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Johnston AE, Shavalier MA, Scribner KT, Soto E, Yun S, Loch TP. Assessing the Efficacy of Three Hatchery Disinfectants for the Inactivation of a Lake Sturgeon Herpesvirus (Family: Alloherpesviridae). Viruses 2024; 16:1062. [PMID: 39066225 PMCID: PMC11281570 DOI: 10.3390/v16071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of losses in the aquaculture industry and conservation programs globally. Simultaneously, infectious diseases pose a substantial risk to fish being hatchery-reared and released into natural habitats for conservation purposes, including the Great Lakes lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens, i.e., GL-LST). Recently, an alloherpesvirus (lake sturgeon herpesvirus 2, i.e., LSHV-2) capable of inducing disease and/or mortality in adult and juvenile GL-LSTs was detected in two adult GL-LST populations. To begin developing disease prevention and/or control methods, in vitro experiments were designed to determine the susceptibility of LSHV-2 to disinfectants commonly used in hatchery and aquaculture facilities (Virkon®-Aquatic: potassium peroxymonosulfate; Ovadine®: polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine complex; and Perox-Aid®: hydrogen peroxide). Cultured LSHV-2 was exposed to each disinfectant at two concentrations (Virkon®-Aquatic: 0.5% and 1%; Ovadine®: 50 and 100 ppm; and Perox-Aid®: 500 and 1000 ppm) in duplicate for durations of 1, 10, and 30 min. Following exposure, the disinfectant was neutralized, and after a 14-day incubation period on a white sturgeon × lake sturgeon hybrid cell line (WSxLS), percent reduction was calculated by comparing the 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50/mL) of the virus with and without disinfectant exposure. When exposed to Perox-Aid®, LSHV-2 percent reduction ranged from 58.7% to 99.5%. When exposed to Ovadine®, the percent reduction ranged from 99.4% to 100%. Lastly, the percent reduction when exposed to Virkon®-Aquatic was 100% for both concentrations and all timepoints. The results herein provide evidence that both Virkon®-Aquatic and Ovadine® are virucidal to LSHV-2 and may represent a means to reduce virus transmission risk under field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E. Johnston
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Disease Ecology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Megan A. Shavalier
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Disease Ecology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kim T. Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Disease Ecology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Simmelink B, Coolen JPM, Vogels W, Deijs M, van der Last-Kempkes JLM, Ng KS, Chang SF, Gevers K, Harkema L, van der Hoek L, de Groof A. Discovery, Pathogenesis, and Complete Genome Characterization of Lates calcarifer Herpesvirus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:264. [PMID: 38540323 PMCID: PMC10970581 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2015 and 2016, two Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) farms in Singapore reported a disease outbreak characterized by lethargic behavior, pronounced inappetence, generalized skin lesions, erosions of the fins and tail, and ultimately high mortality in their fish. Next-generation sequencing and PCR confirmed presence of a novel virus belonging to the Alloherpesviridae family, Lates calcarifer herpesvirus (LCHV), which was subsequently isolated and cultured. We characterize, for the first time, the complete genome of two cultured LCHV isolates. The genome contains a long unique region of approximately 105,000 bp flanked by terminal repeats of approximately 24,800 bp, of which the first 8.2 kb do not show any similarity to described genomes in the Alloherpesviridae family. The two cultured isolates share 89% nucleotide identity, and their closest relatives are the viruses belonging to the genus Ictalurivirus. Experimental infections using one of the cultured LCHV isolates resulted in identical clinical signs as originally described in the index farm, both in intraperitoneal-injection infected fish and cohabitant fish, with mortality in both groups. Histopathological analysis showed pronounced abnormalities in the gills. Virus culture and PCR analysis confirmed the replication of LCHV in the infected fish, and thus Koch's postulates were fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartjan Simmelink
- Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (W.V.); (J.L.M.v.d.L.-K.); (K.G.)
| | - Jordy P. M. Coolen
- Department R&D-IT, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands;
| | - Wannes Vogels
- Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (W.V.); (J.L.M.v.d.L.-K.); (K.G.)
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (L.v.d.H.)
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica L. M. van der Last-Kempkes
- Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (W.V.); (J.L.M.v.d.L.-K.); (K.G.)
| | - Kah Sing Ng
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., 1 Perahu Road, Singapore 718847, Singapore; (K.S.N.); (S.F.C.)
| | - Siow Foong Chang
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., 1 Perahu Road, Singapore 718847, Singapore; (K.S.N.); (S.F.C.)
| | - Koen Gevers
- Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (W.V.); (J.L.M.v.d.L.-K.); (K.G.)
| | - Liesbeth Harkema
- Department Animal Research & Pathology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands;
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (L.v.d.H.)
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad de Groof
- Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (W.V.); (J.L.M.v.d.L.-K.); (K.G.)
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Quijano Cardé EM, Anenson K, Waldbieser G, Brown CT, Griffin M, Henderson E, Yun S, Soto E. Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 genome and partial validation of a qPCR for its detection in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:45-59. [PMID: 38299849 DOI: 10.3354/dao03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus is the primary species used for caviar and sturgeon meat production in the USA. An important pathogen of white sturgeon is acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2). In this study, 4 archived isolates from temporally discrete natural outbreaks spanning the past 30 yr were sequenced via Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. Assemblies of approximately 134 kb were obtained for each isolate, and the putative ATPase subunit of the terminase gene was selected as a potential quantitative PCR (qPCR) target based on sequence conservation among AciHV-2 isolates and low sequence homology with other important viral pathogens. The qPCR was repeatable and reproducible, with a linear dynamic range covering 5 orders of magnitude, an efficiency of approximately 96%, an R2 of 0.9872, and an analytical sensitivity of 103 copies per reaction after 35 cycles. There was no cross-reaction with other known viruses or closely related sturgeon species, and no inhibition by sturgeon DNA. Clinical accuracy was assessed from white sturgeon juveniles exposed to AciHV-2 by immersion. Viral culture (gold standard) and qPCR were in complete agreement for both cell culture negative and cell culture positive samples, indicating that this assay has 100% relative accuracy compared to cell culture during an active outbreak. The availability of a whole-genome sequence for AciHV-2 and a highly specific and sensitive qPCR assay for detection of AciHV-2 in white sturgeon lays a foundation for further studies on host-pathogen interactions while providing a specific and rapid test for AciHV-2 in captive and wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Anenson
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Geoffrey Waldbieser
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matt Griffin
- Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | | | - Susan Yun
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K, Doszpoly A, Hughes J, Vučak M, Davison AJ. Genome sequence of white sturgeon herpesvirus 1 isolated from farmed white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus). Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0057123. [PMID: 37916837 PMCID: PMC10720441 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00571-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of white sturgeon herpesvirus 1, which was isolated from farmed white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), was determined. Comparative analyses suggest the classification of this virus as a new species in a new genus in the family Alloherpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andor Doszpoly
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matej Vučak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Clouthier S, Tomczyk M, Schroeder T, Klassen C, Dufresne A, Emmenegger E, Nalpathamkalam T, Wang Z, Thiruvahindrapuram B. A New Sturgeon Herpesvirus from Juvenile Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Displaying Epithelial Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1115. [PMID: 37764923 PMCID: PMC10537993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections of sturgeon pose a potential threat to sturgeon culture efforts worldwide. A new epitheliotropic herpesvirus named Acipenser herpesvirus 3 (AciHV-3) was detected in hatchery-reared Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens displaying skin lesions in central Canada. The growths were discovered in the fall, reached average prevalence levels of 0.2-40% and eventually regressed. No unusual mortality was observed. The cellular changes within the lesions included epithelial hyperplasia and were reminiscent of other herpesvirus infections. The virus was not evident in lesions examined by electron microscopy. Skin tissue homogenates from symptomatic sturgeon produced atypical cytopathic effects on a primary Lake Sturgeon cell line, and next-generation sequence analysis of the DNA samples revealed the presence of an alloherpesvirus. A new genotyping PCR assay targeting the major capsid protein sequence detected AciHV-3 in symptomatic Lake Sturgeon as well as other apparently healthy sturgeon species. Bayesian inference of phylogeny reconstructed with a concatenation of five alloherpesvirus core proteins revealed a new Alloherpesviridae lineage isomorphic with a new genus. The presence of AciHV-3 homologs in cell lines and sturgeon sequence datasets, low sequence divergence among these homologs and branching patterns within the genotyping phylogeny provide preliminary evidence of an endogenous virus lifestyle established in an ancestral sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Clouthier
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Marek Tomczyk
- Manitoba Agriculture & Resource Development Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5S6, Canada;
| | - Tamara Schroeder
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Cheryl Klassen
- Manitoba Hydro, 360 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3C 0G8, Canada;
| | - André Dufresne
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Eveline Emmenegger
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
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First Isolation of a Herpesvirus (Family Alloherpesviridae) from Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233230. [PMID: 36496751 PMCID: PMC9740441 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; LST) is the only native sturgeon species in the Great Lakes (GL), but due to multiple factors, their current populations are estimated to be <1% of historical abundances. Little is known about infectious diseases affecting GL-LST in hatchery and wild settings. Therefore, a two-year disease surveillance study was undertaken, resulting in the detection and first in vitro isolation of a herpesvirus from grossly apparent cutaneous lesions in wild adult LST inhabiting two GL watersheds (Erie and Huron). Histological and ultrastructural examination of lesions revealed proliferative epidermitis associated with herpesvirus-like virions. A virus with identical ultrastructural characteristics was recovered from cells inoculated with lesion tissues. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequencing placed the virus within the Family Alloherpesviridae, with high similarity to a lake sturgeon herpesvirus (LSHV) from Wisconsin, USA. Genomic comparisons revealed ~84% Average Nucleotide Identity between the two isolates, leading to the proposed classification of LSHV-1 (Wisconsin) and LSHV-2 (Michigan) for the two viruses. When naïve juvenile LST were immersion-exposed to LSHV-2, severe disease and ~33% mortality occurred, with virus re-isolated from representative skin lesions, fulfilling Rivers’ postulates. Results collectively show LSHV-2 is associated with epithelial changes in wild adult LST, disease and mortality in juvenile LST, and is a potential threat to GL-LST conservation.
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