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Bass D, Christison KW, Stentiford GD, Cook LSJ, Hartikainen H. Environmental DNA/RNA for pathogen and parasite detection, surveillance, and ecology. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:285-304. [PMID: 36759269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of pathogens, parasites, and other symbionts in environmental samples via eDNA/eRNA (collectively eNA) is an increasingly important source of information about their occurrence and activity. There is great potential for using such detections as a proxy for infection of host organisms in connected habitats, for pathogen monitoring and surveillance, and for early warning systems for disease. However, many factors require consideration, and appropriate methods developed and verified, in order that eNA detections can be reliably interpreted and adopted for surveillance and assessment of disease risk, and potentially inclusion in international standards, such as the World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines. Disease manifestation results from host-symbiont-environment interactions between hosts, demanding a multifactorial approach to interpretation of eNA signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Kevin W Christison
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg, 8012, South Africa
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Lauren S J Cook
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK; Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
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Warren DA, Burgess AL, Karemera F, Bacela-Spychalska K, Stentiford GD, Bojko J. Histopathological survey for parasite groups in Gammarus varsoviensis (Amphipoda). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:47-51. [PMID: 35510820 DOI: 10.3354/dao03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Invasive non-native amphipods (Crustacea) are becoming a model system in which to explore the impact and diversity of invasive parasites-parasites that are carried along an invasion route with their hosts. Gammarus varsoviensis is a freshwater amphipod species that has a recently explored invasion history. We provide a histopathological survey for a putatively invasive non-native population of this amphipod, identifying 8 symbiotic groups: Acanthocephala, Rotifera, Digenea, ciliated protozoa, Haplosporidia, Microsporidia, 'Candidatus Aquirickettsiella', and a putative nudivirus, at various prevalence. Our survey indicates that the parasites have no sex bias and that each has the potential to be carried in either sex along an invasion route. We discuss the pathology and prevalence of the above symbiotic groups and whether those that are parasitic may pose a risk if G. varsoviensis were to carry them to novel locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Warren
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Paillard C, Gueguen Y, Wegner KM, Bass D, Pallavicini A, Vezzulli L, Arzul I. Recent advances in bivalve-microbiota interactions for disease prevention in aquaculture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 73:225-232. [PMID: 34571318 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In bivalves, no clear-cut functional role of microbiota has yet been identified, although many publications suggest that they could be involved in nutrition or immunity of their host. In the context of climate change, integrative approaches at the crossroads of disciplines have been developed to explore the environment-host-pathogen-microbiota system. Here, we attempt to synthesize work on (1) the current methodologies to analyse bivalve microbiota, (2) the comparison of microbiota between species, between host compartments and their surrounding habitat, (3) how the bivalve microbiota are governed by environmental factors and host genetics and (4) how host-associated microorganisms act as a buffer against pathogens and/or promote recovery, and could thereby play a role in the prevention of disease or mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France.
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Coastal Ecology, Waddensea Station Sylt, D-25992 List, Germany
| | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, DT4 8UB Dorset, UK; Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34126 Trieste, Italy; National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, via Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France.
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Diagnosis and prevalence of two new species of haplosporidians infecting shore crabs Carcinus maenas: Haplosporidium carcini n. sp., and H. cranc n. sp. Parasitology 2020; 147:1229-1237. [PMID: 32539882 PMCID: PMC7443749 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a morphological and phylogenetic characterization of two novel species of the order Haplosporida (Haplosporidium carcini n. sp., and H. cranc n. sp.) infecting the common shore crab Carcinus maenas collected at one location in Swansea Bay, South Wales, UK. Both parasites were observed in the haemolymph, gills and hepatopancreas. The prevalence of clinical infections (i.e. parasites seen directly in fresh haemolymph preparations) was low, at ~1%, whereas subclinical levels, detected by polymerase chain reaction, were slightly higher at ~2%. Although no spores were found in any of the infected crabs examined histologically (n = 334), the morphology of monokaryotic and dikaryotic unicellular stages of the parasites enabled differentiation between the two new species. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species based on the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene placed H. cranc in a clade of otherwise uncharacterized environmental sequences from marine samples, and H. carcini in a clade with other crustacean-associated lineages.
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Carballal MJ, Cao A, Iglesias D, González AI, Villalba A. Temporal dynamics of infection of cockles Cerastoderma edule with the protistan parasite Minchinia tapetis (Rhizaria: Haplosporida) in Galicia (NW Spain). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 172:107349. [PMID: 32119954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Uninucleate and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia of a haplosporidan-like protist associated with heavy haemocytic infiltration were observed in histological sections of cockles, Cerastoderma edule, from the Ría de Noia (Galicia, NW Spain) in the course of a cockle health surveillance programme. Molecular assays provided identification of this protist as Minchinia tapetis, which we thus record from a new host. Prevalence of M. tapetis as high as 93% was recorded but infection intensity was low to moderate, never heavy, and abnormally high cockle mortality was not observed in the ria by shellfishers. A significant positive correlation was found between M. tapetis prevalence and sea water temperature. Sea water temperature increase associated with climate change might contribute to increase the prevalence of this infection in cockles and, as a consequence, this parasite may be considered a threat for cockle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Carballal
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - David Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Ana I González
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departament of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
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Detection of haplosporidian protistan parasites supports an increase to their known diversity, geographic range and bivalve host specificity. Parasitology 2019; 147:584-592. [PMID: 31727189 PMCID: PMC7174706 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Haplosporidian protist parasites are a major concern for aquatic animal health, as they have been responsible for some of the most significant marine epizootics on record. Despite their impact on food security, aquaculture and ecosystem health, characterizing haplosporidian diversity, distributions and host range remains challenging. In this study, water filtering bivalve species, cockles Cerastoderma edule, mussels Mytilus spp. and Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas, were screened using molecular genetic assays using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) markers for the Haplosporidia small subunit ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid region. Two Haplosporidia species, both belonging to the Minchinia clade, were detected in C. edule and in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis in a new geographic range for the first time. No haplosporidians were detected in the C. gigas, Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis or Mytilus hybrids. These findings indicate that host selection and partitioning are occurring amongst cohabiting bivalve species. The detection of these Haplosporidia spp. raises questions as to whether they were always present, were introduced unintentionally via aquaculture and or shipping or were naturally introduced via water currents. These findings support an increase in the known diversity of a significant parasite group and highlight that parasite species may be present in marine environments but remain undetected, even in well-studied host species.
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