bottleneck status quo. Finally, we find the bacterial agent of WS is equally present across the sampled range, but only in 10% of individuals. The lack of population genetic structure, uniform diversity and prevalence of WS bacteria indicates that translocation could be a valid and low-risk means of population restoration for black abalone species' recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Wooldridge
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Chloé Orland
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Erik Enbody
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Merly Escalona
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Cade Mirchandani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Russell Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Joshua D Kapp
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Nathaniel Fletcher
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Karah Cox-Ammann
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Peter Raimondi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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2
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Wooldridge B, Orland C, Enbody E, Escalona M, Mirchandani C, Corbett-Detig R, Kapp JD, Fletcher N, Ammann K, Raimondi P, Shapiro B. Limited genomic signatures of population collapse in the critically endangered black abalone ( Haliotis cracherodii). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577275. [PMID: 38352393 PMCID: PMC10862700 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, is a large, long-lived marine mollusc that inhabits rocky intertidal habitats along the coast of California and Mexico. In 1985, populations were impacted by a bacterial disease known as withering syndrome (WS) that wiped out >90% of individuals, leading to the species' designation as critically endangered. Current conservation strategies include restoring diminished populations by translocating healthy individuals. However, population collapse on this scale may have dramatically lowered genetic diversity and strengthened geographic differentiation, making translocation-based recovery contentious. Additionally, the current prevalence of WS is unknown. To address these uncertainties, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 133 black abalone individuals from across their present range. We observed no spatial genetic structure among black abalone, with the exception of a single chromosomal inversion that increases in frequency with latitude. Genetic divergence between sites is minimal, and does not scale with either geographic distance or environmental dissimilarity. Genetic diversity appears uniformly high across the range. Despite this, however, demographic inference confirms a severe population bottleneck beginning around the time of WS onset, highlighting the temporal offset that may occur between a population collapse and its potential impact on genetic diversity. Finally, we find the bacterial agent of WS is equally present across the sampled range, but only in 10% of individuals. The lack of genetic structure, uniform diversity, and prevalence of WS bacteria indicates that translocation could be a valid and low-risk means of population restoration for black abalone species' recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Wooldridge
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Chloé Orland
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Erik Enbody
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Merly Escalona
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Cade Mirchandani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Russell Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Joshua D Kapp
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Nathaniel Fletcher
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Karah Ammann
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Peter Raimondi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
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3
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Lohrmann KB, Rojas R, Valdivia AL, Abarca A, René Durán L, Barría C, Oliva D. Histopathological survey of parasites harboured by the clam Tawera elliptica (Lamarck, 1818) from Chiloé Archipelago, southeastern Pacific. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 195:107847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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4
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Hofmeister E, Ruhs EC, Fortini LB, Hopkins MC, Jones L, Lafferty KD, Sleeman J, LeDee O. Future Directions to Manage Wildlife Health in a Changing Climate. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:329-334. [PMID: 35759113 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hofmeister
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
| | | | - Lucas Berio Fortini
- U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Islands Ecological Research Center, Inouye Regional Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - M Camille Hopkins
- U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20192, USA
| | - Lee Jones
- USFWS-Natural Resource Program Center, 10 E. Babcock, Rm 105, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Marine Science Institute, U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, 805, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Olivia LeDee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Climate Adaptation Science Centers, 1956 Buford Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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5
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Santibáñez P, Romalde J, Fuentes D, Figueras A, Figueroa J. Health Status of Mytilus chilensis from Intensive Culture Areas in Chile Assessed by Molecular, Microbiological, and Histological Analyses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050494. [PMID: 35631015 PMCID: PMC9145640 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shellfish farming is a relevant economic activity in Chile, where the inner sea in Chiloé island concentrates 99% of the production of the mussel Mytilus chilensis. This area is characterized by the presence of numerous human activities, which could harm the quality of seawater. Additionally, the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms can influence the health status of mussels, which must be constantly monitored. To have a clear viewpoint of the health status of M. chilensis and to study its potential as a host species for exotic diseases, microbiological, molecular, and histological analyses were performed. This study was carried out in October 2018, where M. chilensis gut were studied for: presence of food-borne bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.), exotic bacteria (“Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis”), viruses (abalone and Ostreid herpes virus), and protozoa (Marteilia spp., Perkinsus spp. and Bonamia spp.). Additionally, 18S rDNA metabarcoding and histology analyses were included to have a complete evaluation of the health status of M. chilensis. Overall, despite the presence of risk factors, abnormal mortality rates were not reported during the monitoring period and the histological examination did not reveal significant lesions. Pathogens of mandatory notification to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Chilean National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (SERNAPESCA) were not detected, which confirms that M. chilensis have a good health status, highlighting the importance of an integrated vision of different disciplines to ensure the sustainability of this important mussel industry in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Santibáñez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt 5110566, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Bío-Bío 4030000, Chile;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jesús Romalde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CRETUS & CIBUS-Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Derie Fuentes
- Bio-Computing and Applied Genetics Division, Center for Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Santiago 8580704, Chile;
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Bío-Bío 4030000, Chile;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos 5091000, Chile
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6
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Frederick AR, Heras J, Friedman CS, German DP. Withering syndrome induced gene expression changes and a de-novo transcriptome for the Pinto abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 41:100930. [PMID: 34837736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the abalone and Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (Ca. Xc) system, the Ca. Xc bacterium infects abalone digestive tissues and leads to extreme starvation and a characteristic "withering" of the gastropod foot. First identified in black abalone in California after an El Niño event, withering syndrome (WS) has caused large declines in wild black and captive white abalone on the northeastern Pacific coast, but disease resistance levels are species-, and possibly population-specific. This study compared gene expression patterns in the digestive gland of Ca. Xc-exposed and unexposed (control) Pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), a particularly susceptible species. Lab-induced Ca. Xc infections were followed over 7 months and RNAseq was used to identify differential gene expression. Exposed Pinto abalone showed distinct changes in expression of 68 genes at 3 and 7 months post-infection relative to those in control animals. Upregulation of an orexin-like receptor (which is involved in feeding signaling) and a zinc peptidase-like region (many amino peptidases are zinc peptidases) in animals infected for 7 months indicates that animals with Ca. Xc infection may be starving and upregulating processes associated with feeding and digestion. Other groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated or downregulated across control and exposed individuals over the 7-month experiment, including DEG groups that likely correspond to early disease state and to general stress response of being held in captivity. No patterns emerged in genes known to be involved in molluscan immune response, despite this being an expectation during a 7-month infection; digestion-related genes and unannotated DEGs were identified as targets for future research on potential immune response to WS in abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Frederick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Joseph Heras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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7
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Fuller AM, VanBlaricom GR, Neuman MJ, Witting DA, Friedman CS. A field sentinel study investigating withering syndrome transmission dynamics in California abalones. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 173:105540. [PMID: 34864337 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined the risk of withering syndrome (WS) rickettsia-like organism (WS-RLO) infection in sentinel red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) deployed in modules at two Southern California field sites, one adjacent to an abalone farm and one adjacent to wild abalones. WS-RLO DNA was detected in seawater near modules at the wild abalone site but not near the farm (WS-RLO DNA was detected in the farm effluent). More WS-RLO DNA was detected in tissue from abalone near the farm relative to those near wild abalones (p < 0.05). However, infection prevalence and intensity based on histology were low and similar between sites (p > 0.05) and were independent of WS-RLO DNA loads in abalone tissue and seawater. More stippled (ST)-RLO than WS-RLO were observed with more ST-RLO infections near wild abalone than near the abalone farm (p < 0.05). We demonstrate the utility of caged sentinel abalone to better understand pathogen transmission patterns in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava M Fuller
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Glenn R VanBlaricom
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; US Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melissa J Neuman
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Protected Resources Division, 501 West Ocean Blvd, Suite 4200 Long Beach, CA, 90802, USA
| | - David A Witting
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Protected Resources Division, 501 West Ocean Blvd, Suite 4200 Long Beach, CA, 90802, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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8
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Bennion M, Ross P, Howells J, McDonald IR, Lane H. Characterisation and distribution of the bacterial genus Endozoicomonas in a threatened surf clam. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 146:91-105. [PMID: 34617515 DOI: 10.3354/dao03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toheroa Paphies ventricosa is a large Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) endemic surf clam of cultural importance to many Māori, the Indigenous people of ANZ. Extensive commercial and recreational harvesting in the 20th century dramatically reduced populations, leading to the collapse and closure of the fishery. Despite being protected for >40 yr, toheroa have inexplicably failed to recover. In 2017, intracellular microcolonies (IMCs) of bacteria were detected in 'sick' toheroa in northern ANZ. Numerous mass mortality events (MMEs) have recently been recorded in ANZ shellfish, with many events linked by the presence of IMCs resembling Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs). While similar IMCs have been implicated in MMEs in surf clams elsewhere, the impact of these IMCs on the health or recovery of toheroa is unknown. A critical first step towards understanding the significance of a pathogen in a host population is pathogen identification and characterisation. To begin this process, we examined 16S rRNA gene sequences of the putative IMCs from 4 toheroa populations that showed 97% homology to Endozoicomonas spp. sequences held in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related Endozoicomonas strains from the North and South Island, ANZ, and in situ hybridization, using 16S rRNA gene probes, confirmed the presence of the sequenced IMC gene in the gill and digestive gland tissues of toheroa. Quantitative PCR revealed site-specific and seasonal abundance patterns of Endozoicomonas spp. in toheroa populations. Although implicated in disease outbreaks elsewhere, the role of Endozoicomonas spp. within the ANZ shellfish mortality landscape remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bennion
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand
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9
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Microbiota of the Digestive Gland of Red Abalone ( Haliotis rufescens) Is Affected by Withering Syndrome. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091411. [PMID: 32933183 PMCID: PMC7565822 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Withering syndrome (WS), an infectious disease caused by intracellular bacteria Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, has provoked significant economic losses in abalone aquaculture. The pathogen infects gastroenteric epithelia, including digestive gland, disrupting the digestive system and causing a progressive wilting in abalone. Nonetheless, our knowledge about WS implications in digestive gland microbiota, and its role in diseases progress remains largely unknown. This study aims to determine whether digestive gland-associated microbiota differs between healthy red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and red abalone affected with WS. Using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, our results revealed differences in microbiota between groups. Bacterial genera, including Mycoplasma, Lactobacillus, Cocleimonas and Tateyamaria were significantly more abundant in healthy abalones, whilst Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis and Marinomonas were more abundant in WS-affected abalones. Whilst Mycoplasma was the dominant genus in the healthy group, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis was dominant in the WS group. However, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis was present in two healthy specimens, and thus the Mycoplasma/Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis ratio appears to be more determinant in specimens affected with WS. Further research to elucidate the role of digestive gland microbiota ecology in WS pathogenesis is required.
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10
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Crosson LM, Lottsfeldt NS, Weavil-Abueg ME, Friedman CS. Abalone Withering Syndrome Disease Dynamics: Infectious Dose and Temporal Stability in Seawater. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:83-92. [PMID: 32339356 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic bacterial disease that affects numerous northeastern Pacific abalone Haliotis spp. The causative agent of WS is an obligate intracellular Rickettsiales-like bacterium (WS-RLO) that remains unculturable, thereby limiting our understanding of WS disease dynamics. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the temporal stability of WS-RLO DNA outside of its abalone host in 14°C and 18°C seawater, (2) develop a standardized protocol for exposing abalones to known concentrations of WS-RLO DNA, and (3) calculate the dose of WS-RLO DNA required to generate 50% infection prevalence (ID50) in the highly cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. The WS-RLO stability trials were conducted in October 2016, February 2017, and June 2017. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to quantify bacterial DNA for 7 d in seawater collected at an abalone farm in southern California, where the pathogen is now endemic. For all trials and temperature treatments, WS-RLO DNA was unstable in seawater for longer than 2 d. To determine an ID50, groups of uninfected juvenile red abalone were subjected to 3-h bath exposures with four concentrations of WS-RLO at 0, 103 , 104 , and 105 DNA copies/mL. Abalone feces were tested biweekly for the presence of WS-RLO DNA, and abalone tissues were sampled 9 weeks postinfection for histological and qPCR analyses. The ID50 results indicated that our protocol was successful in generating WS-RLO infections; a pathogen dose of 2.3 × 103 DNA copies/mL was required to generate a 50% infection prevalence in red abalone tissue. These findings are critical components of disease dynamics that will help assess WS transmission risk within and among abalone populations and facilitate appropriate management and restoration strategies for both wild and cultured abalone species in WS-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Crosson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Nina S Lottsfeldt
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Mariah E Weavil-Abueg
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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11
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Modeo L, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Castelli M, Szokoli F, Krenek S, Serra V, Sabaneyeva E, Di Giuseppe G, Fokin SI, Verni F, Petroni G. "Candidatus Trichorickettsia mobilis", a Rickettsiales bacterium, can be transiently transferred from the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium to the planarian Dugesia japonica. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8977. [PMID: 32351785 PMCID: PMC7183750 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the microorganisms responsible for vector-borne diseases (VBD) have hematophagous arthropods as vector/reservoir. Recently, many new species of microorganisms phylogenetically related to agents of VBD were found in a variety of aquatic eukaryotic hosts; in particular, numerous new bacterial species related to the genus Rickettsia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) were discovered in protist ciliates and other unicellular eukaryotes. Although their pathogenicity for humans and terrestrial animals is not known, several indirect indications exist that these bacteria might act as etiological agents of possible VBD of aquatic organisms, with protists as vectors. In the present study, a novel strain of the Rickettsia-Like Organism (RLO) endosymbiont "Candidatus (Ca.) Trichorickettsia mobilis" was identified in the macronucleus of the ciliate Paramecium multimicronucleatum. We performed transfection experiments of this RLO to planarians (Dugesia japonica) per os. Indeed, the latter is a widely used model system for studying bacteria pathogenic to humans and other Metazoa. In transfection experiments, homogenized paramecia were added to food of antibiotic-treated planarians. Treated and non-treated (i.e. control) planarians were investigated at day 1, 3, and 7 after feeding for endosymbiont presence by means of PCR and ultrastructural analyses. Obtained results were fully concordant and suggest that this RLO endosymbiont can be transiently transferred from ciliates to metazoans, being detected up to day 7 in treated planarians' enterocytes. Our findings might offer insights into the potential role of ciliates or other protists as putative vectors for diseases caused by Rickettsiales or other RLOs and occurring in fish farms or in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Modeo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Castelli
- Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franziska Szokoli
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sascha Krenek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Sabaneyeva
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Sergei I Fokin
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Franco Verni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CIME, Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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A novel Asfarvirus-like virus identified as a potential cause of mass mortality of abalone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4620. [PMID: 32165658 PMCID: PMC7067878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Asfarvirus-like virus is proposed as the etiological agent responsible for mass mortality in abalone. The disease, called abalone amyotrophia, originally was recognized in the 1980s, but efforts to identify a causative agent were unsuccessful. We prepared a semi-purified fraction by nuclease treatment and ultracentrifugation of diseased abalone homogenate, and the existence of the etiological agent in the fraction was confirmed by a challenge test. Using next-generation sequencing and PCR-based epidemiological surveys, we obtained a partial sequence with similarity to a member of the family Asfarviridae. BLASTP analysis of the predicted proteins against a virus database resulted in 48 proteins encoded by the novel virus with top hits against proteins encoded by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Phylogenetic analyses of predicted proteins of the novel virus confirmed that ASFV represents the closest relative. Comparative genomic analysis revealed gene-order conservation between the novel virus and ASFV. In situ hybridization targeting the gene encoding the major capsid protein of the novel virus detected positive signals only in tissue from diseased abalone. The results of this study suggest that the putative causative agent should be considered a tentative new member of the family Asfarviridae, which we provisionally designate abalone asfa-like virus (AbALV).
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13
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Der Sarkissian C, Möller P, Hofman CA, Ilsøe P, Rick TC, Schiøtte T, Sørensen MV, Dalén L, Orlando L. Unveiling the Ecological Applications of Ancient DNA From Mollusk Shells. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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14
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Tinelli A, Santacroce MP, Passantino G, Patruno R, Desantis S, Leone R, Gorgoni P, Zizzo N. Histological features of Rickettsia-like organisms in the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:882-889. [PMID: 31820245 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) represents an economically important oyster production in Southern Italy, widespread in natural beds along the coast. The practice to be eaten raw is an everlasting concern for possible health risk with a need to stringently monitor the health of aquatic environment. A screening survey using histopathological examination was undertaken by harvesting O. edulis from different sites along the Apulian coast of Italy. Tissue samples of the digestive gland, kidney, gonad, and gill were provided for morphologic study in light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The LM observations revealed spherical cytoplasmic inclusions as basophilic prokaryote colonies in 13/250 oysters. The TEM and SEM confirmed the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions of Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), merely in the epithelial cells of the digestive gland tubule tissues in the 13 oysters. Within intracytoplasmic vacuoles, RLOs exhibited a prokaryotic characteristic ultrastructure with transverse binary fission, a DNA zone full of chromatin fibers and a granular periplasmic ribosome zone. O. edulis were found positive for RLOs in wild oysters from Manfredonia, while the other sites were found free of pathological inclusions. Thus, we present the first report of a Rickettsia-like infection in the Apulian wild oyster (O. edulis) from Italy, including an ultrastructural description and pathological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Santacroce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Unit of Animal Health, ASL BAT, Corso Imbriani, 113, Trani, Italy
| | - Salvatore Desantis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants (DETO), Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Leone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Gorgoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology and Comparative Oncology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
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15
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Tracy AM, Pielmeier ML, Yoshioka RM, Heron SF, Harvell CD. Increases and decreases in marine disease reports in an era of global change. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191718. [PMID: 31594507 PMCID: PMC6790777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of marine infectious diseases have caused widespread mass mortalities, but the lack of baseline data has precluded evaluating whether disease is increasing or decreasing in the ocean. We use an established literature proxy method from Ward and Lafferty (Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS Biology2, e120 (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020120)) to analyse a 44-year global record of normalized disease reports from 1970 to 2013. Major marine hosts are combined into nine taxonomic groups, from seagrasses to marine mammals, to assess disease swings, defined as positive or negative multi-decadal shifts in disease reports across related hosts. Normalized disease reports increased significantly between 1970 and 2013 in corals and urchins, indicating positive disease swings in these environmentally sensitive ectotherms. Coral disease reports in the Caribbean correlated with increasing temperature anomalies, supporting the hypothesis that warming oceans drive infectious coral diseases. Meanwhile, disease risk may also decrease in a changing ocean. Disease reports decreased significantly in fishes and elasmobranchs, which have experienced steep human-induced population declines and diminishing population density that, while concerning, may reduce disease. The increases and decreases in disease reports across the 44-year record transcend short-term fluctuations and regional variation. Our results show that long-term changes in disease reports coincide with recent decades of widespread environmental change in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Tracy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Madeline L. Pielmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Reyn M. Yoshioka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Scott F. Heron
- Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - C. Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Carella F, Carrasco N, De Vico G. Baseline pathological data of the wedge clam Donax trunculus from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Basin). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:107-118. [PMID: 31019135 DOI: 10.3354/dao03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a collapse in Donax trunculus fishing yields has occurred in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Basin). There is little information available on the impact disease may have had on D. trunculus populations. For the first time, a pathological survey was performed on the natural beds of the bivalve on the Campania and Lazio coasts, western Italy. Detected pathogens and related diseases were analysed, and their prevalence and mean intensity values were calculated. Viral particles, Chlamydia-like organisms, ciliates, coccidians, microcells and trematodes were observed. An unknown ciliate was linked to severe inflammatory and necrotic lesions in the digestive gland. Metacercariae of the trematode Postmonorchis sp. were also strongly represented in almost all samples, reaching high levels of infection; however, none of the pathogens described required the World Organisation for Animal Health to be notified. Initial results indicated that further surveys related to environmental data are necessary in order to assess the relevance of these early observations in managing the declining D. trunculus population in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
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17
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Cicala F, Cisterna-Céliz JA, Moore JD, Rocha-Olivares A. Structure, dynamics and predicted functional role of the gut microbiota of the blue ( Haliotis fulgens) and yellow ( H. corrugata) abalone from Baja California Sur, Mexico. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5830. [PMID: 30405968 PMCID: PMC6216945 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The GI microbiota of abalone contains a highly complex bacterial assemblage playing an essential role in the overall health of these gastropods. The gut bacterial communities of abalone species characterized so far reveal considerable interspecific variability, likely resulting from bacterial interactions and constrained by the ecology of their abalone host species; however, they remain poorly investigated. Additionally, the extent to which structural changes in the microbiota entail functional shifts in metabolic pathways of bacterial communities remains unexplored. In order to address these questions, we characterized the gut microbiota of the northeast Pacific blue (Haliotis fulgens or HF) and yellow (Haliotis corrugata or HC) abalone by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to shed light on: (i) their gut microbiota structure; (ii) how bacteria may interact among them; and (iii) predicted shifts in bacterial metabolic functions associated with the observed structural changes. Our findings revealed that Mycoplasma dominated the GI microbiome in both species. However, the structure of the bacterial communities differed significantly in spite of considerable intraspecific variation. This resulted from changes in predominant species composition in each GI microbiota, suggesting host-specific adaptation of bacterial lineages to these sympatric abalone. We hypothesize that the presence of exclusive OTUs in each microbiota may relate to host-specific differences in competitive pressure. Significant differences in bacterial diversity were found between species for the explored metabolic pathways despite their functional overlap. A more diverse array of bacteria contributed to each function in HC, whereas a single or much fewer OTUs were generally observed in HF. The structural and functional analyses allowed us to describe a significant taxonomic split and functional overlap between the microbiota of HF and HC abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicala
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - James D Moore
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, United States of America
| | - Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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18
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Vater A, Byrne BA, Marshman BC, Ashlock LW, Moore JD. Differing responses of red abalone ( Haliotis rufescens) and white abalone ( H. sorenseni) to infection with phage-associated Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5104. [PMID: 29967748 PMCID: PMC6022723 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rickettsiales-like prokaryote and causative agent of Withering Syndrome (WS)-Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (Ca. Xc)-decimated black abalone populations along the Pacific coast of North America. White abalone-Haliotis sorenseni-are also susceptible to WS and have become nearly extinct in the wild due to overfishing in the 1970s. Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis proliferates within epithelial cells of the abalone gastrointestinal tract and causes clinical signs of starvation. In 2012, evidence of a putative bacteriophage associated with Ca. Xc in red abalone-Haliotis rufescens-was described. Recently, histologic examination of animals with Ca. Xc infection in California abalone populations universally appear to have the phage-containing inclusions. In this study, we investigated the current virulence of Ca. Xc in red abalone and white abalone at different environmental temperatures. Using a comparative experimental design, we observed differences over time between the two abalone species in mortality, body condition, and bacterial load by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). By day 251, all white abalone exposed to the current variant of Ca. Xc held in the warm water (18.5 °C) treatment died, while red abalone exposed to the same conditions had a mortality rate of only 10%, despite a relatively heavy bacterial burden as determined by qPCR of posterior esophagus tissue and histological assessment at the termination of the experiment. These data support the current status of Ca. Xc as less virulent in red abalone, and may provide correlative evidence of a protective phage interaction. However, white abalone appear to remain highly susceptible to this disease. These findings have important implications for implementation of a white abalone recovery program, particularly with respect to the thermal regimes of locations where captively-reared individuals will be outplanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vater
- Integrative Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America
| | - Blythe C. Marshman
- Shellfish Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Bay, United States of America
| | - Lauren W. Ashlock
- Shellfish Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Bay, United States of America
| | - James D. Moore
- Shellfish Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Bay, United States of America
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States of America
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19
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Cicala F, Moore JD, Cáceres-Martínez J, Del Río-Portilla MA, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Vásquez-Yeomans R, Rocha-Olivares A. Monomorphic pathogens: The case of Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis from abalone in California, USA and Baja California, Mexico. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 154:19-23. [PMID: 29577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic wasting disease affecting abalone species attributed to the pathogen Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (CXc). Wild populations of blue (Haliotis fulgens) and yellow (H. corrugata) abalone have experienced unusual mortality rates since 2009 off the peninsula of Baja California and WS has been hypothesized as a possible cause. Currently, little information is available about the genetic diversity of CXc and particularly the possible existence of strains differing in pathogenicity. In a recent phylogenetic analysis, we characterized five coding genes from this rickettsial pathogen. Here, we analyze those genes and two additional intergenic non-coding regions following multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and multi-spacer typing (MST) approaches to assess the genetic variability of CXc and its relationship with blue, yellow and red (H. rufescens) abalone. Moreover, we used 16S rRNA pyrosequencing reads from gut microbiomes of blue and yellow abalone to complete the genetic characterization of this prokaryote. The presence of CXc was investigated in more than 150 abalone of the three species; furthermore, a total of 385 DNA sequences and 7117 16S rRNA reads from Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis were used to evaluate its population genetic structure. Our findings suggest the absence of polymorphism in the DNA sequences of analyzed loci and the presence of a single lineage of CXc infecting abalone from California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico). We posit that the absence of genetic variably in this marine rickettsia may be the result of evolutionary and ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicala
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - James D Moore
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Cáceres-Martínez
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Del Río-Portilla
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Mónica Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Vásquez-Yeomans
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 3918, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
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20
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Winkler FM, García R, Valdivia MV, Lohrmann KB. Assessment of oxytetracycline baths as therapeutic treatment for the control of the agent of withering syndrome (WS) in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:109-116. [PMID: 29501500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Withering Syndrome (WS) is a lethal disease that affects abalone species in both wild and farmed populations. This infection, caused by the rickettsial-like intracellular organism (RLO) Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, can severely impair the normal development of affected animals, and ultimately, their survival. The most common line of action against the WS has been the use of antibiotics, specifically oxytetracycline (OTC), administered via intramuscular injection and per os via medicated feed. In the present study, we have assessed the effectiveness of OTC baths as therapeutic treatment for the control of the WS agent in H. rufescens. Clinical signs of infection were monitored for 11 months in treated juveniles, in addition to feed consumption rate, growth patterns and gonad development. Abalones were asymptomatic until the end of the experiment, when a small number of non-treated animals exhibited clinical signs of infection. Gonad maturity was not observed. OTC treated animals grew significantly less than their non-treated counterparts, being 4.3% shorter and 13.6% lighter at the end of the experiment. They also displayed negative allometry, i.e. for the same shell length, they were lighter than non-treated groups. Furthermore, the weight of muscle and soft tissues in OTC treated animals was lighter than in the other groups, while no differences were found in shell weight. The feed consumption rate was the same for all groups, thus the observed growth patterns cannot be attributed to a decreased feed intake. One possible explanation is that antibiotic treatment may have impacted gut microflora, thus preventing efficient nutrient digestion and absorption and, indirectly, reducing growth. Prevalence of RLOs causing WS (WS-RLO) and the variant form (RLOv), infected with a bacteriophague and non virulent, were significantly lower in the OTC-treated group than in the other groups. Similar results were observed for the mean intensity of RLOv, while for WS-RLO, the intensity in the OTC-treated group was higher, although not statistically significant, than the rest of the groups. These observations may be the consequence of an increased bacterial sensitivity to OTC effects associated with the phage infection or faster reproduction of WS-RLOs than RLOv after OTC treatment. Our results let us infer that the prophylactic use of OTC in abalone to avoid the negative effects of WS on abalone farms could have an undesired negative effect on the biological control exerted by the phage on the bacteria after OTC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Winkler
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Ricardo García
- Magister en Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Vicenta Valdivia
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Karin B Lohrmann
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
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21
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Crosson LM, Friedman CS. Withering syndrome susceptibility of northeastern Pacific abalones: A complex relationship with phylogeny and thermal experience. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 151:91-101. [PMID: 29179952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Population declines in wild and cultured abalones (Haliotis spp.) due to a bacterial disease called withering syndrome (WS) have been documented along the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, observed differences in species susceptibility to the disease are not well understood. Here, we examined the susceptibility of three temperate abalone species, the cool water (4-14 °C) pinto or northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), the intermediate water (8-18 °C) red abalone (H. rufescens), and the warm water (12-23 °C) pink abalone (H. corrugata), to experimental WS infection at temperatures facilitating disease proliferation. Mortality data paired with histological and molecular detection of the WS pathogen confirmed that these abalone species exhibit different levels of susceptibility to infection and resistance to WS development ranging from high susceptibility and low resistance in pinto abalone to moderate/low susceptibility and resistance in red and pink abalones. The temperature associated with WS induced mortalities also varied among species: pinto abalone died at the lowest experimental temperature (17.32 ± 0.09 °C), while red abalone died at an intermediate temperature (17.96 ± 0.16 °C), and pink abalone required the highest temperature (18.84 ± 0.16 °C). When data from the current and previous studies were examined, susceptibility to WS was inversely related to phylogenetic distance from white abalone (H. sorenseni), which had the highest susceptibility and lowest resistance of all abalone species tested prior to the current study. These results provide further evidence that an abalone's thermal optima and phylogenetic relationship can determine its susceptibility to WS; species with cool water evolutionary histories are most susceptible to WS and the most susceptible species appear to be closely related. Differences among the thermal ranges of abalone species have broad implications for WS disease dynamics and highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms governing the abalone-WS relationship in order to properly manage declining abalone populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Crosson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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Brokordt K, González R, Farías W, Winkler FE, Lohrmann KB. First insight into the heritable variation of the resistance to infection with the bacteria causing the withering syndrome disease in Haliotis rufescens abalone. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:15-20. [PMID: 28870439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Withering syndrome disease has experienced worldwide spread in the last decade. This fatal disease for abalone is produced by a rickettsia-like organism (WS-RLO), the bacterium "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis". To evaluate the potential of the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) to improve its resistance to infection by WS-RLO, the additive genetic component in the variation of this trait was estimated. For this, the variation in infection intensity with WS-RLOs and WS-RLOv (phage-infected RLOs) was analyzed in 56 families of full-sibs maintained for three years in a host-parasite cohabitation aquaculture system. A WS-RLO prevalence of 65% was observed in the analysed population; and from the total WS-RLO inclusions 60% were hyperparasited with the phage (WS-RLOv). The decrease in the food ingestion rate was the sole negative effect associated with increasing WS-RLO intensity of infection, suggesting that the high level of WS-RLOv load may have diminished the symptoms of WS disease in the analyzed abalones. The estimated heritabilities were moderate to mid, but significant, varying from 0.21 to 0.23 and 0.36 for WS-RLO and WS-RLOv infections, respectively. This suggests that variation in resistance to infection with WS-RLO may respond to selection in the evaluated red abalone population. Estimated response to selection (G) for the level of infection by WS-RLO indicated that if the 10% of red abalone with the lowest infection level is selected as broodstock, a 90% reduction in the intensity of infection in the progeny can be expected, even with the lowest estimation of heritability (h2=0.21). This strong response would be also due to the large phenotypic variance of this trait. Strong positive correlations, both phenotypic and genotypic, were observed between infection intensities with WS-RLO and WS-RLOv, indicating that selection to increase resistance to one of the types of RLOs will affect resistance in the other in the same direction. This is the first study that demonstrates the existence of additive genetic variation for resistance to WS-RLO in abalone. Consequently, it is possible to increase the resistance to WS-RLO in H. rufescens by selective breeding, which can be an economically attractive and environmentally friendly manner to reduce mortalities and growth effects caused by WS in abalone farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) & Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Roxana González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) & Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; Programa de Magister en Ciencia del Mar mención Recursos Costeros, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - William Farías
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) & Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; Programa de Magister en Ciencia del Mar mención Recursos Costeros, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Federico E Winkler
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) & Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Karin B Lohrmann
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile.
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Carballal MJ, Iglesias D, Darriba S, Cao A, Mariño JC, Ramilo A, No E, Villalba A. Parasites, pathological conditions and resistance to Marteilia cochillia in lagoon cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from Galicia (NW Spain). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 122:137-152. [PMID: 28000604 DOI: 10.3354/dao03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A histopathological survey revealed parasites and pathological conditions affecting lagoon cockles Cerastoderma glaucum along the Galician coast; serious pathological threats were not detected because the potentially pathogenic conditions (infections with a Marteilia-like parasite and bucephalid sporocysts, disseminated neoplasia and a condition involving large foci of heavy haemocytic reaction) were rare, while more prevalent parasites had negligible or limited pathogeny. Considering that C. edule and C. glaucum are sympatric in some Galician rias, it is remarkable that C. glaucum was not seriously affected by Marteilia cochillia while C. edule suffered an intense outbreak of this parasite associated with massive mortality. Comparison of the digestive gland between cockle species showed co-occurrence of digestive tubules in different phases, with abundant disintegrated tubules, in the case of C. glaucum, while C. edule showed synchronicity and absence of fully disintegrated tubules; these differences could influence their susceptibility to M. cochillia because the main location of this parasite in common cockles is the epithelia of the digestive gland. Moreover, the observation of histological sections through the digestive gland easily allows differentiating the 2 cockle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Carballal
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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24
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Cicala F, Moore JD, Cáceres-Martínez J, Del Río-Portilla MA, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Vásquez-Yeomans R, Rocha-Olivares A. Multigenetic characterization of 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 67:42-49. [PMID: 27902186 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis' (or Ca.Xc) is the aetiological agent of withering syndrome, a chronic wasting disease affecting most if not all North American species of abalone, and has been described as a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote. Genetic data regarding this species are limited to the 16S rRNA gene. The inability to grow it axenically has hindered its genetic and genomic characterization and, in consequence, a thorough analysis of its systematics. Here, we amplified and sequenced five genes (16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, ftsZ, virD4 and virB11) of Ca.Xc from infected abalone to analyse its phylogenetic position. Phylogenies from concatenated DNA and amino acid sequences with representative genera of most Rickettsiales unequivocally place Ca.Xc in the family Anaplasmataceae. Furthermore, the family has two reciprocally monophyletic lineages: one leading to (Neorickettsia, Ca.Xc) and the other to ((Ehrlichia, Anaplasma), Wolbachia)). A molecular-clock Bayesian reconstruction places Ca.Xc as the most basal lineage in Anaplasmataceae. These phylogenetic hypotheses shed light on patterns of host evolution and of ecological transitions. Specifically, Neorickettsia and Ca.Xc inhabit aquatic hosts whereas the remaining Anaplasmataceae are found in terrestrial hosts. Additionally, our evolutionary timeline places the directly transmitted marine Ca.Xc as the basal Anaplasmataceae, ancestral to both freshwater and terrestrial species with adaptations leading to more complex life cycles involving intermediate vectors or reservoir species; this supports the hypothesis of a marine origin for this bacterial family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicala
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - James D Moore
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Cáceres-Martínez
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Del Río-Portilla
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Mónica Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Vásquez-Yeomans
- Department of Aquaculture, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Oceanography, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada Baja California 22860, Mexico
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25
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Cruz-Flores R, Cáceres-Martínez J, Muñoz-Flores M, Vásquez-Yeomans R, Hernández Rodriguez M, Ángel Del Río-Portilla M, Rocha-Olivares A, Castro-Longoria E. Hyperparasitism by the bacteriophage ( Caudovirales ) infecting Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) parasite of wild abalone Haliotis fulgens and Haliotis corrugata from the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 140:58-67. [PMID: 27623402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Draft Genome Sequences of Shewanella sp. Strain UCD-FRSP16_17 and Nine Vibrio Strains Isolated from Abalone Feces. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e00977-16. [PMID: 27635000 PMCID: PMC5026440 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00977-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present here the draft genome sequences for nine strains of Vibrio (V. cyclitrophicus, V. splendidus, V. tasmaniensis, and three unidentified) and one Shewanella strain. Strains were isolated from red (Haliotis rufescens) and white (Haliotis sorenseni) abalone, with and without exposure to “Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis,” the causative agent of abalone withering syndrome.
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27
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Concentration and retention of Toxoplasma gondii surrogates from seawater by red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). Parasitology 2016; 143:1703-1712. [PMID: 27573192 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small marine snails and abalone have been identified as high- and low-risk prey items, respectively, for exposure of threatened southern sea otters to Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in animals and humans. While recent work has characterized snails as paratenic hosts for T. gondii, the ability of abalone to vector the parasite has not been evaluated. To further elucidate why abalone predation may be protective against T. gondii exposure, this study aimed to determine whether: (1) abalone are physiologically capable of acquiring T. gondii; and (2) abalone and snails differ in their ability to concentrate and retain the parasite. Abalone were exposed to T. gondii surrogate microspheres for 24 h, and fecal samples were examined for 2 weeks following exposure. Concentration of surrogates was 2-3 orders of magnitude greater in abalone feces than in the spiked seawater, and excretion of surrogates continued for 14 days post-exposure. These results indicate that, physiologically, abalone and snails can equally vector T. gondii as paratenic hosts. Reduced risk of T. gondii infection in abalone-specializing otters may therefore result from abalone's high nutritional value, which implies otters must consume fewer animals to meet their caloric needs.
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28
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Ben-Horin T, Lafferty KD, Bidegain G, Lenihan HS. Fishing diseased abalone to promote yield and conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150211. [PMID: 26880843 PMCID: PMC4760141 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Past theoretical models suggest fishing disease-impacted stocks can reduce parasite transmission, but this is a good management strategy only when the exploitation required to reduce transmission does not overfish the stock. We applied this concept to a red abalone fishery so impacted by an infectious disease (withering syndrome) that stock densities plummeted and managers closed the fishery. In addition to the non-selective fishing strategy considered by past disease-fishing models, we modelled targeting (culling) infected individuals, which is plausible in red abalone because modern diagnostic tools can determine infection without harming landed abalone and the diagnostic cost is minor relative to the catch value. The non-selective abalone fishing required to eradicate parasites exceeded thresholds for abalone sustainability, but targeting infected abalone allowed the fishery to generate yield and reduce parasite prevalence while maintaining stock densities at or above the densities attainable if the population was closed to fishing. The effect was strong enough that stock and yield increased even when the catch was one-third uninfected abalone. These results could apply to other fisheries as the diagnostic costs decline relative to catch value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ben-Horin
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Gorka Bidegain
- Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Hunter S Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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29
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Burge CA, Friedman CS, Getchell R, House M, Lafferty KD, Mydlarz LD, Prager KC, Sutherland KP, Renault T, Kiryu I, Vega-Thurber R. Complementary approaches to diagnosing marine diseases: a union of the modern and the classic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150207. [PMID: 26880839 PMCID: PMC4760137 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking marine epizootics to a specific aetiology is notoriously difficult. Recent diagnostic successes show that marine disease diagnosis requires both modern, cutting-edge technology (e.g. metagenomics, quantitative real-time PCR) and more classic methods (e.g. transect surveys, histopathology and cell culture). Here, we discuss how this combination of traditional and modern approaches is necessary for rapid and accurate identification of marine diseases, and emphasize how sole reliance on any one technology or technique may lead disease investigations astray. We present diagnostic approaches at different scales, from the macro (environment, community, population and organismal scales) to the micro (tissue, organ, cell and genomic scales). We use disease case studies from a broad range of taxa to illustrate diagnostic successes from combining traditional and modern diagnostic methods. Finally, we recognize the need for increased capacity of centralized databases, networks, data repositories and contingency plans for diagnosis and management of marine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rodman Getchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, C4-177 Vet Med Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcia House
- Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 6730 Martin Way East, Olympia, WA 98516, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, 501 South Nedderman, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Katherine C Prager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Ikunari Kiryu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Mie 516-0193, Japan
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30
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Brokordt KB, González RC, Farías WJ, Winkler FM. Potential Response to Selection of HSP70 as a Component of Innate Immunity in the Abalone Haliotis rufescens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141959. [PMID: 26529324 PMCID: PMC4631488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing components of the immune system may reflect disease resistance. In some invertebrates, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are immune effectors and have been described as potent activators of the innate immune response. Several diseases have become a threat to abalone farming worldwide; therefore, increasing disease resistance is considered to be a long-term goal for breeding programs. A trait will respond to selection only if it is determined partially by additive genetic variation. The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability (h2) and the additive genetic coefficient of variation (CVA) of HSP70 as a component of innate immunity of the abalone Haliotis rufescens, in order to assess its potential response to selection. These genetic components were estimated for the variations in the intracellular (in haemocytes) and extracellular (serum) protein levels of HSP70 in response to an immunostimulant agent in 60 full-sib families of H. rufescens. Levels of HSP70 were measured twice in the same individuals, first when they were young and again when they were pre-harvest adults, to estimate the repeatability (R), the h2 and the potential response to selection of these traits at these life stages. High HSP70 levels were observed in abalones subjected to immunostimulation in both the intracellular and extracellular haemolymph fractions. This is the first time that changes in serum levels of HSP70 have been reported in response to an immune challenge in molluscs. HSP70 levels in both fractions and at both ages showed low h2 and R, with values that were not significantly different from zero. However, HSP70 induced levels had a CVA of 13.3–16.2% in young adults and of 2.7–8.1% in pre-harvest adults. Thus, despite its low h2, HSP70 synthesis in response to an immune challenge in red abalone has the potential to evolve through selection because of its large phenotypic variation and the presence of additive genetic variance, especially in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina B. Brokordt
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Roxana C. González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - William J. Farías
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Federico M. Winkler
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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31
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Travers MA, Boettcher Miller K, Roque A, Friedman CS. Bacterial diseases in marine bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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A novel method for separation of Rickettsiales-like organism “Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis” from host abalone tissue. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 115:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Groner M, Breyta R, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland F, Maynard J, Weil E, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Harvell D. Emergency response for marine diseases. Science 2015; 347:1210. [DOI: 10.1126/science.347.6227.1210-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Groner
- Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Rachel Breyta
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andy Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carolyn S. Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett Froelich
- Department of Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa Garren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Maynard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
| | | | - Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Lafferty KD, Harvell CD, Conrad JM, Friedman CS, Kent ML, Kuris AM, Powell EN, Rondeau D, Saksida SM. Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2015; 7:471-96. [PMID: 25251276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is a growing part of the economy, but its economic value is diminished by marine diseases. Infectious diseases are common in the ocean, and here we tabulate 67 examples that can reduce commercial species' growth and survivorship or decrease seafood quality. These impacts seem most problematic in the stressful and crowded conditions of aquaculture, which increasingly dominates seafood production as wild fishery production plateaus. For instance, marine diseases of farmed oysters, shrimp, abalone, and various fishes, particularly Atlantic salmon, cost billions of dollars each year. In comparison, it is often difficult to accurately estimate disease impacts on wild populations, especially those of pelagic and subtidal species. Farmed species often receive infectious diseases from wild species and can, in turn, export infectious agents to wild species. However, the impact of disease export on wild fisheries is controversial because there are few quantitative data demonstrating that wild species near farms suffer more from infectious diseases than those in other areas. The movement of exotic infectious agents to new areas continues to be the greatest concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; *
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35
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Friedman CS, Wight N, Crosson LM, Vanblaricom GR, Lafferty KD. Reduced disease in black abalone following mass mortality: phage therapy and natural selection. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:78. [PMID: 24672512 PMCID: PMC3957727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, populations along the NE Pacific ocean have declined due to the rickettsial disease withering syndrome (WS). Natural recovery on San Nicolas Island (SNI) of Southern California suggested the development of resistance in island populations. Experimental challenges in one treatment demonstrated that progeny of disease-selected black abalone from SNI survived better than did those from naïve black abalone from Carmel Point in mainland coastal central California. Unexpectedly, the presence of a newly observed bacteriophage infecting the WS rickettsia (WS-RLO) had strong effects on the survival of infected abalone. Specifically, presence of phage-infected RLO (RLOv) reduced the host response to infection, RLO infection loads, and associated mortality. These data suggest that the black abalone: WS-RLO relationship is evolving through dual host mechanisms of resistance to RLO infection in the digestive gland via tolerance to infection in the primary target tissue (the post-esophagus) coupled with reduced pathogenicity of the WS-RLO by phage infection, which effectively reduces the infection load in the primary target tissue by half. Sea surface temperature patterns off southern California, associated with a recent hiatus in global-scale ocean warming, do not appear to be a sufficient explanation for survival patterns in SNI black abalone. These data highlight the potential for natural recovery of abalone populations over time and that further understanding of mechanisms governing host–parasite relationships will better enable us to manage declining populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Wight
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M Crosson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Glenn R Vanblaricom
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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