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Kroes R, Winkel Y, Breeuwer JAJ, van Loon EE, Loader SP, Maclaine JS, Verdonschot PFM, van der Geest HG. Phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens of houting Coregonus oxyrinchus shows the need for a revision of its extinct status. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:57. [PMID: 37752477 PMCID: PMC10523663 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the IUCN Red List the anadromous houting Coregonus oxyrinchus is categorized as 'extinct'. However, this extinct status might be incorrect because taxonomic difference between C. oxyrinchus and the closely related C. lavaretus is based on a disputable morphological comparison. Also, phylogenetic studies on mtDNA only focused on recent obtained coregonids. We are the first to perform a mtDNA analysis on both historic and recent specimens, including the syntype specimen which was used for species description by Linnaeus originally. Two primer pairs for mitochondrial CytB and ND3 were used to extract sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Sequences from 14 out of 21 C. oxyrinchus museum specimens were successfully obtained and compared with sequences from recent obtained C. lavaretus. The sequences were combined with GenBank data from a previous phylogenetic study on houting to create a phylogenetic tree and two minimum spanning haplotype networks. Results show that C. oxyrinchus and C. lavaretus form a clade with limited genetic variation. Low bootstrap values also show weak support for geographical patterns in distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. Statistical analysis of the haplotype networks also shows that historic and recent specimens are similar species. Our results suggest that C. oxyrinchus is a junior synonym of C. lavaretus. A definitive taxonomic revision could not be made because only CytB sequencing was successful for the syntype specimen. We discuss taxonomic consequences and the species-specific focus in nature conservation. We propose a shift in nature conservation to a more functional approach based on traits rather than species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kroes
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Y Winkel
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A J Breeuwer
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E E van Loon
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S P Loader
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - J S Maclaine
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - P F M Verdonschot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - H G van der Geest
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gerson M, Dierking J, Marohn L, Thiel R, Klügel A, Sarrazin V. Partial migration of a maraena whitefish Coregonus maraena population from the River Elbe, Germany. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The maraena whitefish Coregonus maraena is a threatened anadromous species in the North Sea, which in the past was decimated to near extinction. Since the late 1980s, several re-establishment programs have been implemented in rivers draining into the North Sea, but the scientific basis for sustainable conservation measures is often lacking, since little is known about the biology of this species. In this study, otolith microchemistry of fish ranging from 24.6 to 58.4 cm in total length (median 31.3 cm, SD 8.4 cm) was used to characterize the migration behavior of a reintroduced population of maraena whitefish from the River Elbe, Germany. Our analyses revealed the presence of 3 different migration patterns: (1) one-time migration into high-salinity habitat (North Sea) within the first year of life (29.6%), (2) multiple migrations between low- and high-salinity habitats starting in the first year of life (14.8%) and (3) permanent residency within low-salinity habitats, a pattern displayed by the majority (55.6%) of sampled individuals. Not only do these results reveal differential migration behavior, but they also indicate that permanent river residency is common in the River Elbe population of C. maraena. The role of the Elbe as both a feeding and a spawning habitat should thus be considered more explicitly in current conservation measures to support recovery of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerson
- Private address: 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Dierking
- Research Division Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - L Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R Thiel
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Klügel
- Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - V Sarrazin
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Duarte G, Segurado P, Haidvogl G, Pont D, Ferreira MT, Branco P. Damn those damn dams: Fluvial longitudinal connectivity impairment for European diadromous fish throughout the 20th century. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143293. [PMID: 33183820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
River longitudinal connectivity is crucial for diadromous fish species to reproduce and grow, its fragmentation by large dams may prevent these species to complete their life cycle. This work aims to evaluate the impact of large dams on the structural longitudinal connectivity at the European scale, from a Diadromous fish species perspective, since the beginning of the 20th century until the early 21st century. Based on large dam locations and completion year, a multitude of river impairment metrics were calculated at three spatial scales for six European oceanic regions and 12 time periods. The number of basins affected by large dams is overall low (0.4%), but for large river basins, that cover 78% of Europe's area, 69.5% of all basins, 55.4% of the sub-basins and 68.4% of river length are impaired. River network connectivity impairment became increasingly significant during the second half of the 20th century and is nowadays spatially widespread across Europe. Except for the North Atlantic, all oceanic regions have over 50% of impacted river length. Considering large river basins, the Mediterranean (95.2%) and West Atlantic (84.6%) regions are the most affected, while the Black (92.1%) and Caspian (96.0%) regions stand out as those with most compromised river length. In 60 years, Europe has gone from reduced impairment to over two-thirds of its large rivers with structural connectivity problems due to large dams. The number of such barriers increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century, especially main stem dams with decreasing distance to the river mouth. Currently, the structural longitudinal connectivity of European river networks is severely impacted. This concerns all regions considered, and those in southern Europe will face even higher challenges, given that this will be a future hot spot for hydropower development and predictably more affected by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Duarte
- University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture, Forest Research Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Segurado
- University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture, Forest Research Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gertrud Haidvogl
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Didier Pont
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture, Forest Research Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Branco
- University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture, Forest Research Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Hertz M, Jensen L, Pertoldi C, Aarestrup K, Thomsen S, Alstrup A, Asmus H, Madsen S, Svendsen J. Investigating fish migration, mortality, and physiology to improve conservation planning of anadromous salmonids: a case study on the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus). CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding migratory behavior, mortality, and physiology is essential for conservation of many species, particularly anadromous fish. In this study, freshwater and marine migrations of the endangered salmonid North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)) were investigated using telemetry. Furthermore, physiological samples were collected from North Sea houting and from resident and anadromous populations of the closely related European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758)) to compare hypo-osmotic tolerances. On average, North Sea houting spent 193 days at sea where the mortality was 36%. Most fish returned from sea in the autumn, and river entry correlated inversely with river temperature and positively with discharge. Fish spent an average of 49 days in the estuarine area. Artificial lakes negatively affected migration speeds. Migration speeds did not differ consistently between individuals (i.e., not a repeatable trait) but correlated positively with water temperature. Fish arrived at spawning areas in November. In the post-spawning state, Na+/K+-ATPase activities were elevated in North Sea houting and anadromous whitefish compared with resident whitefish, while osmolality was elevated only in North Sea houting. Our study provides important information for conservation planning related to the Habitat Directive of the European Union that lists the North Sea houting as critically endangered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hertz
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - L.F. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - C. Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo, Mølleparkvej 63, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K. Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - S.N. Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - A.K.O. Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H. Asmus
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Hafenstraße 43, D-25992 List, Sylt, Germany
| | - S.S. Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - J.C. Svendsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jægersborg Alle 1, 2920, Denmark
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Jensen LF, Thomsen DS, Madsen SS, Ejbye-Ernst M, Poulsen SB, Svendsen JC. Development of salinity tolerance in the endangered anadromous North Sea houting Coregonus oxyrinchus: implications for conservation measures. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Dierking J, Phelps L, Præbel K, Ramm G, Prigge E, Borcherding J, Brunke M, Eizaguirre C. Anthropogenic hybridization between endangered migratory and commercially harvested stationary whitefish taxa (Coregonus spp.). Evol Appl 2014; 7:1068-83. [PMID: 25553068 PMCID: PMC4231596 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural hybridization plays a key role in the process of speciation. However, anthropogenic (human induced) hybridization of historically isolated taxa raises conservation issues. Due to weak barriers to gene flow and the presence of endangered taxa, the whitefish species complex is an excellent study system to investigate the consequences of hybridization in conservation. We focused on three naturally reproductively isolated whitefish taxa in Germany: the endangered, anadromous North Sea houting (NSH) and Baltic houting (BH), which were reintroduced after local extinction, and the commercially stocked European whitefish (EW). To evaluate the genetic integrity of each taxon, source and reintroduced populations of NSH and BH, and EW populations were characterized based on two mitochondrial and 17 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we investigated gill raker counts as an adaptive phenotypic trait. Even though clear genetic and phenotypic differentiation confirmed the houtings as separate evolutionarily significant units, admixture analyses revealed an extensive hybrid zone. Hybridizations were introgressive, positively correlated with genetic diversity, and were reflected in the gill raker counts. The BH distribution range showed higher heterogeneity and stronger admixture than the NSH range. Erroneous stocking with non-native genotypes best explained these patterns, which pose challenges for the conservation of the endangered NSH and BH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dierking
- Research Division Marine Ecology, Research Unit Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Luke Phelps
- Research Division Marine Ecology, Research Unit Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany ; Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - Kim Præbel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gesine Ramm
- Research Division Marine Ecology, Research Unit Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany ; Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Enno Prigge
- Research Division Marine Ecology, Research Unit Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Jost Borcherding
- General Ecology & Limnology, Ecological Research Station Grietherbusch, Zoological Institute of the University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Brunke
- Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume (LLUR) Flintbek, Germany
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- Research Division Marine Ecology, Research Unit Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
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Cooke SJ, Paukert C, Hogan Z. Endangered river fish: factors hindering conservation and restoration. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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