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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout D, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Smith CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Arzul I, Dharmaveer S, Olesen NJ, Schiøtt M, Sindre H, Stone D, Vendramin N, Aires M, Asensio IA, Antoniou S, Barizzone F, Dhollander S, Gnocchi M, Karagianni AE, Kero LL, Munoz Guajardo IP, Rusina A, Roberts H. Species which may act as vectors or reservoirs of diseases covered by the Animal Health Law: Listed pathogens of fish. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08174. [PMID: 37533750 PMCID: PMC10392593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector or reservoir species of five fish diseases listed in the Animal Health Law were identified, based on evidence generated through an extensive literature review (ELR), to support a possible updating of Regulation (EU) 2018/1882. Fish species on or in which highly polymorphic region-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus (HPR∆ ISAV), Koi herpes virus (KHV), epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) were detected, in the field or during experiments, were classified as reservoir species with different levels of certainty depending on the diagnostic tests used. Where experimental evidence indicated transmission of the pathogen from a studied species to another known susceptible species, the studied species was classified as a vector species. Although the quantification of the risk of spread of the pathogens by the vectors or reservoir species was not part of the terms or reference, such risks do exist for the vector species, since transmission from infected vector species to susceptible species was proven. Where evidence for transmission from infected fish was not found, these were defined as reservoirs. Nonetheless, the risk of the spread of the pathogens from infected reservoir species cannot be excluded. Evidence identifying conditions that may prevent transmission by vectors or reservoir fish species during transport was collected from scientific literature. For VHSV, IHNV or HPR∆ ISAV, it was concluded that under transport conditions at temperatures below 25°C, it is likely (66-90%) they will remain infective. Therefore, vector or reservoir species that may have been exposed to these pathogens in an affected area in the wild, aquaculture establishments or through water supply can possibly transmit VHSV, IHNV or HPR∆ ISAV into a non-affected area when transported at a temperature below 25°C. The conclusion was the same for EHN and KHV; however, they are likely to remain infective under all transport temperatures.
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In Vitro Viral Recovery Yields under Different Re-Suspension Buffers in Iron Flocculation to Concentrate Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype IVa in Seawater. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050943. [PMID: 36899800 PMCID: PMC10000095 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron flocculation is widely used to concentrate viruses in water, followed by Fe-virus flocculate formation, collection, and elution. In the elution stage, an oxalic or ascorbic acid re-suspension buffer dissolved iron hydroxide. After the concentration of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in seawater (1 × 101 to 1 × 105 viral genome copies or plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL), the recovery yield of the viral genome using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and viral infectivity using the plaque assay were investigated to evaluate the validity of the two re-suspension buffers to concentrate VHSV. The mean viral genome recovery yield with oxalic and ascorbic acid was 71.2 ± 12.3% and 81.4 ± 9.5%, respectively. The mean viral infective recovery yields based on the PFU were significantly different between the two buffers at 23.8 ± 22.7% (oxalic acid) and 4.4 ± 2.7% (ascorbic acid). Notably, although oxalic acid maintains viral infectivity over 60% at a viral concentration above 105 PFU/mL, the infective VHSVs were not sufficiently recovered at a low viral concentration (102 PFU/mL, <10%). To support this result, concentrated VHSV was inoculated in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells to confirm cell viability, viral gene expression, and extracellular viral titer. All results demonstrated that oxalic acid buffer was superior to ascorbic acid buffer in preserving viral infectivity.
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Macêdo RL, Franco ACS, Kozlowsky-Suzuki B, Mammola S, Dalu T, Rocha O. The global social-economic dimension of biological invasions by plankton: Grossly underestimated costs but a rising concern for water quality benefits? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118918. [PMID: 35932706 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Planktonic invasive species cause adverse effects on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, these impacts are often underestimated because of unresolved taxonomic issues and limited biogeographic knowledge. Thus, it is pivotal to start a rigorous quantification of impacts undertaken by planktonic invasive species on global economies. We used the InvaCost database, the most up-to-date database of economic cost estimates of biological invasions worldwide, to produce the first critical assessment of the economic dimension of biological invasions caused by planktonic taxa. We found that in period spanning from 1960 to 2021, the cumulative global cost of plankton invasions was US$ 5.8 billion for permanent plankton (holoplankton) of which viruses encompassed nearly 93%. Apart from viruses, we found more costs related to zooplankton (US$ 297 million) than to the other groups summed, including myco- (US$ 73 million), phyto- (43 million), and bacterioplankton (US$ 0.7 million). Strikingly, harmful and potentially toxic cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates are completely absent from the database. Furthermore, the data base showed a decrease in costs over time, which is probably an artifact as a sharp rise of novel planktonic alien species has gained international attention. Also, assessments of the costs of larval meroplanktonic stages of littoral and benthic invasive invertebrates are lacking whereas cumulative global cost of their adults stages is high up to US$ 98 billion billion and increasing. Considering the challenges and perspectives of increasing but unnoticed or neglected impacts by plankton invasions, the assessment of their ecological and economic impacts should be of high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil; Graduate Program in Conservation and Ecotourism, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neotropical Limnology Group (NEL), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Av. Pasteur, 458, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Ana Clara S Franco
- Graduate Course in Neotropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, 458, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Betina Kozlowsky-Suzuki
- Graduate Program in Conservation and Ecotourism, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neotropical Limnology Group (NEL), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Av. Pasteur, 458, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil; Graduate Course in Neotropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, 458, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRSA), 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Tatenda Dalu
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Wissenshaftskolleg zu Berlin Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin, 14193, Germany
| | - Odete Rocha
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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